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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-231-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" ModsDocID="1314-2003-231-1" checkinTime="1693383686345" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Saerkinen, Tiina &amp; Barboza, Gloria E." docDate="2023" docId="83C299D6C3173020447D03D47971E596" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 231: 1-342" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 231" docPubDate="2023-08-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" docTitle="Solanum pentlandii Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 51. 1852." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" masterDocTitle="A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="342" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1693383686345" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="39036D9AFBA2B036A567FD0DB5A4015E">A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CBD80DF40DE287950119DF3E95F6CB99">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="17D782B88B8479D99F0F415DB82EB9A3" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="3A44777DD266F372B267898DE166CB46">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="618B166037DD816540C1C71542A44E91" type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D2A064087D2A6EFABB8EE5CC8FCCC2A8">Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B849316E31CF583B72808BA1BA02B924" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-3093</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="E836FA3C72B3DB23342313935BA0F786">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E3E427149636DBF99B591CC633976DB7">Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D05F66F8852B4748639EFF607D817C92" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="59D79489F1F1AAB04940D0FA5733B524">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="7D8F29809D362CC4A79B1C2D31C0A117" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="83912DA506944499F72CAB06B4BD022D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
38.
<taxonomicName id="30C90196F961E49E6A351F534A8EF4FE" ID-CoL="6YTJB" authority="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 51. 1852." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 51. 1852." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentlandii">Solanum pentlandii Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 51. 1852.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="80AB6309342A7C36C54053AC55D654E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="E7372B2ABFF549E5282020416EADBE5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="8E05BD7838965D231D4761AE16796385" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Representative flowers of South American morelloids A campanulate purple corollas in forked internodal inflorescences in S. fiebrigii B pentagonal white corollas in S. annuum C broadly stellate purple corollas with long-exerted styles in S. pentlandii D broadly stellate white corollas with slightly exerted globose stigmas in S. radicans E deeply stellate pale yellow corollas in S. huayavillense F deeply stellate purple corollas with dark central eye colouration in S. salicifolium G bumblebee visiting and buzzing the anther cone in S. cochabambense H variation in corolla shape, size and colouration within a single individual of S. cochabambense (A Barboza et al. 3548 B Barboza et al. 3495 C Knapp et al. 10248 D Knapp et al. 10277 E Barboza et al. 3531 F Chiarini et al. 819 G Saerkinen et al. 4036 H Knapp et al. 10669). Photos by S. Knapp and T. Saerkinen." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 3C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="DE47F5490DB64FABDAAF31BF3EA3D2CC" captionStart="Figure 116" captionStartId="F116" captionText="Figure 116. Solanum pentlandii A flowering habit B, C fruiting habits D detail of adaxial leaf surface E detail of abaxial leaf surface F flower bud G dissected flower H fruit (A, B, D, F Knapp et al. 10267 C Knapp et al. 10416). Illustration by R. Wise." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure116" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897577" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 116</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="9E26322E8EB17C506A0D92F4E2080B8C" captionStart="Figure 117" captionStartId="F117" captionText="Figure 117. Solanum pentlandii A habit B flowering branch C flowers at full anthesis D maturing fruits E fully mature fruits (A, B Knapp et al. 10308 C-E Knapp et al. 10248). Photos by S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure117" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897578" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 117</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DC91643FA072D94CD844B551A464A336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C55C2D593F365AA2C13975283B6AB66E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1C95CA32D847ADEB9ABEDBC4B873186A" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum coerulescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coerulescens">Solanum coerulescens</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 554. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: sin. loc., Apr 1910,
<emphasis id="9581BB16F72274FF12C20C5F1D312347" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. Buchtien 2965</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; lectotype, designated here: US [00027517, acc. # 703363]; isolectotypes: GOET [GOET003565, GOET003566], NY [00139098, 00139099], US [00610913, acc. # 1175828]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B07B446A16A35C5B532260F6B4A108FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E6CF5E28EF303B81B3BD86CBD0C0268D" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum coerulescens subsp. var. var. manophyes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="coerulescens" subSpecies="var." variety="manophyes">Solanum coerulescens Bitter var. manophyes</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 554. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Caminos, 4 Jan 1907,
<emphasis id="A7ED252988789B5280C1C577AB53FB2A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. Buchtien 769</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; lectotype, designated here: US [00027518, acc. # 1175829]; isolectotypes: GH [00077600], GOET [GOET003568], NY [00139101], US [00610914, acc. # 1175823]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="588E8FCE8D1B7F202097F88788F96614" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="728C48DA6CC6BFBD836B8FDC6032224C" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum coerulescens subsp. var. var. pycnophyes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="coerulescens" subSpecies="var." variety="pycnophyes">Solanum coerulescens Bitter var. pycnophyes</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 554. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: sin. loc., Apr 1910,
<emphasis id="B9539E441A298026353B5FE1245E7ACF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. Buchtien 2966</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; lectotype, designated here: US [00027519, acc. # 1175974]; isolectotypes: GOET [GOET003567]; NY [00139100], US [00610915, acc. # 703364]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A21FB343D93734C46C3D0FCAB05DC24D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="737BD0368B49D419CE39D864B5C2894B" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insulae-solis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insulae-solis">Solanum insulae-solis</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 563. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Lake Titicaca, Isla del Sol (
<normalizedToken id="C369BCCA072F7A8A601D2977D6992DD0" originalValue="“Sonneninsel”">&quot;Sonneninsel&quot;</normalizedToken>
), Mar 1910,
<emphasis id="E0976482F8CE4A45060E62D8D8A12FFD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. Buchtien 5856</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; lectotype, designated here: US [00650475, acc. # 1175976]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E4A32B0F3BA596CEABB26483CBE6835A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7EA74D0F1FCACCAC3FDF8F680F254360" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="91DA420859E275AB97DD131C2352A4F2">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="774E4B4DA2D9BC3E378D16256ADACB6F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation id="230EB6B9D78EF61F7CF50B5C90036A42" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="J. B. Pentland" country="Bolivia" location="La Paz" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Paz" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="E9FD80B99092059709DCABF288DED24B" name="Bolivia">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. &quot;E of
<collectingRegion id="CDDA4F9636827E31384A7BFEA8F7E6C4" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz">La Paz</collectingRegion>
&quot;,
<emphasis id="BB4667B5834CEEC8E81064FA402B5409" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName id="D621259734A566993F7A0A479194CB3C">J.B. Pentland</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="8783F13A8DC2C2018AF7A5566EDB5E12">holotype</typeStatus>
: G-DC [G00144345]; isotype: P [P00367413])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="982840EC42D1578C2269418F82C98C2A" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure116" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897577" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 116" startId="F116">
<paragraph id="5C1D9B1502F4BD6AE68111CD462C11B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="312EED0734B96E03671F22029870D31E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 116.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D4927867552962D0FDD40ED68B9682DA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="BB0AC7138271FA2E24A34302D8B6DC0A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6FD1FD71012AF7AA7E1B7B78CFB29807" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
flowering habit
<emphasis id="4295DB79F5A56689D3111AEB1EC34D92" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
fruiting habits
<emphasis id="A9AC6CAEBDFF480FEB5A9731AB543851" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
detail of adaxial leaf surface
<emphasis id="839762B8D420EAB0F22BB7F432D72B98" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
detail of abaxial leaf surface
<emphasis id="33F4FF8EAF782C64C5BDEB0C46C90930" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
flower bud
<emphasis id="A947BEA96E63E5A22E14EEC61DB9F5E4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
dissected flower
<emphasis id="3A74E2A6E464B5EDF348AD69AAF54200" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
fruit (
<emphasis id="02C2CE0F00A4122DCDAD8BE97CE985F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A48D5665C35C971F3FB4FA08196E79A4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, F</emphasis>
<emphasis id="83E750CD641DCC91E66AE6406EB09B1E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10267</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9BE26FD0DE17B83DB2D5D4417652CFC6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0A472A27D2C7D96FCBA8B8E357F7C932" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10416</emphasis>
). Illustration by R. Wise.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4ED4CA8696C268D48C116AC32F651D32" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="0470F8C9477E021631896B0219DBAED7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1050EFC402F224FF105D3555A3C61" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Bushy small shrubs or herbs, 0.2-0.7 m high, to ca. 1 m spread, the branches more or less erect or spreading, slightly woody at the base. Stems strongly angled with wings to 1.5 mm wide and with abundant spinescent processes, glabrous to very sparsely pubescent with scattered white eglandular simple uniseriate 3-4-celled trichomes to 0.5 mm long, soon glabrescent; new growth moderately to densely pubescent with white eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long; bark of older stems greenish brown, glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves usually not geminate. Leaves simple, usually more or less regularly toothed, the blades 2.1-10.5 cm long, 0.8-5.5 cm wide, ovate to broadly elliptic, occasionally narrowly elliptic, much larger on older stems, widest at the middle or just below, membranous to slightly rubbery, concolorous; adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous and shiny, with a few scattered white eglandular 3-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long like those of the stems; principal veins 7-9 pairs, usually slightly more pubescent that the lamina; base attenuate onto the petiole and the stem; margins usually strongly toothed, only occasionally entire or with few teeth near the base, the teeth 0.3-1.5 mm long, 0.4-1 mm wide, triangular with acute apices, the sinuses rounded, reaching ca. 1/8 to 1/5 of the way to the midrib; apex acute to acuminate; petioles winged from the decurrent leaf bases and then onto the stem, winged portion 0.5-3 cm long, glabrous. Inflorescences internodal, several times branched (occasionally only forked), 1-6 cm long, with 10-20 flowers at the tips of the branches or in the distal half, moderately to sparsely pubescent with white eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, usually more pubescent that the stems; peduncle 1-2 cm long; pedicels 0.9-1 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 0.75 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading at anthesis, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like the rest of the inflorescence, articulated at the base, leaving a slight swelling on the axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 1-2 mm apart in the distal half of each inflorescence branch. Buds globose, the corolla ca. halfway exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, cosexual (hermaphroditic). Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, conical or strongly cup-shaped, the lobes ca 1 mm long, 1-1.2 mm wide, broadly deltate, the tips obtuse to acute, strongly recurved in bud, sparsely pubescent with white eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes like the rest of the inflorescence. Corolla 0.9-1.2 cm in diameter, violet-blue, often edged white, with a green eye, stellate, lobed ca. 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 4-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, deltate, spreading to slightly reflexed at anthesis, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely puberulent with white simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.2 mm long, these denser at the tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.6-1 mm long, sparsely pubescent with tangled transparent simple uniseriate trichomes adaxially; anthers 2-2.5 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide, plump and ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style 5-6 mm long, straight (even in bud), markedly long-exserted beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent in the lower third with transparent, tangled simple trichomes; stigma ball-shaped and capitate, bright green in live plants, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose or occasionally slightly ellipsoid berry, 0.8-1 cm in diameter, dark green with white striped mottling when ripe, the pericarp thin, shiny, translucent when ripe, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1-1.1 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1.2 mm in diameter at the apex, somewhat woody, deflexed, usually persistent; fruiting calyx not markedly enlarged, the tube and lobes to ca. 2 mm long, spreading and not markedly appressed to the berry. Seeds 20-30 per berry, 2-2.5 mm long, 1.5-1.7 mm wide, flattened and teardrop shaped, reddish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number: reported as 2n = 24 (
<bibRefCitation id="B887FD927FA7A73F106E4EC60BEFA47B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B73" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="127A205F8268765A94C04913DC4DBB1B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 178" refId="B74" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1977. Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75 (2): 141 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" title="Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" volume="75" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
, voucher
<emphasis id="A7368A21E341AB1E9607A03A503454F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hawkes 'B</emphasis>
', not verified).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C7EC7029D86D53E6B0EE4D3355C8F0A8" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure117" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897578" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 117" startId="F117">
<paragraph id="B79E1BB17B309CCE7B43B1CC387C8645" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B902659375CC230300837ABBCC2960D3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 117.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DE05FB43E8C9FCA095A84E64DBB336D9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="9B7A2A87476707A403DCCF479F43EC99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="810868709158689191941572D1E9424C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habit
<emphasis id="E5FC506107ECD3471AAB4A50368D12BA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
flowering branch
<emphasis id="2767FE0C3586538F9159A10332EAC972" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
flowers at full anthesis
<emphasis id="64ED298ADDEE7E52A1627A8B44FFC813" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
maturing fruits
<emphasis id="FAD202A81111BEA25E8FD29BFE2BEAD6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
fully mature fruits (
<emphasis id="6A899486B0DFF7E7CFFCDFB0B9351301" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3D452312505C700417D0901336F01EA8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10308</emphasis>
<emphasis id="C697D779D09499C6250137F1E6D3CA59" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C-E</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9686E0DE4B4D42491A3558EF3FFD4758" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10248</emphasis>
). Photos by S. Knapp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BA2C6E02EBA963739F14803D67E277E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AF090BD8E8766DF7358D9A6DC7E59DF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="656164C1219A523C31ADAF0FB162FA6F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="892ABD3B58B0B48CB0365D95A108B243" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="5400F62599CDE9A4D4F7D11C5AEE4200" captionStart="Figure 118" captionStartId="F118" captionText="Figure 118. Distribution map of Solanum pentlandii." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure118" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897579" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">118</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B92BA7D76FE71DFD0A02810B2DBF792D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="D5B1CDAB302A8DDF2786D84ADA4AAF35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the Andes from central Peru (Depts. Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cusco, Huancavelica,
<normalizedToken id="F5D0D1CF7DEC53018E469F346FA2DD0F" originalValue="Junín">Junin</normalizedToken>
, Lima, Puno, Tacna) to northern Bolivia (Dept. La Paz).
</paragraph>
<caption id="08C2754F019D6E96484DC0A5599D9B26" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure118" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897579" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 118" startId="F118">
<paragraph id="F3D6528BE2D7D0FC26AFCFCA18675BE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="CAB145D8F8FBC83F53BD909335C428D7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 118.</emphasis>
Distribution map of
<taxonomicName id="F6CEED3D7C8C68B8E0B4F829AA9512BA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="1175C5C3A48B5DEB24618722310F9CCE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8B177F7AB8F6647579BFCC219F2DFA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="CCC15E5D8EB57F0DD5AEBDEDEC87543D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="344A234B9A621FCF1F5B7972380AD172" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="199C938F4AF9B87D06FF819300287C70" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="E45B99DD486DF63907A40A0417006212" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in open areas at high elevation, often in grassland and along roadsides; it appears to favour high nitrogen environments and is often collected near villages and cities, from 2,400 to 5,200 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EE3A97CFEB5E19463C077ADBAC72F4E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph id="F0093C9012FC70327B157D0E7A3F27CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5EF20FC93CFCB6E027B3E67AA023BE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Peru. Cusco: chaja chaja (
<emphasis id="FF513B0B912CF330A35BC39EBA5010CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Iltis &amp; Iltis 867</emphasis>
), moyoccaya (
<emphasis id="5F1B6AB3AE8664DBA5406CA0F5572F3A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cook &amp; Gilbert 297</emphasis>
), qosmayllu (
<emphasis id="CE16848C7D268903EDD369D172671237" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Davis et al. 1348</emphasis>
). In the Quechua community of Chinchero (Cusco, Peru), the fruits are macerated and added to water to wash hair in the morning (
<bibRefCitation id="F683748DA458199F283FD06633500A2F" author="Franquemont, C" journalOrPublisher="Sexual Plant Reproduction" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2643239" refId="B88" refString="Franquemont, C, Franquemont, E, Davis, EW, Plowman, TC, King, SP, Sperling, CR, Neizgoda, C, 1990. The ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean community in southern Peru. Fieldiana n.s. 24: 1-126, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2643239" title="The ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean community in southern Peru. Fieldiana n. s. 24: 1 - 126," url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2643239" year="1990">Franquemont et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="84442DF4A279A2D2CF3BF0DF99749D00" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arequipense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arequipense">
<emphasis id="170755FF10B718CF01DBAA278AEF7E05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arequipense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8E866767815BBB1EC281E795C2A7212C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph id="2B2500087905B0AA17FA25ADC097EF9A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A6A83CC9DE891F52115E6112E8D90005" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="BB17B3AB2678AF661CD99F6DBB572FB8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="0EF367AF6564F06A64D7F2663AA9224E" author="Ibarrola, DA" journalOrPublisher="Nueva Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B116" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">IUCN 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern [LC]. EOO = 190,050 km2 [LC]; AOO = 228 km2 [EN].
<taxonomicName id="F8CC9AB96BD7C98E357CFE2C38295DB3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="5AEF64FFA959A16D28CFEF600F601BCC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a wide distribution, is a plant of disturbed areas and is common around the protected archaeological sites in the Sacred Valley near Cusco, Peru.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E3305A15F130788C9494733CD10AA0C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9C8309A943465FA850DB8EA48CAB3089" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BAD73AFFED167A2055EA5FEEC2034BEA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3F6B9A45B2FDFDC51AE7D32CCE33781A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="2637D25A507484846C4537801091CD88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easy to confuse with
<taxonomicName id="4FB393DAB1102A071063AA6C50AD2ED1" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arequipense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arequipense">
<emphasis id="B272DF50D96EA5312EE6EB6AFCB86CD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arequipense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="66478F02A5C5AD4D6BD9CB40D43FA75D" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. furcatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="furcatum">
<emphasis id="B619EBF0E684CADA193FC1E2CBBD6300" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. furcatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with which it shares small flowers with short anthers, long-exserted styles and toothed leaf margins. It occurs at generally much higher elevations than either of those taxa, and is usually more glabrous, with shiny, often more deeply and regularly toothed, leaves. Flowers of
<taxonomicName id="2A27856038AE0D86F88FBDA5E476049F" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="0887054C9DD96BE0AA2CE3B7C4ECA8C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually dark violet, as compared to the normally white or pale violet flowers of
<taxonomicName id="CEB42A9BD0B8DE772D737F04A76D3DEE" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arequipense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arequipense">
<emphasis id="FC98DCC148AAC5255BEF8A20BC336F5D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arequipense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2046A5F7C35A9297295A02E09594DC14" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. furcatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="furcatum">
<emphasis id="1C036944AF3838B17B26232B02AB877F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. furcatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The flowers of
<taxonomicName id="E5C57CDD60BD64F95436F48CDE7E5F4F" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="97AE99BDB1B8A55602CA9732642750E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller than either of those two species (corolla 0.9 cm in diameter, anthers 2-2.5 mm long and style 5-6 mm long in
<taxonomicName id="17492E785CE6DC27255739DDFAAACE59" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="ED12984F9E34374CFD272F48B1B8B340" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; more than 1.2 cm in diameter, anthers longer than 2.5 mm and style 6-9 mm long in
<taxonomicName id="69AE003D15E0660A8E9BB6DAEA4BEE64" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arequipense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arequipense">
<emphasis id="408C1EB4C37C31D9E9D49CB2593C9FC9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arequipense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="AF2F7B8536E68CC88CB1D26DA115A421" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. furcatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="furcatum">
<emphasis id="ECBC5B87C10D31F0A8B2A15389E69C2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. furcatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6DEE89913FE69D469DED92265C7D641" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
All of the names we here recognise as synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="CF094420C0280FA4EECDDBAC17EA284A" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pentlandii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pentlandii">
<emphasis id="8D031C18388F44A65C4D3C1A1F03FDBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pentlandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were coined by
<bibRefCitation id="05F4AFC63DF3D2EDD46672ABB62765E2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120103305" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 565" refId="B16" refString="Bitter, G, 1912a. Solana nova vel minus cognita I. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 10 (33-36): 529 - 565, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120103305" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita I." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120103305" volume="10" year="1912 a">Bitter (1912a)</bibRefCitation>
using a number of collections made by Otto Buchtien in Bolivia; no herbaria other than &quot;herb. Boliv.&quot; were cited in any of the protologues. We have lectotypified all of these names with specimens from
<normalizedToken id="4AE1185B52B0C5811FA724CE46A12E8D" originalValue="Buchtien’s">Buchtien's</normalizedToken>
Herbarium held in US. The lectotype we have selected for
<taxonomicName id="804533C8985C0E6A515A681665A75469" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. coerulescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coerulescens">
<emphasis id="0E26E2130D333D454234322718BF5774" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. coerulescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the more complete of the two sheets of
<emphasis id="A9FE0B3DD878634354CC6307406EA5D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Buchtien 2965</emphasis>
held in US (00027517, acc. # 703363) and is annotated in an unknown hand &quot;
<taxonomicName id="096114214213A52707BF4178B273C7A6" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. coerulescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coerulescens">S. coerulescens</taxonomicName>
Bitt. n. sp.&quot;.
<taxonomicName id="03616CE4F4006A0408995755CBE2CE4E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii subsp. var. var. manophyes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pentlandii" subSpecies="var." variety="manophyes">Solanum pentlandii var. manophyes</taxonomicName>
and var.
<taxonomicName id="7B4513943D75FF6A23D7ADCC2AA0C39B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii var. pycnophyes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pentlandii" variety="pycnophyes">Solanum pentlandii pycnophyes</taxonomicName>
are lectotypified with sheets annotated as such by Buchtien (var.
<taxonomicName id="053020FA3A481E3228D7C76FC63767DC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii var. pycnophyes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pentlandii" variety="pycnophyes">Solanum pentlandii pycnophyes</taxonomicName>
-
<emphasis id="CB37F8DE4D03718FF5FC49B085E8B02C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Buchtien 2966</emphasis>
, US barcode 00027519, acc. # 1175974; var.
<taxonomicName id="F5A9DA16FAA05F15B38DB01CDE8846FE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pentlandii var. manophyes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pentlandii" variety="manophyes">Solanum pentlandii manophyes</taxonomicName>
-
<emphasis id="C89CE9A3CC419AEDBA556D6BCAF50185" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Buchtien 769</emphasis>
- US barcode 00027518, acc. # 1175829). Another specimen at US of a completely different plant numbered
<emphasis id="E7817561FEFB4195FDE2AF2239B5C257" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Buchtien 769</emphasis>
(US barcode 00342204, acc. # 1498779) is a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="212E06D41665F43467E14F07BF600232" authorityName="H.S.Irwin &amp; Barneby" authorityYear="1982" baseAuthorityName="Mart. ex Benth." class="Equisetopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna trachypus" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="trachypus">
<emphasis id="E637A4A5E0F8CCD4087027C263415CC0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna trachypus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) HS.Irwin &amp; Barnaby (
<taxonomicName id="133684C7E67F31A37A6371A22B15D615" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="134CF32CA4984A796722A8BAF31C5396" class="Equisetopsida" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
); Buchtien appears to have used number series multiple times on different collecting trips.
<taxonomicName id="F48E12FE4134E009B07A15AF3803557B" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum insulae-solis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insulae-solis">
<emphasis id="C2F42EF9E8091C5CA4F733B0F423CE15" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum insulae-solis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on
<emphasis id="3A9F43AFFFE0156073B4D90625D00E4D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Buchtien s.n.</emphasis>
collected on the Isla del Sol in Lago Titicaca (Bolivia); we select as the lectotype here the sheet of
<emphasis id="649B946F6D07B2A521F28D759017C2B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Buchtien 5856</emphasis>
at US (barcode 00650475, acc. # 1175976) with the exact collecting locality and date cited by Bitter and annotated &quot;S. insulae-solis Bitt. n. sp.&quot; by Buchtien.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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