328 lines
37 KiB
XML
328 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D0C90BC6DC3512FFB153FBE534B5D783">Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="410D50C8E46D1F242A17883849E63AB0">Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="09CD7F345F318B5B623572175D058854">Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F4FB0A033DD69C430B47397AC9870B5C">Kallal, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="188E139A276BA8EA5716EE9B3AA769CD">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="881F3552763CA304FD4D6C37FC6FFECF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4631637" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180670999" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4631637" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:881F3552763CA304FD4D6C37FC6FFECF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/881F3552763CA304FD4D6C37FC6FFECF" lastPageId="16" pageId="9">
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<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF763CA31DFD4D6C37FBEFFA4B" pageId="9" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="5B413328763CA31DFD4D6C37FBEFFA4B" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="9" reason="4">
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SUBFAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763CA31DFCCC6C37FBEFFA4B" authority="FORSTER AND FORSTER, 1999" authorityName="FORSTER AND FORSTER" authorityYear="1999" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nanometinae">
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NANOMETINAE FORSTER AND
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B5763CA31DFCFC6CE8FBEFFA4B" author="Forster, R. R. & L. Forster" box="[867,1029,1440,1464]" pageId="9" refId="ref47323" refString="Forster, R. R., and L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and Their Worldwide Kin. Dunedin: University of Otago Press." type="book" year="1999">FORSTER, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF763CA31DFD336C9DFCA0F9C1" pageId="9" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763CA31DFD336C9DFCD6FA1E" authority="Forster and Forster, 1999" box="[684,828,1493,1517]" family="Nanometidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" rank="family">Nanometidae</taxonomicName>
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<treatmentCitation id="8117A255763CA31DFCDC6C9EFB6CFA1E" author="Forster, R. R. & L. Forster" box="[835,1158,1493,1517]" page="166" pageId="9" year="1999">
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B5763CA31DFCDC6C9EFB6CFA1E" author="Forster, R. R. & L. Forster" box="[835,1158,1493,1517]" pageId="9" refId="ref47323" refString="Forster, R. R., and L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and Their Worldwide Kin. Dunedin: University of Otago Press." type="book" year="1999">Forster and Forster, 1999: 166</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763CA31DFD336CBFFCD6F9FC" authorityName="FORSTER AND FORSTER" authorityYear="1999" box="[684,828,1527,1551]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nanometinae">Nanometinae</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B5763CA31DFCDB6CB0FB6EF9FC" author="Alvarez-Padilla, F. & G. Hormiga" box="[836,1156,1527,1555]" pageId="9" pagination="713 - 879" refId="ref46462" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F., and G. Hormiga. 2011. Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 713 - 879." type="journal article" year="2011">Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga,</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="00098444763CA31DFD436F52FCA0F9C1" blockId="9.[684,1162,1493,1586]" box="[732,842,1562,1586]" pageId="9">2011: 802.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF763CA31DFD536F06FB8FF996" box="[716,1125,1613,1637]" pageId="9" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="00098444763CA31DFD536F06FB8FF996" blockId="9.[684,1212,1613,1737]" box="[716,1125,1613,1637]" pageId="9">
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<typeStatus id="DF0D3AE6763CA31DFD536F06FCE9F996" box="[716,771,1614,1637]" pageId="9">TYPE</typeStatus>
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GENUS:
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763CA31DFCC06F06FB8BF996" authority="Simon, 1908" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[863,1121,1613,1637]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856763CA31DFCC06F06FC24F996" box="[863,974,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="9">Nanometa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B5763CA31DFC496F05FB8BF996" author="Simon, E." box="[982,1121,1613,1637]" pageId="9" pagination="359 - 446" refId="ref48555" refString="Simon, E. 1908. Araneae. 1 re partie. In W. Michaelsen and R. Hartmeyer (editors), Die Fauna Sudwest- Australiens. Jena 1: 359 - 446." type="journal article" year="1908">Simon, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF763CA304FD536F27FE14F9F0" lastPageId="16" pageId="9" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="00098444763CA304FD536F27FE51FB4B" blockId="9.[684,1212,1613,1737]" lastBlockId="16.[108,642,226,1738]" lastPageId="16" pageId="9">
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DIAGNOSIS: Male nanometines are diagnosed from other tetragnathids by their cymbial ectobasal process shaped as relatively large spine attached to the cymbium (e.g., figs. 7B, 8C, 10E, 23E). This process is smaller in
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FE75684BFDD0FEE9" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[490,570,259,282]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FE75684BFDD0FEE9" box="[490,570,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="16">Taraire</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(figs. 46D, 48E, F, 49C, 50C) and
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FE27686CFDD6FECF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[440,572,292,316]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Chrysometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FE27686CFDD6FECF" box="[440,572,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="16">Chrysometa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57625A304FDD0686CFF7CFE8D" author="Salgueiro-Sepulveda, F. J. & F. Alvarez-Padilla" pageId="16" pagination="301 - 330" refId="ref48465" refString="Salgueiro-Sepulveda, F. J., and F. Alvarez-Padilla. 2018. New species of the orb-weaving spider genus Chrys- ometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from oak forests near the Pica de Orizaba National Park (Veracruz, Mexico). Zootaxa 4450: 301 - 330." type="journal article" year="2018">Salgueiro-Sepúlveda and Álvarez-Padilla, 2018: 308</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 4A–C), long and flattened in
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FDB4682EFD96FE8D" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[555,636,358,382]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tawhai" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FDB4682EFD96FE8D" box="[555,636,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="16">Tawhai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(figs. 52D, 54A–C), and bearing small teeth in
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FFF368E0FE52FE33" authority="Alvarez-Padilla, 2007" authorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" authorityYear="2007" box="[108,440,424,451]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Allende" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FFF368E0FF54FE33" box="[108,190,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="16">Allende</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57625A304FF5768E0FE52FE33" author="Alvarez-Padilla, F." box="[200,440,424,451]" pageId="16" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref46408" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F., 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57625A304FE5668E0FF35FE12" author="Alvarez-Padilla, F." pageId="16" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref46408" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F., 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: 295</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 5C). The conductor originates from the center of the tegulum; it is shaped either as a flat disk in
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FEEE6B44FE09FDD0" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[369,483,524,547]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FEEE6B44FE09FDD0" box="[369,483,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="16">Nanometa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(figs. 10C, F, 13C) or projects apically in
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FE356B64FDCCFDB7" box="[426,550,556,580]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Pinkfloydia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FE356B64FDCCFDB7" box="[426,550,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="16">Pinkfloydia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57625A304FDA96B64FE06FD96" author="Dimitrov, D. & G. Hormiga" pageId="16" pagination="735 - 768" refId="ref47076" refString="Dimitrov, D., and G. Hormiga. 2011. An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 735 - 768." type="journal article" year="2011">Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011: 759</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 14A). Although the branched median tracheae (figs. 11D, 30D) and the booklung-coxae stridulatory apparatus (figs. 20F, 30C) are found in most nanometines, these two features are absent in
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FFF36BBBFF00FCF8" box="[108,234,755,779]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Pinkfloydia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FFF36BBBFF00FCF8" box="[108,234,755,779]" italics="true" pageId="16">Pinkfloydia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Female nanometines present two
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<typeStatus id="DF0D3AE67625A304FFF36A5CFF4CFCDF" box="[108,166,788,812]" pageId="16">types</typeStatus>
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of genital anatomy. One is found in
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FDDE6A5CFF5CFCBE" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Pinkfloydia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FDDE6A5CFF5CFCBE" italics="true" pageId="16">Pinkfloydia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, with a protruding epigynal plate (relative to
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FF556A1FFED4FC9D" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[202,318,855,878]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FF556A1FFED4FC9D" box="[202,318,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="16">Nanometa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) bearing numerous pores opening on its ventral surface (
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57625A304FE426A3FFEA6FC43" author="Dimitrov, D. & G. Hormiga" pageId="16" pagination="735 - 768" refId="ref47076" refString="Dimitrov, D., and G. Hormiga. 2011. An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 735 - 768." type="journal article" year="2011">Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011: 761</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 15G) (similar to those of
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FF166AF1FF33FC22" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[137,217,953,977]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tawhai" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FF166AF1FF33FC22" box="[137,217,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="16">Tawhai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), soft-walled spermathecae, and copulatory and fertilization ducts short, parallel, and well sclerotized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57625A304FEF96AB3FF33FBC7" author="Dimitrov, D. & G. Hormiga" pageId="16" pagination="735 - 768" refId="ref47076" refString="Dimitrov, D., and G. Hormiga. 2011. An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 735 - 768." type="journal article" year="2011">Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011: 761</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 15F–H). The other is a flat epigynal plate, without conspicuous pores and four receptacles, two of which are the spermathecae shared by all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FE9C6DC8FE9EFB64" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[259,372,1152,1175]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FE9C6DC8FE9EFB64" box="[259,372,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="16">Nanometa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FE6F6DC8FDD4FB64" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[496,574,1152,1175]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FE6F6DC8FDD4FB64" box="[496,574,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="16">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(figs. 9H, 11C, 13E, 47F, 48C, 50E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="54C9D4CC763FA31EFFF36F69FB60F981" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613903" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613903/files/figure.png" pageId="10" startId="10.[108,194,1569,1590]" targetBox="[111,1209,224,1542]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="00098444763FA31EFFF36F69FB60F981" blockId="10.[108,1212,1567,1650]" pageId="10">
|
||
FIGURE 1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763FA31EFF7F6F68FE26F9C4" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[224,460,1568,1591]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763FA31EFF7F6F68FE26F9C4" box="[224,460,1568,1591]" italics="true" pageId="10">Nanometa tasmaniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tasmania (Australia).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763FA31EFD776F57FCEAF9C4" bold="true" box="[744,768,1567,1591]" pageId="10">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female in web with the typical resting posture (DSC_0244).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763FA31EFED06F74FE8CF9A7" bold="true" box="[335,358,1596,1620]" pageId="10">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female (DSC_1599).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763FA31EFD156F74FD4BF9A7" bold="true" box="[650,673,1596,1620]" pageId="10">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Web of adult female (DSC_0304).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763FA31EFB8C6F74FBC7F9A7" bold="true" box="[1043,1069,1596,1620]" pageId="10">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Web of adult female (DSC_0249). A, C, D: Cradle Mountain National Park; B: near Marakoopa Cave (photos: G.H.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="54C9D4CC763EA31FFFF46C50FBC8FA9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613907/files/figure.png" pageId="11" startId="11.[107,193,1304,1325]" targetBox="[107,1212,224,1277]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="00098444763EA31FFFF46C50FBC8FA9A" blockId="11.[107,1211,1302,1385]" pageId="11">
|
||
FIGURE 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763EA31FFF7C6C5FFE3BFADD" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[227,465,1303,1326]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763EA31FFF7C6C5FFE3BFADD" box="[227,465,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="11">Nanometa tasmaniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tasmania (Australia).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763EA31FFD696C5EFCE5FADD" bold="true" box="[758,783,1302,1326]" pageId="11">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male (DSC_1788).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763EA31FFB846C5EFBD8FADD" bold="true" box="[1051,1074,1302,1326]" pageId="11">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile web (DSC_1598).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763EA31FFF6B6C7BFEE6FAB8" bold="true" box="[244,268,1331,1355]" pageId="11">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Unfinished adult female web (two turns of the nonsticky temporary spiral remain in the web; DSC_1645). A: Lake St. Clair National Park; B, C: Mount Field National Park (photos: G.H.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="54C9D4CC7639A318FFF36F0DFE13F965" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613909/files/figure.png" pageId="12" startId="12.[108,195,1605,1626]" targetBox="[110,1210,224,1579]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447639A318FFF36F0DFE13F965" blockId="12.[108,1211,1603,1686]" pageId="12">
|
||
FIGURE 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77639A318FF786F0CFD93F9A8" authority="(Keyserling, 1887)" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[231,633,1603,1627]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trivittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567639A318FF786F0CFE58F9A8" box="[231,434,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="12">Nanometa trivittata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57639A318FE5D6F0BFD98F9A8" author="Keyserling, E." box="[450,626,1603,1627]" pageId="12" pagination="153 - 232" refId="ref47869" refString="Keyserling, E. 1887. Die Arachniden australiens, 2: 153 - 232. Nurnberg: Bauer & Raspe." type="journal article" year="1887">Keyserling, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Australia.
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567639A318FCB66F0BFC8BF9A8" bold="true" box="[809,865,1603,1627]" pageId="12">A, B.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male from Border Ranges National Park, New South Wales (DSC_1840, DSC_1868).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567639A318FD256F28FD05F98A" bold="true" box="[698,751,1632,1657]" pageId="12">C, D.</emphasis>
|
||
Female web from Great Otway National Park (DSC_1454, DSC_1446; photos: G.H.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="54C9D4CC7638A319FFF46F22FB4EF948" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613912/files/figure.png" pageId="13" startId="13.[107,191,1642,1663]" targetBox="[107,1211,224,1616]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447638A319FFF46F22FB4EF948" blockId="13.[107,1210,1640,1723]" pageId="13">
|
||
FIGURE 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77638A319FF416F21FECEF973" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[222,292,1641,1664]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567638A319FF416F21FECEF973" box="[222,292,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="13">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from New Zealand
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567638A319FE716F20FDEDF973" bold="true" box="[494,519,1640,1664]" pageId="13">A.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77638A319FD926F21FCABF973" authority="(Urquhart, 1889)" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Urquhart" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[525,833,1640,1664]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufolineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567638A319FD926F21FD7AF973" box="[525,656,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="13">T. rufolineata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57638A319FD016F20FCD1F973" author="Urquhart, A. T." box="[670,827,1640,1664]" pageId="13" pagination="134 - 152" refId="ref48664" refString="Urquhart, A. T. 1889. On new species of Araneida. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 21: 134 - 152." type="journal article" year="1889">Urquhart, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female web (DSC_7979).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567638A319FBD76F20FBB4F973" bold="true" box="[1096,1118,1640,1664]" pageId="13">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77638A319FBFB6F21FB53F973" baseAuthorityName="GH" baseAuthorityYear="1133" box="[1124,1209,1640,1664]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculta">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567638A319FBFB6F21FB53F973" box="[1124,1209,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="13">T. oculta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female web (DSC_7919).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567638A319FEF36FCDFE69F96E" bold="true" box="[364,387,1669,1693]" pageId="13">C.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77638A319FE156FCEFE35F96D" baseAuthorityName="GH" baseAuthorityYear="1133" box="[394,479,1670,1694]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculta">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567638A319FE156FCEFE35F96D" box="[394,479,1670,1694]" italics="true" pageId="13">T. oculta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult male (G43A109). A: Arthur’s Pass National Park, South Island; B, C: Fox Glacier, Westland Tai Poutini National Park, South Island (photos: G.H. except 4C, Gonzalo Giribet).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="54C9D4CC763BA31AFFF36CE1FBC0FA09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613914" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613914/files/figure.png" pageId="14" startId="14.[108,194,1449,1470]" targetBox="[108,1209,224,1420]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="00098444763BA31AFFF36CE1FBC0FA09" blockId="14.[108,1212,1447,1530]" pageId="14">
|
||
FIGURE 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763BA31AFF7A6CE0FE83FA4C" box="[229,361,1447,1471]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocula">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763BA31AFF7A6CE0FE83FA4C" box="[229,361,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="14">Taraire ocula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, B), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763BA31AFE726CEFFCA8FA4C" authority="(Urquhart, 1891)" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Urquhart" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[493,834,1447,1471]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tawhai" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763BA31AFE726CEFFD66FA4C" box="[493,652,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="14">Tawhai arborea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B5763BA31AFD056CEFFCD0FA4C" author="Urquhart, A. T." box="[666,826,1447,1471]" pageId="14" pagination="128 - 189" refId="ref48717" refString="Urquhart, A. T. 1891. On new species of Araneae. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 23: 128 - 189." type="journal article" year="1891">Urquhart, 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C), from New Zealand.
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763BA31AFBD46CEFFB89FA4C" bold="true" box="[1099,1123,1447,1471]" pageId="14">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile web (DSC_7977).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763BA31AFEB96C8CFED7FA2F" bold="true" box="[294,317,1476,1500]" pageId="14">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile web (DSC_7964).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763BA31AFDC96C8CFD87FA2F" bold="true" box="[598,621,1476,1500]" pageId="14">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Female web (DSC_6287). A, B: Fox Glacier, Westland Tai Poutini National Park, South Island; C: Tongariro National Park, North Island (photos: G.H.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="54C9D4CC763AA31BFFF06F38FD3BF932" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613918/files/figure.png" pageId="15" startId="15.[111,198,1648,1669]" targetBox="[108,1212,224,1616]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="00098444763AA31BFFF06F38FD3BF932" blockId="15.[111,1212,1646,1729]" pageId="15">
|
||
FIGURE 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7763AA31BFF746F27FE5BF975" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[235,433,1646,1670]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Iamarra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multitheca">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763AA31BFF746F27FE5BF975" box="[235,433,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="15">Iamarra multitheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult female webs at the base of trees from Crater Lakes National Park, Queensland, Australia.
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763AA31BFEC36FC3FE9EF950" bold="true" box="[348,372,1675,1699]" pageId="15">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Finished web (DSC_8086).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C25856763AA31BFD0E6FC4FD4DF957" bold="true" box="[657,679,1676,1700]" pageId="15">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Unfinished web (several turns of the nonsticky temporary spiral remain in the web; DSC _8070; photos: G.H.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447625A304FF136D8AFE14F9F0" blockId="16.[108,642,226,1738]" pageId="16">
|
||
RELATIONSHIPS: Putative morphological synapomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FEBA6DABFE50FB08" authorityName="FORSTER AND FORSTER" authorityYear="1999" box="[293,442,1251,1275]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nanometinae">Nanometinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the conductor originating from the center of the tegulum, a flexible conductor-tegulum attachment, tubular embolus, a basal ecto-basal process shaped as relatively large spine; absence of macrosetae on the male palpal patella; presence of cheliceral denticles, and epigynal mating plug from secretions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57625A304FEB46C83FF48F9F0" author="Alvarez-Padilla, F. & G. Hormiga" pageId="16" pagination="713 - 879" refId="ref46462" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F., and G. Hormiga. 2011. Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 713 - 879." type="journal article" year="2011">Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B57625A304FF316CA3FE19F9F0" author="Dimitrov, D. & G. Hormiga" box="[174,499,1515,1539]" pageId="16" pagination="735 - 768" refId="ref47076" refString="Dimitrov, D., and G. Hormiga. 2011. An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 735 - 768." type="journal article" year="2011">Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF7625A304FF136F44FE4EF939" pageId="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447625A304FF136F44FE4EF939" blockId="16.[108,642,226,1738]" pageId="16">
|
||
COMPOSITION: Two genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FE4A6F45FDACF9D7" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[469,582,1549,1572]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FE4A6F45FDACF9D7" box="[469,582,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="16">Nanometa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FFF36F65FF0FF9B6" box="[108,229,1581,1605]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Pinkfloydia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FFF36F65FF0FF9B6" box="[108,229,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="16">Pinkfloydia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In favor of taxonomic stability,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FDDE6F66FF62F995" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FDDE6F66FF62F995" italics="true" pageId="16">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FF046F06FF01F995" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[155,235,1614,1638]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tawhai" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FF046F06FF01F995" box="[155,235,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="16">Tawhai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FF626F06FE0FF995" box="[253,485,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FF626F06FE68F995" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[253,386,1614,1638]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Chrysometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysometa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FE0C6F06FE0FF995" authorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" authorityYear="2007" box="[403,485,1614,1638]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Allende" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Allende</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FDB86F06FF42F974" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metleucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567625A304FDB86F06FF42F974" italics="true" pageId="16">Metleucauge</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain outside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77625A304FEC36F27FE1BF974" authorityName="FORSTER AND FORSTER" authorityYear="1999" box="[348,497,1647,1671]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nanometinae">Nanometinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because the nodes involving their placement lack strong consistent support (figs. 61–63).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF7625A304FD5369AAFC6FFECF" pageId="16" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447625A304FD5369AAFC6FFECF" blockId="16.[684,1212,226,316]" pageId="16">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION: Nanometines are distributed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78A1C4D47625A304FD55684BFCB4FEE8" box="[714,862,259,283]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78A1C4D47625A304FCF4684BFC3AFEE8" box="[875,976,259,283]" name="Australia" pageId="16">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78A1C4D47625A304FC43684BFB6DFEE8" box="[988,1159,259,283]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="16">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78A1C4D47625A304FD33686CFC6BFECF" box="[684,897,292,316]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="16">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |