377 lines
44 KiB
XML
377 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AB7849D36D2E65BD3A5426A985FA352A">Groping through the black box of variability: An integrative taxonomic and nomenclatural re-evaluation of Zospeumisselianum Pollonera, 1887 and allied species using new imaging technology (Nano-CT, SEM), conchological, histological and molecular data (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B61E97F4FAC1F6C5F5737C190C4FAFCB">Jochum, Adrienne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1EA015D0901D6B40FA599D5A6613346F">Slapnik, Rajko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7AE189B3CAE816CA44880C7C881BBE74">Martels, Gunhild</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CA5A7B73BC7661D4945F340DBF45A069">Weigand, Alexander M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="CC170B12D4B6A9F7D446057D122F4FD2">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="00E2995072A98678D4E02AE897358FFD">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="2D1AF3A9C35C3A893BB6B73042902779" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127892792" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2D1AF3A9C35C3A893BB6B73042902779" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2D1AF3A9C35C3A893BB6B73042902779" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
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<subSubSection id="795887ED40BF025C3C08B4B5DF753EEA" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="17D9531C721FD080D41B16AA9D82471E" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">Taxon classification Animalia Pulmonata Ellobiidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="05E596087409CB57E139D2F6B9BD10AC" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FF33E90D3BFE18F46D077EA4D25F8EB3" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName id="AC51BBFF97D9BD0E7B951139156013D1" ID-CoL="5D8GS" authority="Pollonera, 1887" authorityName="Pollonera" authorityYear="1887" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum Pollonera, 1887</taxonomicName>
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Figures 2B−F, 8A−F, 9A− F
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5F1B8B116E416CDC1670BC1A1A8D5166" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9AD5137A10AD02463DEA906F4AD53FE3" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName id="2AB723668CA1D212230329AE0199CCFA" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Zospeum alpestre</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="80379B68A3700035F77C53C64ACA18F9" author="Bourguignat, JR" journalOrPublisher="Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquee" pageId="27" pageNumber="150" pagination="499 - 516" title="Amenites Malacologiques. § LI. Du genre Zospeum." volume="8" year="1856">Bourguignat 1856</bibRefCitation>
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[non
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<taxonomicName id="3A4BA993D034B15834D210C656305EBD" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Carychium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carychium alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Carychium alpestre</taxonomicName>
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Freyer, 1855]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7EF45B2C29D7D5621458FAE474E6BA1D" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName id="C993AA0B55A25BF625B728ADF8806F12" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
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Pollonera, 1887
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="C8932B0CF02C7BF84F5AF0B8EFD45671" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
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||
<taxonomicName id="B4F9F56FDD001C5F768BF657F5B6D3AF" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Zospeum alpestre</taxonomicName>
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||
-
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<bibRefCitation id="0AE1903036153A3BAB0ACAC0EF7D1D5F" author="Stossich, A" journalOrPublisher="Bolletino della Societa Adriatica di Scienze naturali, Trieste" pageId="31" pageNumber="154" pagination="17 - 51" title="Contribuzione alla fauna malacologica terrestre e fluviatile del territorio di Trieste ed in parte delle localita contermini." volume="19" year="1899">Stossich 1899</bibRefCitation>
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||
[non
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||
<taxonomicName id="F0FE1194A28BC67135A3EB993B0EF5DF" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Carychium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carychium alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Carychium alpestre</taxonomicName>
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Freyer, 1855]
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="573115EB49D04FCD00DD8A49F84F4FD0" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
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||
<taxonomicName id="C17762C7C9E934B5DE1378662917B7BF" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Zospeum alpestre</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="499BE6F6E376E2E9D0771DB062769573" author="Giusti, F" journalOrPublisher="Lavori della Societa italiana di Biogeografia" pageId="28" pageNumber="151" pagination="431 - 450" title="Molluschi cavernicoli italiani (Notulae malacologicae XXVII)." volume="7" year="1982">Giusti and Pezzoli 1982</bibRefCitation>
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||
[non
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||
<taxonomicName id="30D1950E096B05A176EB5C0F66F09980" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Carychium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carychium alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Carychium alpestre</taxonomicName>
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||
Freyer, 1855]
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="703BA6B1C0372DA84EE621A01D2191F9" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="C74B4565954998D5F2773686F58B1EA7" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">Data regarding the original type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0D4F13431EABF04DF7D085AA9CED174C" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
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The two syntypes of
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<taxonomicName id="99791620BFB00700FAEDEA258AE8091D" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
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were collected in debris of the Natisone River in the northeastern Italian region of Friuli (
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<bibRefCitation id="267A3A2CE446F876F8A7954B6BE7E9E5" author="Pollonera, C" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Malacologica Italiana" pageId="30" pageNumber="153" pagination="204 - 208" title="Note malacologiche. I. Molluschi della Valle del Natisone (Friuli)." url="http://archive.org/details/bullettino121886soci" volume="12" year="1887">Pollonera 1887</bibRefCitation>
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). Pollonera remarked that A. Tellini collected the debris far north of the town of Cividale and that the specimens could only have originated from the upper, mountainous part of the Natisone valley, namely, the right tributary of the Isonzo River. The Natisone (
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<normalizedToken id="6AC25BE4D5C94A86EEDB2CDADA48AC3B" originalValue="Nadiža">Nadiza</normalizedToken>
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) flows from the Slovenian side of the Julian Prealps and courses the Slovenian-Italian border crossing into Eastern Friuli. Currently, the only known type material consists of a single shell (MZUT M3232) labeled
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<normalizedToken id="9FF6378AD47CF713DBA767835EB20EF0" originalValue="“cotypus”">"cotypus"</normalizedToken>
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from the Pollonera collection housed in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Sezione di Zoologia, Torino, Italy (Fig. 2A). Since this specimen (MZUT M3232) is unrecognizable due to Bynesian decay (also called "Bynes disease"), a granular efflorescence of the shell due to a physicochemical reaction involving acetate/formate compound salts and water, which largely erodes the shells (
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<bibRefCitation id="EA951FC85CA256F6701879C5888154A5" author="Callomon, P" journalOrPublisher="Collection Forum" pageId="27" pageNumber="150" pagination="31 - 49" title="A Grand Scale: Rehousing the mollusk collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia." volume="26" year="2012">Callomon and Rosenberg 2012</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="782DB27CB4CC0532D32C9CD887426A03" author="Cavallari, DC" journalOrPublisher="Collection Forum" pageId="27" pageNumber="150" pagination="35 - 46" title="Dangers to malacological collections: Bynesian decay and pyrite decay." url="10.14351/0831-4985-28.1.35" volume="28" year="2014">Cavallari et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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), it is no longer taxonomically informative. Moreover, since it cannot maintain nomenclatural stability (
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<bibRefCitation id="0B4900871C0FF9ECEE97DA41FD5D5155" author="Holznagel, WE" journalOrPublisher="Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee," pageId="28" pageNumber="151" pagination="16 - 59" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11." volume="11" year="2014">ICZN 2014</bibRefCitation>
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, Art. 75.5), we propose the designation of a neotype (CSR SASA 37013) from the assumed type locality. Material of
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<taxonomicName id="F70FAD45B69AD4CE124D5F71A6D3CA1F" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
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selected for the neotype here was collected in Turjeva jama, located on the right bank of the Natisone (
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<normalizedToken id="DC101DFBF9BB888F6B3C3D4974460B96" originalValue="Nadiža">Nadiza</normalizedToken>
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) River by the village of
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<normalizedToken id="49A2D3A44A2666C9CA5215B1122789AE" originalValue="Robič">Robic</normalizedToken>
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in the municipality of Kobarid, Slovenia. Geographically, this cave is most likely the source of the two shells initially presented to Arturo Issel and later dedicated to him in 1887 by Pollonera.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2FB96D5FBA38B429C538E1C366CD25C4" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" type="original differential diagnosis (pollonera, 1887)">
|
||
<paragraph id="955591109747354538EBC0B5BAFC310D" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
|
||
Original differential diagnosis (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="E19D8928B35E38AD78CDDD42A0413043" author="Pollonera, C" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Malacologica Italiana" pageId="30" pageNumber="153" pagination="204 - 208" title="Note malacologiche. I. Molluschi della Valle del Natisone (Friuli)." url="http://archive.org/details/bullettino121886soci" volume="12" year="1887">Pollonera 1887</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DBD7C0E0428FABC66638EEFD37C28D39" pageId="11" pageNumber="134">
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"This species just resembles
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<taxonomicName id="979F2EDF81BEC3DEA9283F13E7EE75E9" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum obesum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="obesum">Zospeum obesum</taxonomicName>
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Schmidt,
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<taxonomicName id="2D72230D2AA88A88E439800111667782" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Zospeum alpestre</taxonomicName>
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Freyer (pars), and
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<taxonomicName id="07AB2E36B085C7BE26CC894B942DDE9B" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum nyctozoilum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="134" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nyctozoilum">Zospeum nyctozoilum</taxonomicName>
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Bourg. From the first it differs because it lacks an obsolete columellar fold, because it has the umbilicus more open, the peristome less swollen, and the apex not acute. From the second it differs because it has the umbilicus less cramped, the apex less acute (indeed mammillatus), the sutures deeper and it has the last lap with a lower development. From the third it differs because the right margin is a little arched (not reflected) and it has the umbilicus more open (Issel)" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C46875C070B3E6E0E5887B7C3C2AEF5" author="Pollonera, C" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Malacologica Italiana" pageId="30" pageNumber="153" pagination="204 - 208" title="Note malacologiche. I. Molluschi della Valle del Natisone (Friuli)." url="http://archive.org/details/bullettino121886soci" volume="12" year="1887">Pollonera 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, translated from Italian by Massimo Prodan and Floriana Umani 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B8F666DF53B1A60F1342EBBA8CD5C04C" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="B3E0A65890B551A1A5D1B30DBE0644C8" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="CFA4808ABC1FBEA07E410DB26B153CE9" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" start="start">Material</pageBreakToken>
|
||
examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="71C3235244A2AB13601CC4E06323D307" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Neotype (CSR SASA 37013/37013a) (Fig. 8A−E). Conspecifics (BOLD-ID: BARCA121-10, ACCESSION NR: HQ171594) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7D72F0F55EA30707BEE10A5EC7FD2A" author="Weigand, AM" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology Resources" pageId="32" pageNumber="155" pagination="255 - 265" title="A new approach to an old conundrum − DNA barcoding sheds new light on phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis in microsnails (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Carychiidae)." url="10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02937.x" volume="11" year="2011">Weigand et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)), SMF 341636 (Fig. 2B−F), NMBE 532009 (Fig. 8F): Turjeva jama,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="351CEE010A92A94693F4E3E59710B9D7" originalValue="Robič">Robic</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Kobarid, Julian Alps, Slovenia,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E2B536719AFBEAA9D07B77A434F97B1F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="46.2435">46.2435°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE8F6097AB63C1C1FE9954339C9B267C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="13.5046">13.5046°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, alt. ca. 253 m, air temp. in cave 9.3° C, June 1, 2013. Leg. Rajko Slapnik.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC9D553848C5D75E2F8FA3B68C2F6F52" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<paragraph id="6505C1AE3D9334BAA35FB429DBAB2AC5" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Figure 8. NanoCT−SEM Plate 2.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7BED0CB6266B7F921516A298BDEB8A12" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8CC8512F63BFD2E6FCD4AEF939ED0F5" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, neotype (CSR SASA 37013), Turjeva jama
|
||
<normalizedToken id="40910C9DCAE27F05CDB37135C6105981" originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8F26F5F7A96DEF37D556C871D2C03D8" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNH 2216), Jama na Zgornjih Brsnikih
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A7AE620C3176823AC9F27B14288C2D02" originalValue="I–L">I-L</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EC41FFE1FA078634DBF2BC445603CA6D" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (CSR SASA 37698a),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="96CE7DC61BD7CB4360FCC8EB9A4FEE51" originalValue="Konečka">Konecka</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="92C063A5F7759BA3C4B302FE8B200392" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="D5C82A63FD9813CD64EAD5C5EE1FA0B7" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2F2A535C8C77E7598CE91302F80A9B3B" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">Shell minute, transparent when fresh, conical with entire, half-roundish and more or less thickened peristome; parietal lamella; columella non-introrse, secondary columellar dilatation just above umbilical indentation; columellar lamella inclinate.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="946366952719F390FD3AD6C03346058E" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE0A0E9D7A20CD37C238680B797880E3" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="637FD1C3B0AB2F4287E61F63192F32C1" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">Measurements of neotype specimen CSR SASA 37013 (Fig. 8A−E): shell height 1.56 mm, shell diameter 1.07 mm, peristome width 0.75 mm, peristome height 0.84 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="222FD30EFA04B875D7DF1765F2DE73FD" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Measurements of conspecifics from Turjeva jama are provided in Table 3 (based on neotype and conspecifics of neotype). Shells minute (Table 5), variable in height (1.05-1.63 mm), conical with about 5 whorls, regularly coiled, suture deep, whorls convex, more or less shouldered; aperture semicircular, peristome closely adhering to spire (Fig. 2D), thickened, higher than wide, taking up to ca. 35% of shell height; umbilicus closed, shallow depression; contact between the columellar edge of peristome and last whorl moderately long (0.34-0.59 mm); non-expressed parietal lamella in aperture continues only in traces within shell; parietal plica present or absent (Fig. 8F); penultimate whorl
|
||
<normalizedToken id="37105AD9E7AC55C1733BD7D42F48FCC6" originalValue="“sinks”">"sinks"</normalizedToken>
|
||
into ultimate whorl at upper junction of peristome and penultimate whorl in profile perspective (Fig. 2D); columella twisted but non-introrse, slender, secondary columellar dilatation at base; columellar lamella inclinate, extended (Fig. 8A−D); secondary columellar dilatation equal to
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2C4F6A04A26E77385FFABD2510EBBA98" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
distance of maximal upper columellar lamella extension; protoconch with pattern of spiral interconnected pits separated by zones of non-pitted bands (Fig. 9D−E); teleoconch with tightly spaced irregular spiral striae of densely interconnected pits (Fig. 9B, C, F); broader spiral bands interrupt finer rows of pitted striae (Fig. 9B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7D6FEFDA1D279D00EE569CB10A2B7E31" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<paragraph id="E3E4CF353717310B132E91F2488F9CA1" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Figure 9. SEM Microstructures Plate 3. A−F
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E782B7EA010E7139A4203D2D6E52A596" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CSR SASA 37013 conspecific), Turjeva jama G−H
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FAE548CDD378655E98341D610DF8990A" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (CSR SASA 21675),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1D9C6FA8C83C6D4B20458A76731512F4" originalValue="Konečka">Konecka</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka I−L
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B38D6B5E52457889D2EE25B3B84BC29" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum kupitzense" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kupitzense">Zospeum kupitzense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNH 3291),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7E2326EBD303273F6D176A4C55953901" originalValue="Ložekarjeva">Lozekarjeva</normalizedToken>
|
||
jama M−O
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FCFD30D5EEAA099EBA0975CB89274DF" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum amoenum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="amoenum">Zospeum amoenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(RS103),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9974DD39979DAADB7115ACF9E25F79C5" originalValue="Ihanščica">Ihanscica</normalizedToken>
|
||
cave.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="80C5392377612C386A07DA94D1FBD762" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" type="differential diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="FEF42B0AC4D3A9BEB94168B11533DD1B" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">Differential diagnosis</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="897E3A3F0E60F788B18C6C597DCCC048" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
(Figs 10, 11). Differs greatest from congeners here in columellar apparatus and surface microstructure; differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8761AAC1C5DC7AFC562A9E1D430B1BE" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="125193998FD44D364382FB300C4E1FC7" originalValue="Konečka">Konecka</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka) by the more slender columella, secondary columellar dilatation equal to
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F5126FC9DD29027E55549ACFAD43D835" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
distance of maximal upper columellar lamella extension, columellar lamella inclinate, extended;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F89FFA50EF6DAB5B2355FA93316FA830" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE29203E914B1B572D4847F00922A824" genus="Ellobioidea" lsidName="Ellobioidea amoenum" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="amoenum">amoenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6A9DD1F5E18169B27D51BAE1A090DE75" originalValue="Potočka">Potocka</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka) lacks columellar lamella, columella straight cylindrical (Fig. 10J); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D70B7DC4AB707EB2505C4101064AE3CA" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum kupitzense" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kupitzense">Zospeum kupitzense</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the planar less inclinate orientation of columellar lamella (Fig. 10A−F), less pronounced parietal lamella than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22F41BDEFA41E5C193BD5FD832AD8F74" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum kupitzense" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kupitzense">Zospeum kupitzense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="58F1A43A8A9B794C9047FBCB96BF732B" originalValue="Ložekarjeva">Lozekarjeva</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka) (Fig. 10E); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="002AEF69634392EDC05A3E4E010A2C88" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Zospeum alpestre</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7E49B8CEAD5CF1E5B255A8B59FA463B8" originalValue="Kamniška">Kamniska</normalizedToken>
|
||
jama) by the more slender columella, secondary columellar dilatation at base, columellar base of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08F293E86800D03789489409E00663CE" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Zospeum alpestre</taxonomicName>
|
||
clavate inflated, moderately attenuate (Fig. 10G); irregular striation of tightly interconnected pits of upper teleoconch differs from regular impressed wavy bands on teleoconch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="813A6792CD55B941A13479DE1DA0EE5F" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum kupitzense" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kupitzense">Zospeum kupitzense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 9I−L); differs from rather regularly spaced rows of interconnected pits on teleoconch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40F832D3FB041C554BA32E56BD7D969B" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum amoenum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="amoenum">Zospeum amoenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D3CC4BE00DF1FBCCCE475726A7CEA724" originalValue="Ihanščica">Ihanscica</normalizedToken>
|
||
cave). The differential diagnosis of genetic data is presented with the respective BOLD-ID numbers in Table 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="05F7C65045F6A74150178F465C70AB72" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<paragraph id="AF80FB5D8BE410614E0A042C2A5F6018" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Figure 10. NanoCT−SEM Plate 4.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="44D5FE2CF1C3948AE00BE1D066405586" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA8D22DFC72407C40D5A7F376E77797B" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum kupitzense" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kupitzense">Zospeum kupitzense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(RS3291),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="07D3DD455840B165FF38F39277857EDA" originalValue="Ložekarjeva">Lozekarjeva</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka G.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC07E2D0A09894D61B0E9FBC39586CC4" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Zospeum alpestre</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNH 2216),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="25B34E9137783BCC56A097AFA31AA64A" originalValue="Kamniška">Kamniska</normalizedToken>
|
||
jama H, I−L
|
||
<taxonomicName id="448859C88FDA02DF2111992CB69A99BB" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FCE8F1F8598E4CC27608843A8826E6F2" originalValue="Ihanščica">Ihanscica</normalizedToken>
|
||
cave J−K
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17B0571469A904D9D31D06A65CBB7612" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum amoenum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="amoenum">Zospeum amoenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(RS59),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CD02D14AB7FD4C33AAE213B22E89070E" originalValue="Potočka">Potocka</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6341808C9DD6761A93C8484DFC96270D" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<paragraph id="AF36BF6DF504C2266BC11CCD41B7A7AC" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Figure 11. Type and shell images Plate 5:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="97D9715671AFD9424D2822D53940FEA5" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0C8A309091C5E3A300F00605D0C116B" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum kupitzense" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kupitzense">Zospeum kupitzense</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype: (SMF 256354)
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E54D99B6B8EEA08B2D4047A6B71CB6A2" originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="750309014CAD90FC99342AE03353B405" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum kupitzense" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kupitzense">Zospeum kupitzense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNH 3291),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="369AE852561F855B900116A9CEC90566" originalValue="Ložekarjeva">Lozekarjeva</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka
|
||
<normalizedToken id="363F85919C5BC2D265C06B4FC3332DC9" originalValue="I–M">I-M</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A9101E0FA47370F2F8E6EF61003FF20" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum amoenum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="amoenum">Zospeum amoenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(RS59),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F17C8E42ECD7EA0AA976E89B0D336592" originalValue="Potočka">Potocka</normalizedToken>
|
||
zijalka.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F16BC970D796395255F69EE20A12316C" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="96BEBECF378CE19165EDA1B04AAECC9E" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="37D8AB2B8A0424191A0A7716F1D06906" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="12" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Although we question past distribution records (Fig. 1, Table 1),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AE4C471FDE8B95A3994B88755956B1F9" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="135" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
likely occurs within a narrow radius encompassing the Southeastern Alpine
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="42858BB6A9E5419826251ED0E0CD91E6" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" start="start">region</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of contiguous cave and river systems of northeastern Italy, southern Austria, Slovenia and northwest Croatia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="19023ADC97A7E1C242AB859389E2C756" author="Bole, J" journalOrPublisher="Razred za naravoslovne vede" pageId="27" pageNumber="150" pagination="249 - 291" title="Rod Zospeum Bourguignat 1856 (Gastropoda, Ellobiidae) v Jugoslaviji. Die Gattung Zospeum Bourguignat 1886 (Gastropoda, Ellobiidae) in Jugoslawien. Razprave − Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti." volume="17" year="1974">Bole 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="582D899BD38AFC536B5CFFE1770F8B3C" author="Maier, HC" journalOrPublisher="Bioloski vestnik" pageId="29" pageNumber="152" pagination="97 - 102" title="Beitrag zur kenntnis der gattung Zospeum Bourguignat 1856 (Gastropoda: Ellobiidae)." volume="23" year="1975">Maier and Bole 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4543BF99D67073154A7613391014DA5E" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Mildner 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4546EFE320FD5D903700F4238722A075" author="Slapnik, R" journalOrPublisher="Razred za naravoslovne vede" pageId="31" pageNumber="154" pagination="3 - 73" title="Distribution of Zospeumalpestre (Freyer 1855), Z. isselianum Pollonera, 1886 and Z. alpestrebolei ssp. n. (Gastropoda, Carychiidae) and their variability in the caves in Kamnik and Savinja Alps. Razprave − Slovenska akademia znanosti in umetnosti." volume="32" year="1991">Slapnik 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7EC921FAE00B0D1439BBFF7DA9189611" author="Slapnik, R" journalOrPublisher="Razred za naravoslovne vede" pageId="31" pageNumber="154" pagination="298 - 320" title="Razsirjenost rodu Zospeum Bourguignat 1856 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Carychiidae) v osamelem krasu vzhodne Slovenije − Distribution of the genus Zospeum Bourguignat 1856 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Carychiidae) in isolated karst in Eastern Slovenia. Razprave − Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti." volume="35" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD4A28A3D7F265B4722863FB7B1C9DF2" author="Slapnik, R" journalOrPublisher="Natura Croatica" pageId="31" pageNumber="154" pagination="115 - 135" title="Distribution of the genus Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Ellobiidae) in Croatia." volume="13" year="2004">Slapnik and Ozimec 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2320FB5DF3A8B13908A470E0A27B66D1" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7704A79614AD51091A923EE8D3E7569F" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A222E8B00D6F3FC4DA2A865C708043D" pageId="13" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Live
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3CBE4E48ADF352DF720C5936B59C49C" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="136" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found in Turjeva jama on mud and muddy walls at the end of the cave and adjacent to the central pit located in the middle of the cave. Bats were seen in the vicinity of the collection site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F271912BF11D8A9C59D342AE6FA293D0" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="5EF12D0D1FA6986173AD45CA19B0FBFC" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="2784E1D0345DC28BFD0AD1E205E6D6E8" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" start="start">Conservation</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4BC08575C867DFF7AD62A6C919C03997" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
|
||
In the caves sampled for this study, empty shells were sparsely found in sediment and live individuals sparsely populated certain cave walls during the summer season. These findings suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6340723C11302A0F7551822A8DF717E3" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred there for more than
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="4AF93B7C1601A294F1FC19F4E75B521C" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" start="start">one</pageBreakToken>
|
||
season, and that these populations are/were not immediately threatened. Still, on a global scale, its distribution is fragmented and likely limited to far less than 312 caves within a radius of 20,000 km2. In conjunction with the categories for the IUCN Red List (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E37F2B2725DA1DAB61EA2D5A8F7BA9F4" author="Holznagel, WE" journalOrPublisher="Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee," pageId="28" pageNumber="151" pagination="16 - 59" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11." volume="11" year="2014">IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it can be considered a taxon of Least Concern (LC) since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF367D87D98F3133173FF2917D50B760" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum isselianum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isselianum">Zospeum isselianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
is (potentially) known from many sites and these populations seem to be rather stable. Habitat disturbance through human agency poses the greatest threat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0CC2BF9F939C70443B787EAFC742DF21" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F9F20ABA48E7A8D8CE9411FF525EC27" pageId="15" pageNumber="138">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1836BE6C7BC11D1E50C1143C34DBEF16" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="15" pageNumber="138">
|
||
This species shows a wide range of variability in the shell. The parietal lamella with its nondescript shape and configuration has been considered characteristic
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="3C1430426790466531EAC231BD846918" pageId="16" pageNumber="139" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E28396DAD9F2F9646726C5C711413D6E" author="Bole, J" journalOrPublisher="Razred za naravoslovne vede" pageId="27" pageNumber="150" pagination="249 - 291" title="Rod Zospeum Bourguignat 1856 (Gastropoda, Ellobiidae) v Jugoslaviji. Die Gattung Zospeum Bourguignat 1886 (Gastropoda, Ellobiidae) in Jugoslawien. Razprave − Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti." volume="17" year="1974">Bole 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="79C257DBF3A0F995D5F294C556ACDDA7" author="Slapnik, R" journalOrPublisher="Razred za naravoslovne vede" pageId="31" pageNumber="154" pagination="3 - 73" title="Distribution of Zospeumalpestre (Freyer 1855), Z. isselianum Pollonera, 1886 and Z. alpestrebolei ssp. n. (Gastropoda, Carychiidae) and their variability in the caves in Kamnik and Savinja Alps. Razprave − Slovenska akademia znanosti in umetnosti." volume="32" year="1991">Slapnik 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The size and shape of the shell and aperture in conjunction with the visible parietal lamella indicate the very close relationship with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12D654406B1168B2FA818788349C324B" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum alpestre" order="Ellobiida" pageId="16" pageNumber="139" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alpestre">Zospeum alpestre</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2129C6BB3CCB03E58315D5E086061F63" author="Bole, J" journalOrPublisher="Razred za naravoslovne vede" pageId="27" pageNumber="150" pagination="249 - 291" title="Rod Zospeum Bourguignat 1856 (Gastropoda, Ellobiidae) v Jugoslaviji. Die Gattung Zospeum Bourguignat 1886 (Gastropoda, Ellobiidae) in Jugoslawien. Razprave − Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti." volume="17" year="1974">Bole 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="351647062DDF827EB66BEFFBE1C8534B" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum amoenum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="16" pageNumber="139" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="amoenum">Zospeum amoenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="05943745185EDBA29AAC4ECC91867F8E" author="Slapnik, R" journalOrPublisher="Razred za naravoslovne vede" pageId="31" pageNumber="154" pagination="3 - 73" title="Distribution of Zospeumalpestre (Freyer 1855), Z. isselianum Pollonera, 1886 and Z. alpestrebolei ssp. n. (Gastropoda, Carychiidae) and their variability in the caves in Kamnik and Savinja Alps. Razprave − Slovenska akademia znanosti in umetnosti." volume="32" year="1991">Slapnik 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in eastern Slovenia. The columella differs from congeners in this study by the presence of a secondary columellar dilatation at the base and an inclinate, extended columellar lamella. Superficial microstructure on the protoconch consists of spirally arranged pits interspersed by medium to wide zones of smooth non-pitted bands. The teleoconch shows a deep suture and irregular rows of tightly interconnected pits. Sometimes microscopic white chalky bands above and below the suture can be seen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |