treatments-xml/data/2C/3E/A3/2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18.xml

<document id="A7F3BE9D6853F7114D5264ED6CB23522" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10603692" ID-ZooBank="3080C791-0BF8-45E0-940E-CDC796EAAEFD" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1706774471707" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sandes, Joana, Moraes, Fernando &amp; Muricy, Guilherme" docDate="2024" docId="2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5405.4.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5405 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Placospongia ruetzleri van Soest 2017" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="513" masterDocId="D007DB42BE4EFF835F3E6D57FFF58A1D" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of Placospongia Gray, 1867 from Northern and Northeastern Brazil, with description of two new species (Porifera: Demospongiae: Clionaida)" masterLastPageNumber="525" masterPageNumber="495" pageNumber="509" updateTime="1707143917521" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="E3490DF3ACCE47552E08F6327BC49553" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="2A1F2F88FC97E4A2C182ADA4F954D77E">
<mods:title id="C4756778BC63516B47F8E56820EA5BE0">Taxonomy of Placospongia Gray, 1867 from Northern and Northeastern Brazil, with description of two new species (Porifera: Demospongiae: Clionaida)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="A687B4556BB6F52B0E6D221FE9AA3289" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3B08ABC3552AA99EE0055F5990181E38">
<mods:roleTerm id="A76797E0E58BBCD6E94E4DA83BED922B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="76EC56DDFFDFA0B1B5657050184BB110">Sandes, Joana</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A1D8817786C055713933FFDEFAC93C59">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B5C088383DABDA62752F163D041834A5" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7CBECAA5172094CB125CF0037B4EA4FF">
<mods:roleTerm id="E15226D3FEC0AAB08368FE05830AB427">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F4FA22F430BFC4139F3119862DFDA02D">Moraes, Fernando</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EFD39DDC3A5782AB5E116C7BE6A0B9FB">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B7E4E6A2D112455E5FAF86BA13FECFAC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="FECF36BAC91A79DD233DA81A63FAB5CC">
<mods:roleTerm id="4D0BCD4A94E6D436685F7EC92974C8D2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="61F05590E2EB41450325786DCB1E5179">Muricy, Guilherme</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="282ED58520374E4189CE4BD055FFAFC1">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="1E7C1D38E10E0CE8A7479028E4E811CE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="7C8B927472F430F7898F0E3CB45844E2" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="8CA13FAC25BF40F4D784F6FB689BE019">
<mods:title id="AA5C404C2B9E3976D5B6524D4217A1C7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="1779FFE54A24EF78E643C817BA195988">
<mods:date id="5FAC44CEF8D2D35D5BE35CDC4899225A">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="54DFAA31F3A773AFAC9BDA63E1BB016A" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="C56500AFBAB343C86CCA6448100F375C">2024-02-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="EDFD07F6F1B4B7E31F7C276C6ED0B335" type="volume">
<mods:number id="51A517021538BD55D53E2A9EADAA1F3C">5405</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="11A493F084D6F2DCC6DD060135BEF16A" type="issue">
<mods:number id="18528F867461CA4695C6ADF3FDF3C247">4</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="696973E2F042E9EC9FF78D8D1ACAEE4B" unit="page">
<mods:start id="B30078F3C34DB9B0E1B3E3F41C412F20">495</mods:start>
<mods:end id="CA7D7CB4B6BC04873372B71A5A806B5F">525</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="1908F0385734FCBF4EB4B5A5E8567499">
<mods:url id="1B58C61123E6BE78E8AB111100C4CCD6">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.2</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="00F2B1A6CF49A1165DFAB0596B1FD5D5">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="271A926C02F0459EDEEB1AA87F81FDB2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A41D9920EA7A5536C7D720E02B9695C4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="57B69084A3AB504AD5B19C0795FF01D2" type="Zenodo-Dep">10603692</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FDA9B62A9419A40632E38DDDC4CED6F5" type="ZooBank">3080C791-0BF8-45E0-940E-CDC796EAAEFD</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="513" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE40FF8D5FA96E85FD9B89F1" box="[151,622,978,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FA96E85FD9B89F1" blockId="14.[151,622,978,1041]" box="[151,622,978,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<heading id="FF60A540BE40FF8D5FA96E85FD9B89F1" bold="true" box="[151,622,978,1005]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5FA96E85FD9B89F1" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authority="van Soest, 2017" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,622,978,1005]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FA96E85FD9B89F1" bold="true" box="[151,622,978,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FA96E85FE5389F0" bold="true" box="[151,422,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia ruetzleri</emphasis>
van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5EDD6E85FD9B89F1" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[483,622,978,1004]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21247" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2017) Sponges of the Guyana shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Soest, 2017</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE40FF8D5FA96EA0FF098E4F" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" type="description">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FA96EA0FDCA8E0C" blockId="14.[151,622,978,1041]" box="[151,575,1014,1041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE40FF8D5FA16EA0FF188E0C" box="[159,237,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox="[158,1435,709,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE40FF8D5E1D6EA0FEA58E0C" box="[291,336,1015,1041]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1075,1099]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionStartId-2="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetBox-1="[153,1434,187,1551]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId-0="figure-35@16.[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@17.[153,1434,181,1551]" captionTargetId-2="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionText-0="FIGURE 7 Specimens of Placospongia ruetzleri. a MNRJ 29236 (in vivo, reddish-brown color, out of the water in low tide); b MNRJ 23227 (in vivo, purplish brown color); c UFRJPOR 561 (preserved in ethanol); d UFRJPOR 4848 (preserved in ethanol). In situ photographs by Dr. Bruno Annunziata (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." captionText-1="FIGURE 8 Skeletal organization of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; b Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening; c Acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters scattered in the choanosome." captionText-2="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603706" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603708" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10603706/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10603708/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">7–9</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE40FF8D5E656EA0FE2D8E0C" box="[347,472,1015,1041]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE40FF8D5EDD6EA1FE048E0C" box="[483,497,1014,1041]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 5. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. ruetzleri studied here and of previous records (min–mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="14" pageNumber="509">5</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE40FF8D5D166EA0FDC28E0C" box="[552,567,1015,1041]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="14" pageNumber="509">7</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FA9696CFF098E4F" blockId="14.[151,1436,1083,1322]" box="[151,252,1083,1106]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FA9696CFF098E4F" box="[151,252,1083,1106]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Synonyms</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE40FF8D5FA9690DFD908F37" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FA9690DFED48E8C" blockId="14.[151,1436,1083,1322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="84873502BE40FF8D5FA9690DFED48E8C" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5FA9690DFD948E6F" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[151,609,1114,1138]" page="173" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="2017">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5FA9690DFD948E6F" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authority="van Soest, 2017: 173" authorityName="van Soest" authorityPageNumber="173" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,609,1114,1138]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FA9690DFE758E6F" box="[151,384,1114,1138]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia ruetzleri</emphasis>
van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5E8D690DFD948E6F" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[435,609,1114,1138]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21247" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2017) Sponges of the Guyana shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Soest, 2017: 173</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5D53690DFC508E6F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5729769" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5729769" author="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C." box="[621,933,1114,1138]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038CF27AF44B9B4EFF74F965F471FB36" page="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5D53690DFC508E6F" author="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C." box="[621,933,1114,1138]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="12 - 22" refId="ref20435" refString="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C. (2021) A new species of Placospongia Gray, 1867 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Placospongiidae) and new record of P. ruetzleri van Soest, 2017 from Northeast, Brazil. Zootaxa, 5072 (1), 12 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2021">Mácola &amp; Menegola 2021: 12</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5C8E690DFB678E6F" author="Ugalde, D. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. C. &amp; Gomez, P. &amp; Lobo-Hajdu, G. &amp; Simoes, N." box="[944,1170,1114,1138]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/110587B34D16480FFF53FED0493C3490" page="30" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5C8E690DFB678E6F" author="Ugalde, D. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. C. &amp; Gomez, P. &amp; Lobo-Hajdu, G. &amp; Simoes, N." box="[944,1170,1114,1138]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref21571" refString="Ugalde, D., Fernandez, J. C. C., Gomez, P., Lobo-Hajdu, G. &amp; Simoes, N. (2021) An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs. Zootaxa, 5031 (1), 1 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5031.1.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
Ugalde 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5B3F690CFBDB8E6F" box="[1025,1070,1114,1138]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. 2021:30
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5BA3690DFA698E6F" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[1181,1436,1114,1138]" page="450" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5BA3690DFA698E6F" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[1181,1436,1114,1138]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5BC4690CFADD8E6F" box="[1274,1320,1114,1138]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. 2023: 450
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FA969C0FE7E8ED3" blockId="14.[151,1436,1083,1322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="84873502BE40FF8D5FA969C0FE7E8ED3" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5FA969C0FD928EB2" author="Little, F." box="[151,615,1175,1199]" page="56" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="1963">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5FA969C0FD928EB2" ID-CoL="77NBP" authority="sensu Little 1963: 56" authorityName="Little" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,615,1175,1199]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FA969C0FE348EB2" box="[151,449,1175,1199]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia carinata sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5EF469C0FD928EB2" author="Little, F." box="[458,615,1175,1199]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="31 - 71" refId="ref20376" refString="Little, F. J (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7050" type="journal article" year="1963">Little 1963: 56</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5D4A69C0FC538EB2" author="Coelho, E. &amp; Mello-Leitao, A." box="[628,934,1175,1199]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref19578" refString="Coelho, E. P &amp; Mello-Leitao, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrencia em costas brasileiras. Avulso, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1978">Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5C8C69C0FB418EB2" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[946,1204,1175,1199]" page="100" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5C8C69C0FB418EB2" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[946,1204,1175,1199]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="65 - 216" refId="ref20817" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 100</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5BFB69CFFB1E8EB2" box="[1221,1259,1176,1199]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5BCD69C0FE758ED3" ID-CoL="3FP9H" authority="Bowerbank, 1858" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1858" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5BCD69C0FA698EB2" box="[1267,1436,1175,1199]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Geodia carinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5FF969E1FE758ED3" author="Bowerbank, J. S." box="[199,384,1206,1230]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="279 - 332" refId="ref19478" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1858) On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the spicula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 148 (2), 279 - 332." type="journal article" year="1858">Bowerbank, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FA96983FEFC8F16" blockId="14.[151,1436,1083,1322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="84873502BE40FF8D5FA96983FEFC8F16" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5FA96983FCFD8EF1" author="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C." box="[151,776,1236,1261]" page="215" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="1998">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5FA96983FCFD8EF1" ID-CoL="77NC4" authority="sensu Muricy &amp; Moraes 1998: 215" authorityName="Muricy &amp; Moraes" authorityPageNumber="215" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,776,1236,1261]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FA96983FE228EF1" box="[151,471,1236,1260]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia intermedia sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5EE06983FCFD8EF1" author="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C." box="[478,776,1236,1261]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="213 - 217" refId="ref20638" refString="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C. (1998) Marine sponges of Pernambuco State, NE Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia, 46 (2), 213 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1413 - 77391998000200009" type="journal article" year="1998">Muricy &amp; Moraes 1998: 215</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5C2D6983FBE68EF0" author="Jimenez, P. C. &amp; Teixeira, G. L. S. &amp; Wilke, D. V. &amp; Nogueira, N. A. P. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Pessoa, C. &amp; Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V" box="[787,1043,1236,1261]" page="88" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5C2D6983FC1A8EF0" author="Jimenez, P. C. &amp; Teixeira, G. L. S. &amp; Wilke, D. V. &amp; Nogueira, N. A. P. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Pessoa, C. &amp; Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V" box="[787,1007,1236,1261]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref20114" refString="Jimenez, P. C., Teixeira, G. L. S., Wilke, D. V., Nogueira, N. A. P., Hajdu, E., Pessoa, C., Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V (2004) Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of hydro-methanolic extracts of sponges (Porifera) from Ceara State, Brazil. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 37, 85 - 91." type="journal article" year="2004">
Jimenez 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C506982FC6E8EF1" box="[878,923,1236,1260]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
: 88
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5B1D6982FBBC8EF1" box="[1059,1097,1237,1260]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5B6E6983FF0B8F16" ID-CoL="77NC4" authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5B6E6983FAA48EF1" box="[1104,1361,1236,1260]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia intermedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5A666983FF0B8F16" author="Sollas, W. J." pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 458" refId="ref21330" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873, 76 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">Sollas, 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FA96845FD908F37" blockId="14.[151,1436,1083,1322]" box="[151,613,1298,1322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="84873502BE40FF8D5FA96845FD908F37" box="[151,613,1298,1322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5FA96845FEAC8F37" box="[151,345,1298,1322]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FA96845FED78F37" box="[151,290,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia</emphasis>
sp. 1
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5E616844FE628F37" box="[351,407,1299,1322]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">sensu</emphasis>
van 
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE40FF8D5EF76845FD948F37" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[457,609,1298,1322]" page="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5EF76845FD948F37" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[457,609,1298,1322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest 2009: 11</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE40FF8D5FA9680FFCD08D5B" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FA9680FFCD08D5B" blockId="14.[151,1437,1368,2043]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FA9680FFE848F6F" box="[151,369,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE40FF8D5E4B680FFD538FA7" collectingDate="1968-04-26" collectionCode="UFRJPOR" collectorName="Navio Oceanografico Almirante Saldanha" country="Brazil" elevation="31" latitude="-0.38333306" location="Amazon River mouth" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.266945" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Para State">
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE40FF8D5E4B680FFE188F6F" box="[373,493,1368,1394]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">UFRJPOR</collectionCode>
561, off 
<location id="A14844F7BE40FF8D5D75680FFCC98F6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18:A14844F7BE40FF8D5D75680FFCC98F6F" box="[587,828,1368,1394]" country="Brazil" latitude="-0.38333306" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.266945" name="Amazon River mouth" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" stateProvince="Para State">Amazon River mouth</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE40FF8D5C7B680FFC428F6F" box="[837,951,1368,1394]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Pará State</collectingRegion>
, N 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5CE7680FFBE88F6F" box="[985,1053,1368,1394]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5B14680FFB278F6E" box="[1066,1234,1368,1395]" degrees="0" direction="south" minutes="22" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="59.999" value="-0.38333306">0º22’59.999”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5BE2680FFA7A8F6F" box="[1244,1423,1368,1394]" degrees="47" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="0.998" value="-47.266945">47º16’0.998”W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<elevation id="2FBAF51FBE40FF8D5FA9682BFEE08F8B" box="[151,277,1404,1431]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" unit="m" value="31.0">
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE40FF8D5FA9682BFF3A8F8A" box="[151,207,1404,1431]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" unit="m" value="31.0">31 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
, leg. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5E70682BFCEA8F8B" box="[334,799,1404,1430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Navio Oceanográfico Almirante Saldanha</collectorName>
(N.O.A.S.), Station 1889, 
<date id="D02934ECBE40FF8D5B7B682BFB2B8F8B" box="[1093,1246,1404,1430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="1968-04-26">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE40FF8D5B7B682BFB2B8F8B" box="[1093,1246,1404,1430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="1968-04-26">26 April 1968</collectingDate>
</date>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5A3C682BFD6B8FA7" authority="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao 1978" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5A3C682BFECB8FA7" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia carinata sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5E7768F7FD6B8FA7" author="Coelho, E. &amp; Mello-Leitao, A." box="[329,670,1440,1466]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref19578" refString="Coelho, E. P &amp; Mello-Leitao, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrencia em costas brasileiras. Avulso, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1978">Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE40FF8D5D8B68F7FEBA8C1E" collectingDate="1965-11-28" collectionCode="UFRJPOR" collectorName="Navio Oceanografico Almirante Saldanha" country="Brazil" latitude="-0.4166675" location="Amazon River mouth" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.283333" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Para State">
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE40FF8D5D8B68F7FCD88FA7" box="[693,813,1440,1466]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">UFRJPOR</collectionCode>
4848, off 
<location id="A14844F7BE40FF8D5C9468F7FB508FA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18:A14844F7BE40FF8D5C9468F7FB508FA7" box="[938,1189,1440,1466]" country="Brazil" latitude="-0.4166675" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.283333" name="Amazon River mouth" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" stateProvince="Para State">Amazon River mouth</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE40FF8D5B8A68F7FADE8FA7" box="[1204,1323,1440,1466]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Pará State</collectingRegion>
, N 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5A6668F7FA698FA7" box="[1368,1436,1440,1466]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5F9E6893FECF8FC2" box="[160,314,1476,1503]" degrees="0" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="0.003" value="-0.4166675">0º25’0.003”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5E756893FDF98FC2" box="[331,524,1476,1503]" degrees="47" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="59.999" value="-47.283333">47º16’59.999”W</geoCoordinate>
), leg. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5D656893FBCA8FC3" box="[603,1087,1476,1502]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Navio Oceanográfico Almirante Saldanha</collectorName>
(N.O.A.S.), Station 1763, 
<date id="D02934ECBE40FF8D5ABE6893FEBA8C1E" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="1965-11-28">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE40FF8D5ABE6893FEBA8C1E" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="1965-11-28">28 November 1965</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE40FF8D5E6568BEFF2E8C57" collectingDate="1997-06" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Guilherme Muricy" country="Brazil" latitude="-8.787504" location="Mamucabinha" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-35.103878" municipality="Tamandare" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" specimenCode="MNRJ 3018" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pernambuco">
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE40FF8D5E6568BEFE1D8C1F" box="[347,488,1512,1539]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">MNRJ 3018</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE40FF8D5ECD68BFFD668C1F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18:A14844F7BE40FF8D5ECD68BFFD668C1F" box="[499,659,1512,1538]" country="Brazil" latitude="-8.787504" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-35.103878" municipality="Tamandare" name="Mamucabinha" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" stateProvince="Pernambuco">Mamucabinha</location>
reefs, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE40FF8D5DE068BFFCAF8C1F" box="[734,858,1512,1538]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Tamandaré</collectingMunicipality>
city, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE40FF8D5CA668BFFB938C1F" box="[920,1126,1512,1538]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
, NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5BA368BFFB158C1F" box="[1181,1248,1512,1538]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brasil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5BD168BFFA6D8C1E" box="[1263,1432,1512,1539]" degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="15.015" value="-8.787504">8º47’15.015”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5FA96B5BFEBE8C3A" box="[151,331,1548,1575]" degrees="35" direction="west" minutes="6" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="13.968" value="-35.103878">35º6’13.968”W</geoCoordinate>
), intertidal, coll. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5D3B6B5BFD238C3B" box="[517,726,1548,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Guilherme Muricy</collectorName>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE40FF8D5DE16B5AFCA58C3B" box="[735,848,1548,1575]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="1997-06">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE40FF8D5DE16B5AFCA58C3B" box="[735,848,1548,1575]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="1997-06">June 1997</collectingDate>
</date>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5C4D6B5BFF268C57" authority="sensu Muricy &amp; Moraes 1998" authorityName="Muricy &amp; Moraes" authorityYear="1998" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C4D6B5BFB258C3B" box="[883,1232,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia intermedia sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5BEB6B5BFF268C57" author="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C." pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="213 - 217" refId="ref20638" refString="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C. (1998) Marine sponges of Pernambuco State, NE Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia, 46 (2), 213 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1413 - 77391998000200009" type="journal article" year="1998">Muricy &amp; Moraes 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE40FF8D5FDB6B66FC568C73" collectingDate="2002-07-10" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.21338" location="Flexeiras" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.25377" municipality="Trairi" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" specimenCode="MNRJ 6079" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ceara">
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE40FF8D5FDB6B66FE9A8C57" box="[229,367,1584,1611]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">MNRJ 6079</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE40FF8D5E466B67FE2A8C57" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18:A14844F7BE40FF8D5E466B67FE2A8C57" box="[376,479,1584,1610]" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.21338" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.25377" municipality="Trairi" name="Flexeiras" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" stateProvince="Ceara">Flexeiras</location>
beach, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE40FF8D5D0E6B67FD9A8C57" box="[560,623,1584,1610]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Trairi</collectingMunicipality>
city, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE40FF8D5D996B67FCDD8C57" box="[679,808,1584,1610]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Ceará State</collectingRegion>
, NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5C646B67FC6B8C57" box="[858,926,1584,1610]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5C926B67FBA18C57" box="[940,1108,1584,1610]" degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="48.168" value="-3.21338">3º12’48.168”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5B636B67FAEA8C56" box="[1117,1311,1584,1611]" degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="13.572" value="-39.25377">39º15’13.572”W</geoCoordinate>
), intertidal, 
<date id="D02934ECBE40FF8D5FA96B03FEDC8C73" box="[151,297,1620,1646]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="2002-07-10">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE40FF8D5FA96B03FEDC8C73" box="[151,297,1620,1646]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="2002-07-10">10 July 2002</collectingDate>
</date>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5E6C6B03FC698C73" authority="sensu Jimenez et al. 2004" authorityName="Jimenez" authorityYear="2004" box="[338,924,1620,1647]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5E6C6B03FD468C73" box="[338,691,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia intermedia sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5D856B03FC698C73" author="Jimenez, P. C. &amp; Teixeira, G. L. S. &amp; Wilke, D. V. &amp; Nogueira, N. A. P. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Pessoa, C. &amp; Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V" box="[699,924,1620,1647]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref20114" refString="Jimenez, P. C., Teixeira, G. L. S., Wilke, D. V., Nogueira, N. A. P., Hajdu, E., Pessoa, C., Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V (2004) Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of hydro-methanolic extracts of sponges (Porifera) from Ceara State, Brazil. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 37, 85 - 91." type="journal article" year="2004">
Jimenez 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C206B02FCA58C73" box="[798,848,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE40FF8D5C916B02FC808CAB" collectingDate="2020-03-06" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Guilherme Muricy &amp; Joana Sandes" country="Brazil" county="Nisia Floresta" elevation="10" latitude="-5.9440947" location="Baixa Funda" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-35.11627" municipality="Pirangi do Sul" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" specimenCode="MNRJ 23227" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Norte">
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE40FF8D5C916B02FBBE8C73" box="[943,1099,1620,1647]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">MNRJ 23227</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE40FF8D5B696B03FB138C73" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18:A14844F7BE40FF8D5B696B03FB138C73" box="[1111,1254,1620,1646]" country="Brazil" county="Nisia Floresta" latitude="-5.9440947" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-35.11627" municipality="Pirangi do Sul" name="Baixa Funda" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Norte">Baixa Funda</location>
reef, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE40FF8D5A166B03FF498C8F" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Pirangi do Sul</collectingMunicipality>
beach, 
<collectingCounty id="4D496AA0BE40FF8D5E2C6B2FFE5B8C8F" box="[274,430,1656,1682]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Nísia Floresta</collectingCounty>
city, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE40FF8D5ED56B2FFCED8C8F" box="[491,792,1656,1683]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Norte" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Rio Grande do Norte State</collectingRegion>
, NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5C716B2FFC668C8F" box="[847,915,1656,1682]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5C9D6B2FFB928C8E" box="[931,1127,1656,1683]" degrees="5" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="38.74128" value="-5.9440947">5º56’38.74128”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5B4D6B2FFAA48C8E" box="[1139,1361,1656,1683]" degrees="35" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="58.57128" value="-35.11627">35º06’58.57128”W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<elevation id="2FBAF51FBE40FF8D5A5A6B2FFF2D8CAB" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" unit="m" value="10.0">
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE40FF8D5A5A6B2FFA698C8E" box="[1380,1436,1656,1683]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5E166BCBFE0C8CAB" box="[296,505,1692,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Guilherme Muricy</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5D216BCAFD4C8CAB" box="[543,697,1692,1719]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Joana Sandes</collectorName>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE40FF8D5DFB6BCBFC808CAB" box="[709,885,1692,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="2020-03-06">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE40FF8D5DFB6BCBFC808CAB" box="[709,885,1692,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="2020-03-06">06 March 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE40FF8D5CBF6BCAFCBF8CE3" collectingDate="2022-09-08" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Bruno Annunziata &amp; Francisco Artur Silva Filho &amp; Maura Rejane de A. Mendes" country="Brazil" latitude="-2.9054334" location="Carnaubinha beach" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-41.57646" municipality="Luis Correia" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" specimenCode="MNRJ 29236" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Piaui State">
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE40FF8D5CBF6BCAFBE98CAB" box="[897,1052,1692,1719]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">MNRJ 29236</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE40FF8D5B166BCBFAF68CAB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18:A14844F7BE40FF8D5B166BCBFAF68CAB" box="[1064,1283,1692,1718]" country="Brazil" latitude="-2.9054334" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-41.57646" municipality="Luis Correia" name="Carnaubinha beach" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" stateProvince="Piaui State">Carnaubinha beach</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE40FF8D5A316BCBFA698CAB" box="[1295,1436,1692,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Luis Correia</collectingMunicipality>
city, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE40FF8D5FF16B97FEBE8CC7" box="[207,331,1728,1754]" country="Brazil" name="Piaui" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Piauí State</collectingRegion>
, NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5EBB6B97FE3C8CC7" box="[389,457,1728,1754]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5EE46B97FD768CC6" box="[474,643,1728,1755]" degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="19.56" value="-2.9054334">02º54’19.56”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5DB16B97FCB78CC6" box="[655,834,1728,1755]" degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="35.26" value="-41.57646">41º34’35.26”W</geoCoordinate>
), intertidal, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5B316B96FB158CC7" box="[1039,1248,1728,1755]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Bruno Annunziata</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5BD26B97FEE78CE3" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Francisco Artur Silva Filho</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5E0A6BB2FD868CE3" box="[308,627,1764,1791]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Maura Rejane de A. Mendes</collectorName>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE40FF8D5D426BB3FCBF8CE3" box="[636,842,1764,1790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="2022-09-08">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE40FF8D5D426BB3FCBF8CE3" box="[636,842,1764,1790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="2022-09-08">8 September 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE40FF8D5C6A6BB2FCD48D5B" collectingDate="2022-09-10" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Bruno Annunziata &amp; Francisco Artur Silva Filho &amp; Maura Rejane de A. Mendes" country="Brazil" latitude="-2.9054334" location="Carnaubinha beach" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-41.57646" municipality="Luis Correia" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" specimenCode="MNRJ 29237" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Piaui State">
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE40FF8D5C6A6BB2FC1B8CE3" box="[852,1006,1764,1791]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">MNRJ 29237</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE40FF8D5CC66BB3FB248CE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE40FF915FA96E85FBA28D18:A14844F7BE40FF8D5CC66BB3FB248CE3" box="[1016,1233,1764,1790]" country="Brazil" latitude="-2.9054334" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-41.57646" municipality="Luis Correia" name="Carnaubinha beach" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" stateProvince="Piaui State">Carnaubinha beach</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE40FF8D5BE56BB3FA928CE3" box="[1243,1383,1764,1790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Luis Correia</collectingMunicipality>
city, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE40FF8D5FA96A5FFEE68D3F" box="[151,275,1800,1826]" country="Brazil" name="Piaui" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Piauí State</collectingRegion>
, NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5E756A5FFE7A8D3F" box="[331,399,1800,1826]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5EA16A5FFDBD8D3E" box="[415,584,1800,1827]" degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="19.56" value="-2.9054334">02º54’19.56”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE40FF8D5D6D6A5FFCF28D3E" box="[595,775,1800,1827]" degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" precision="1" seconds="35.26" value="-41.57646">41º34’35.26”W</geoCoordinate>
), intertidal, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5CEF6A5EFB548D3F" box="[977,1185,1800,1827]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Bruno Annunziata</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5B926A5FFF278D5B" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Francisco Artur Silva Filho</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE40FF8D5FC86A7AFDCC8D5B" box="[246,569,1836,1863]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Maura Rejane de A. Mendes</collectorName>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE40FF8D5D7A6A7BFCD48D5B" box="[580,801,1836,1862]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="2022-09-10">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE40FF8D5D7A6A7BFCD48D5B" box="[580,801,1836,1862]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" value="2022-09-10">10 September 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE40FF935FF96A06FB8A8C02" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" type="description">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FF96A06FDF78DE7" blockId="14.[151,1437,1368,2043]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FF96A06FEBE8D77" box="[199,331,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE40FF8D5E656A07FE3F8D77" box="[347,458,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1075,1099]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-35@16.[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7 Specimens of Placospongia ruetzleri. a MNRJ 29236 (in vivo, reddish-brown color, out of the water in low tide); b MNRJ 23227 (in vivo, purplish brown color); c UFRJPOR 561 (preserved in ethanol); d UFRJPOR 4848 (preserved in ethanol). In situ photographs by Dr. Bruno Annunziata (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603706/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Fig. 7a–d</figureCitation>
). Shape thick encrusting, with approximately 3.0–7.0 × 1.0–4.0 × 0.5–2.0 cm (lenght × width × thickness). The surface is smooth and divided into cortical plates of polygonal shape, separated by pore-bearing grooves and ridges. The consistency is hard. The external color 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C916ACEFC0C8DAF" box="[943,1017,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">in vivo</emphasis>
is reddish-brown (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE40FF8D5BF66ACFFAE38DAF" box="[1224,1302,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1075,1099]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-35@16.[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7 Specimens of Placospongia ruetzleri. a MNRJ 29236 (in vivo, reddish-brown color, out of the water in low tide); b MNRJ 23227 (in vivo, purplish brown color); c UFRJPOR 561 (preserved in ethanol); d UFRJPOR 4848 (preserved in ethanol). In situ photographs by Dr. Bruno Annunziata (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603706/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
) to purplish brown (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE40FF8D5FD06AEBFEB78DCB" box="[238,322,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1075,1099]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-35@16.[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7 Specimens of Placospongia ruetzleri. a MNRJ 29236 (in vivo, reddish-brown color, out of the water in low tide); b MNRJ 23227 (in vivo, purplish brown color); c UFRJPOR 561 (preserved in ethanol); d UFRJPOR 4848 (preserved in ethanol). In situ photographs by Dr. Bruno Annunziata (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603706/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
). In ethanol, the external color is light (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE40FF8D5C3E6AEBFCA58DCB" box="[768,848,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1075,1099]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-35@16.[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7 Specimens of Placospongia ruetzleri. a MNRJ 29236 (in vivo, reddish-brown color, out of the water in low tide); b MNRJ 23227 (in vivo, purplish brown color); c UFRJPOR 561 (preserved in ethanol); d UFRJPOR 4848 (preserved in ethanol). In situ photographs by Dr. Bruno Annunziata (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603706/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Fig. 7c</figureCitation>
) to dark brown (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE40FF8D5B306AEBFB948DCB" box="[1038,1121,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1075,1099]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-35@16.[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7 Specimens of Placospongia ruetzleri. a MNRJ 29236 (in vivo, reddish-brown color, out of the water in low tide); b MNRJ 23227 (in vivo, purplish brown color); c UFRJPOR 561 (preserved in ethanol); d UFRJPOR 4848 (preserved in ethanol). In situ photographs by Dr. Bruno Annunziata (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603706/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Fig. 7d</figureCitation>
), the internal color is cream and the grooves are light brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE41FF8C5FF96B49FD4D8D29" blockId="15.[151,1437,1566,1953]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE41FF8C5FF96B49FED38C25" box="[199,294,1566,1592]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Skeleton</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5E0A6B49FE548C25" box="[308,417,1566,1592]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,187,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[153,1434,181,1551]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Skeletal organization of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; b Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening; c Acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters scattered in the choanosome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603708/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 8a–c</figureCitation>
). The cortex is 730–1,020 µm thick, distinct from the choanosome (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5BB16B49FB158C25" box="[1167,1248,1566,1592]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,187,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[153,1434,181,1551]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Skeletal organization of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; b Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening; c Acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters scattered in the choanosome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603708/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 8a</figureCitation>
). The inner layer of the cortex is densely packed with selenasters and the outer layer is formed by scattered acanthomicrorhabds. Small tylostyles occur in the cortical region together with acanthomicrorhabds, through the aquiferous openings, which are devoid of selenasters (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5EFE6BDDFDE18CB9" box="[448,532,1674,1700]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,187,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[153,1434,181,1551]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Skeletal organization of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; b Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening; c Acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters scattered in the choanosome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603708/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 8b</figureCitation>
). The choanosomal skeleton is formed by tracts of tylostyle 200–310 µm thick, which run obliquely or perpendicularly from the substrate to the cortex (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5CF36BF9FBEA8CD5" box="[973,1055,1710,1736]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,187,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[153,1434,181,1551]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Skeletal organization of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; b Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening; c Acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters scattered in the choanosome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603708/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 8a</figureCitation>
). The spirasters occur abundantly in the choanosome (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5E476B85FE3F8CF1" box="[377,458,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,187,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[153,1434,181,1551]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Skeletal organization of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; b Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening; c Acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters scattered in the choanosome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603708/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 8c</figureCitation>
), often lining the choanosomal openings. Mature selenasters, immature selenasters and acanthomicrorhabds are scattered in the choanosome among the bundles of tylostyles. At the base there is a dense layer of selenasters, 550–850 µm thick (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5D676A4DFD5E8D29" box="[601,683,1818,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,187,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[153,1434,181,1551]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8 Skeletal organization of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; b Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening; c Acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters scattered in the choanosome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603708/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 8a</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE41FF8C5FF96A69FAC88DBD" blockId="15.[151,1437,1566,1953]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE41FF8C5FF96A69FEA68D45" box="[199,339,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Megascleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5E5A6A69FE268D45" box="[356,467,1854,1880]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 9a–d</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE41FF8C5EE16A69FDD28D44" box="[479,551,1854,1881]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 5. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. ruetzleri studied here and of previous records (min–mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Tab. 5</tableCitation>
). Two categories of tylostyles. Tylostyles I are large, choanosomal, with blunt ends and rounded tyle: 490–888–1170 / 6–14–20 µm, tyle 10–17–24 µm width (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5B246A35FB7C8D61" box="[1050,1161,1890,1916]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 9a–b</figureCitation>
). Tylostyles 
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE41FF8C5A286A35FADC8D61" box="[1302,1321,1890,1916]" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">II</collectionCode>
are small, cortical, with sharp ends and rounded tyle: 140–324–570 / 2–8–15 µm, tyle 4–9–18 µm width (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE41FF8C5BFC6AD1FAC58DBD" box="[1218,1328,1926,1952]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="510">Fig. 9c–d</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE5EFF935FF969B2FB8A8C02" blockId="16.[151,1437,1253,1892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935FF969B2FEA28EE2" box="[199,343,1253,1279]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Microscleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5EFF935E5969B2FE258EE2" box="[359,464,1253,1279]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Fig. 9e–i</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5EFF935EE569B2FDD68F1D" box="[475,547,1253,1280]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 5. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. ruetzleri studied here and of previous records (min–mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Tab. 5</tableCitation>
). Mature selenasters are circular to oval, with fused spines forming rounded or polygonal plates: total size 32–69–88 / 20–54–73 µm, hilum 7–10 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5EFF935B14685EFB8F8F39" box="[1066,1146,1289,1316]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Fig. 9e</figureCitation>
). 
<specimenCount id="B291D9A5BE5EFF935BB3685EFAFB8F39" box="[1165,1294,1289,1316]" count="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" type="generic" typeStatus="types">Three types</specimenCount>
of immature selenasters: 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE5EFF935E206879FEBB8F55" box="[286,334,1326,1352]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">type</typeStatus>
I are straight, slender, spiny, bearing spines concentrated at the ends of the shaft: 20–23–28 / 2–4–8 µm; 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE5EFF935FF36805FF088F71" box="[205,253,1362,1388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">type</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE5EFF935E3B6805FEED8F71" box="[261,280,1362,1388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">II</collectionCode>
are elongated, stout, with large and numerous spines: 25–28–35 / 12–14–15 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5EFF935B866806FAFD8F76" box="[1208,1288,1361,1387]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Fig. 9f</figureCitation>
); 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE5EFF935A206805FABB8F71" box="[1310,1358,1362,1388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">type</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE5EFF935A686805FA878F71" box="[1366,1394,1362,1388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">III</collectionCode>
are oval, stout, with spines very closely set, but still recognizable in their individuality: 40–45–50 / 25–32–40 µm. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE5EFF935FA968CDFEF18FA9" box="[151,260,1434,1460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Immature</collectorName>
selenasters 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE5EFF935EB768CDFE318FA9" box="[393,452,1434,1460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">types</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE5EFF935EF468CDFE288FA9" box="[458,477,1434,1460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">II</collectionCode>
and 
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE5EFF935D2F68CDFDD88FA9" box="[529,557,1434,1460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">III</collectionCode>
are more abundant than 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE5EFF935C0368CDFC988FA9" box="[829,877,1434,1460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">type</typeStatus>
<collectorName id="096277FABE5EFF935C4A68CDFC0D8FAE" box="[884,1016,1433,1460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">I. Spirasters</collectorName>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5EFF935B3868CEFBA28FA9" box="[1030,1111,1433,1460]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
Fig. 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE5EFF935B0468CDFBA28FA9" box="[1082,1111,1434,1460]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" unit="g" value="9.0">9g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
) are microspined, sometimes amphiaster-like (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5EFF935E6B68EAFE5C8FCA" box="[341,425,1469,1495]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Fig. 9h</figureCitation>
), with only one spiral turn and long rays disposed along the shaft or concentrated at both ends; some rays are branched into secondary spines near the extremity: 12–19–25 µm. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE5EFF935BB868B6FA848FE6" box="[1158,1393,1505,1531]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Acanthomicrorhabds</collectorName>
are small, stout, with rounded ends, occasionally with one or two turns: 5–9–15 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5EFF935B1B6B52FB878C02" box="[1061,1138,1541,1567]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetId="figure-25@18.[151,1435,181,776]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9 Spicules of Placospongia ruetzleri. a Tylostyles I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spiraster-like microsclere; h Amphiaster-like microsclere; i Acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603710/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Fig. 9i</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE5EFF935FF96B7EFB0E8CB2" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE5EFF935FF96B7EFB0E8CB2" blockId="16.[151,1437,1253,1892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935FF96B7EFED18C5E" box="[199,292,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Habitat.</emphasis>
This species was found on sandy bottom on the 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE5EFF935C7F6B7DFC6D8C59" box="[833,920,1578,1604]" name="Guyana" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf, at 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE5EFF935B3C6B7EFB908C59" box="[1026,1125,1577,1604]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" unit="m" value="29.5" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="25.0">25–34 m</quantity>
depth (van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935BD66B7DFA938C59" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[1256,1382,1578,1604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21247" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2017) Sponges of the Guyana shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Soest 2017</bibRefCitation>
) and off the Amazon River mouth at 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE5EFF935EC56B19FDC18C75" box="[507,564,1614,1640]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" unit="m" value="31.0">31 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935DB96B1AFC268C75" author="Coelho, E. &amp; Mello-Leitao, A." box="[647,979,1613,1640]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref19578" refString="Coelho, E. P &amp; Mello-Leitao, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrencia em costas brasileiras. Avulso, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1978">Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão 1978</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5EFF935CC36B19FB828C7A" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[1021,1143,1614,1639]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935CC36B19FB828C7A" box="[1021,1143,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE5EFF935A1F6B1AFA9D8C7A" box="[1313,1384,1613,1639]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, it is abundant in reef environments, occurring from the intertidal zone to 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE5EFF935CAA6B25FC388C91" box="[916,973,1650,1676]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
depth, usually under boulders (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935A156B26FED88CAD" author="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C." pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="213 - 217" refId="ref20638" refString="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C. (1998) Marine sponges of Pernambuco State, NE Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia, 46 (2), 213 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1413 - 77391998000200009" type="journal article" year="1998">Muricy &amp; Moraes 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935E076BC2FDDC8CAD" author="Jimenez, P. C. &amp; Teixeira, G. L. S. &amp; Wilke, D. V. &amp; Nogueira, N. A. P. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Pessoa, C. &amp; Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V" box="[313,553,1685,1712]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref20114" refString="Jimenez, P. C., Teixeira, G. L. S., Wilke, D. V., Nogueira, N. A. P., Hajdu, E., Pessoa, C., Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V (2004) Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of hydro-methanolic extracts of sponges (Porifera) from Ceara State, Brazil. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 37, 85 - 91." type="journal article" year="2004">
Jimenez 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935EA26BC1FE388CB2" box="[412,461,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935D0A6BC2FCAB8CAD" author="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C." box="[564,862,1685,1712]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="12 - 22" refId="ref20435" refString="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C. (2021) A new species of Placospongia Gray, 1867 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Placospongiidae) and new record of P. ruetzleri van Soest, 2017 from Northeast, Brazil. Zootaxa, 5072 (1), 12 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2021">Mácola &amp; Menegola 2021</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935C546BC2FBBC8CAD" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[874,1097,1685,1712]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935CF16BC1FBF48CB2" box="[975,1025,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
; present study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE5EFF935FF96BEEFAA98D79" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE5EFF935FF96BEEFAA98D79" blockId="16.[151,1437,1253,1892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935FF96BEEFE198CCE" box="[199,492,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5EFF935EC56BEEFDB58CC9" box="[507,576,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox="[158,1435,709,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5EFF935D756BEEFD668CC9" box="[587,659,1721,1748]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported." pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). Gulf of Mexico (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935C5C6BEEFC178CCE" author="Little, F." box="[866,994,1721,1747]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="31 - 71" refId="ref20376" refString="Little, F. J (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7050" type="journal article" year="1963">Little 1963</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935CD06BEEFB4A8CC9" author="Ugalde, D. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. C. &amp; Gomez, P. &amp; Lobo-Hajdu, G. &amp; Simoes, N." box="[1006,1215,1721,1748]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref21571" refString="Ugalde, D., Fernandez, J. C. C., Gomez, P., Lobo-Hajdu, G. &amp; Simoes, N. (2021) An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs. Zootaxa, 5031 (1), 1 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5031.1.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
Ugalde 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935B7B6BEDFB838CCE" box="[1093,1142,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE5EFF935BEC6BEEFAD98CCE" box="[1234,1324,1721,1747]" name="Jamaica" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935A046BEEFEEE8CEA" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="65 - 216" refId="ref20817" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE5EFF935E106B8AFE6C8CEA" box="[302,409,1757,1783]" name="Suriname" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Suriname</collectingCountry>
(van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935EE66B89FDA08CE5" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[472,597,1758,1784]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21247" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2017) Sponges of the Guyana shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Soest 2017</bibRefCitation>
) and N-NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE5EFF935DE26B8AFCD08CEA" box="[732,805,1757,1783]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5EFF935C106B89FC6A8CE5" box="[814,927,1758,1784]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Pará State</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935C936B8AFB008CE5" author="Coelho, E. &amp; Mello-Leitao, A." box="[941,1269,1757,1784]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref19578" refString="Coelho, E. P &amp; Mello-Leitao, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrencia em costas brasileiras. Avulso, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1978">Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão 1978</bibRefCitation>
as 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935A276B89FA698CEA" box="[1305,1436,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5EFF935A276B89FA608CEA" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[1305,1429,1758,1783]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">P. carinata</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935FA96A56FE988D01" author="Muricy, G. &amp; Lopez, D. A. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Carvalho, M. &amp; Moraes, F. C. &amp; Klautau, M. &amp; Menegola, C. &amp; Pinheiro, U." box="[151,365,1793,1820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refId="ref20688" refString="Muricy, G., Lopez, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. &amp; Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 299 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Muricy 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935FCC6A55FED18D06" box="[242,292,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
; present study), 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5EFF935D166A56FD578D01" box="[552,674,1793,1820]" country="Brazil" name="Piaui" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Piauí State</collectingRegion>
(new record, present study), 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5EFF935CCE6A55FB848D01" box="[1008,1137,1794,1820]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Ceará State</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935BBF6A56FA958D01" author="Jimenez, P. C. &amp; Teixeira, G. L. S. &amp; Wilke, D. V. &amp; Nogueira, N. A. P. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Pessoa, C. &amp; Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V" box="[1153,1376,1793,1820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref20114" refString="Jimenez, P. C., Teixeira, G. L. S., Wilke, D. V., Nogueira, N. A. P., Hajdu, E., Pessoa, C., Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V (2004) Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of hydro-methanolic extracts of sponges (Porifera) from Ceara State, Brazil. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 37, 85 - 91." type="journal article" year="2004">
Jimenez 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935BD96A55FAEC8D06" box="[1255,1305,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5EFF935AB66A55FEE58D22" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935AB66A55FEE58D22" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5EFF935E166A72FDA78D5D" box="[296,594,1829,1856]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Norte" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Rio Grande do Norte State</collectingRegion>
(new record, present study), 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5EFF935CA46A72FB918D5D" box="[922,1124,1829,1856]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935B4D6A72FA8B8D5D" author="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C." box="[1139,1406,1829,1856]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="213 - 217" refId="ref20638" refString="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C. (1998) Marine sponges of Pernambuco State, NE Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia, 46 (2), 213 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1413 - 77391998000200009" type="journal article" year="1998">Muricy &amp; Moraes 1998</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5EFF935FA96A1DFED98D7E" box="[151,300,1865,1891]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935FA96A1DFED98D7E" box="[151,300,1865,1891]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935E056A1EFD908D79" author="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C." box="[315,613,1865,1892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="12 - 22" refId="ref20435" refString="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C. (2021) A new species of Placospongia Gray, 1867 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Placospongiidae) and new record of P. ruetzleri van Soest, 2017 from Northeast, Brazil. Zootaxa, 5072 (1), 12 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2021">Mácola &amp; Menegola 2021</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5EFF935D966A1EFCDC8D79" box="[680,809,1865,1892]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935C096A1EFB968D79" author="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C." box="[823,1123,1865,1892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="12 - 22" refId="ref20435" refString="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C. (2021) A new species of Placospongia Gray, 1867 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Placospongiidae) and new record of P. ruetzleri van Soest, 2017 from Northeast, Brazil. Zootaxa, 5072 (1), 12 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2021">Mácola &amp; Menegola 2021</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5EFF935B506A1EFAA58D79" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[1134,1360,1865,1892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5EFF935BEA6A1DFAF08D7E" box="[1236,1285,1865,1891]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE5FFF915FF96BE1FBA28D18" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="513" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE5FFF925FF96BE1FBB88D9E" blockId="17.[151,1437,1717,1923]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5FFF925FF96BE1FD4F8CD2" box="[199,698,1717,1743]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
Taxonomic remarks. 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5FFF925E896BE2FD4F8CD2" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[439,698,1717,1743]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">Placospongia ruetzleri</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
from the 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE5FFF925C0E6BE2FC728CD2" box="[816,903,1717,1743]" name="Guyana" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf and 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5FFF925B376BE1FB738CD2" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[1033,1158,1718,1743]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5FFF925B376BE1FB738CD2" box="[1033,1158,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Pacific Ocean share a similar spiculation, with two categories of tylostyles, rounded selenasters, spirasters/amphiasters, and acanthomicrorhabds (van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5FFF925E866BAAFDC38D0A" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[440,566,1789,1815]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest 2009</bibRefCitation>
, 2017; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5FFF925DB86BAAFCD28D0A" author="Becking, L." box="[646,807,1789,1815]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="39 - 76" refId="ref19190" refString="Becking, L. (2013) Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific. ZooKeys, 298, 39 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 298.1913" type="journal article" year="2013">Becking 2013</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5FFF925C956BA9FBD08D0A" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[939,1061,1789,1815]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5FFF925C956BA9FBD08D0A" box="[939,1061,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">P. ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by the larger size of the tylostyles, the smaller size of the selenasteres, and the more spiraster-like shape of its microscleres, compared to amphiaster-like microscleres in 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5FFF925D2A6A11FD7B8D42" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[532,654,1862,1887]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5FFF925D2A6A11FD7B8D42" box="[532,654,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5FFF925DA56A12FD168D42" box="[667,739,1861,1887]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
; van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5FFF925C226A12FC6F8D42" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[796,922,1861,1887]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest 2009</bibRefCitation>
, 2017). These differences, along with the large geographic separation, support their distinction at the species level (van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5FFF925CFF6A3EFBB48D9E" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[961,1089,1897,1923]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21247" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2017) Sponges of the Guyana shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Soest 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE5CFF915FF96E85FC468F2C" blockId="18.[151,1437,978,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915FF96E85FE3389F1" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[199,454,978,1004]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915FF96E85FE3389F1" box="[199,454,978,1004]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Placospongia ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recently described from 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5CFF915C336E85FC6C89F1" box="[781,921,978,1004]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5CFF915CF06E85FBFA89F1" box="[974,1039,978,1004]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Bahia</collectingRegion>
States, in Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE5CFF915BCA6E85FACD89F1" box="[1268,1336,978,1004]" name="Brazil" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915A786E85FE9F8E0C" author="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C." pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="12 - 22" refId="ref20435" refString="Macola, R. &amp; Menegola, C. (2021) A new species of Placospongia Gray, 1867 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Placospongiidae) and new record of P. ruetzleri van Soest, 2017 from Northeast, Brazil. Zootaxa, 5072 (1), 12 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2021">Mácola &amp; Menegola 2021</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915E496EA1FDAA8E0C" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[375,607,1014,1041]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915EE16EA0FDE78E0D" box="[479,530,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). Most Brazilian records of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915C9F6EA0FBE88E0D" ID-CoL="77NBP" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[929,1053,1015,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915C9F6EA0FBE88E0D" box="[929,1053,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915B136EA1FB3F8E0D" author="Hechtel, G. J." box="[1069,1226,1014,1040]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="237 - 259" refId="ref20039" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1976) Zoogeography of Brazilian marine Demospongiae. In: Harrison, F. W. &amp; Cowden, R. R. (Eds.), Aspects of sponge biology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 237 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 327950 - 7.50021 - X" type="book chapter" year="1976">Hechtel 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915BE66EA1FED48E28" author="Coelho, E. &amp; Mello-Leitao, A." pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref19578" refString="Coelho, E. P &amp; Mello-Leitao, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrencia em costas brasileiras. Avulso, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1978">Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão 1978</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915E12694CFE2F8E29" author="Rua, C. P. J. &amp; Mattos, A. &amp; Sole-Cava, A." box="[300,474,1050,1077]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="197" refId="ref20865" refString="Rua, C. P. J., Mattos, A. &amp; Sole-Cava, A. (2006) Cryptic speciation and correspondence between spiculation and molecular markers in Placospongia. In: Custodio, M. R., Hajdu, E., Lobo-Hajdu, G. &amp; Muricy, G. (Eds.), Book of Abstracts. 7 th International Sponge Symposium: Biodiversity, Innovation, Sustainability. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 197." type="book chapter" year="2006">
Rua 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915E5E694CFE678E29" box="[352,402,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
) were tentatively synonymyzed with 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915C41694CFC0F8E29" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[895,1018,1050,1076]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915C41694CFC0F8E29" box="[895,1018,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915B6A694CFB108E28" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[1108,1253,1051,1077]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21247" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2017) Sponges of the Guyana shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Soest (2017)</bibRefCitation>
, with a question mark due to insufficient information. In contrast, 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915DE76969FBF38E44" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[729,1030,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915C4B6968FC448E45" box="[885,945,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">et al.</emphasis>
(2023)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested that these records could belong instead to 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915E576935FBD78E60" ID-CoL="B6GWX" authority="David-Colon, Zea &amp; Marin-Casa, 2023" authorityName="David-Colon, Zea &amp; Marin-Casa" authorityYear="2023" box="[361,1058,1122,1149]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="soesti">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915E576935FDB88E61" box="[361,589,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Placospongia soesti</emphasis>
David-Colón, Zea &amp; Marín-Casa, 2023
</taxonomicName>
, also with a question mark. The record of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915E3869D0FE748EBD" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[262,385,1158,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915E3869D0FE748EBD" box="[262,385,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915E9369D0FD9B8EBD" author="Rua, C. P. J. &amp; Mattos, A. &amp; Sole-Cava, A." box="[429,622,1158,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="197" refId="ref20865" refString="Rua, C. P. J., Mattos, A. &amp; Sole-Cava, A. (2006) Cryptic speciation and correspondence between spiculation and molecular markers in Placospongia. In: Custodio, M. R., Hajdu, E., Lobo-Hajdu, G. &amp; Muricy, G. (Eds.), Book of Abstracts. 7 th International Sponge Symposium: Biodiversity, Innovation, Sustainability. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 197." type="book chapter" year="2006">
Rua 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915EDC69D0FDE18EBD" box="[482,532,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
was made in a conference abstract and is not taken in account here. We re-examined the specimen described from Pará State by 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915C2B69FDFB848ED8" author="Coelho, E. &amp; Mello-Leitao, A." box="[789,1137,1194,1221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref19578" refString="Coelho, E. P &amp; Mello-Leitao, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrencia em costas brasileiras. Avulso, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1978">Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão (1978)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915BA669FCFAE68ED9" ID-CoL="77NBP" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[1176,1299,1195,1220]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915BA669FCFAE68ED9" box="[1176,1299,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UFRJPOR 561), including SEM micrographs of the spicules. We concluded that it is indeed co-specific with 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915BCE6998FA998EF5" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[1264,1388,1230,1256]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915BCE6998FA998EF5" box="[1264,1388,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due their great similarity in general spicule size and shape, with presence of oval selenasters, spiraster-like microscleres and acanthomicrorhabds, and absence of spherasters (
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5CFF915DCE6841FCB68F2C" box="[752,835,1302,1329]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Tabs. 3</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5CFF915C6E6841FCAB8F2C" box="[848,862,1302,1329]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 5. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. ruetzleri studied here and of previous records (min–mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="18" pageNumber="513">5</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5CFF915CAB6840FC508F2C" box="[917,933,1303,1329]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="18" pageNumber="513">7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE5CFF915FF9686CFE528C68" blockId="18.[151,1437,978,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
We also examined photographs in light microscopy of the spicules and skeleton of 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915B51686DFADE8F49" author="Hechtel, G. J." box="[1135,1323,1338,1364]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="237 - 259" refId="ref20039" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1976) Zoogeography of Brazilian marine Demospongiae. In: Harrison, F. W. &amp; Cowden, R. R. (Eds.), Aspects of sponge biology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 237 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 327950 - 7.50021 - X" type="book chapter" year="1976">Hechtel’s (1976)</bibRefCitation>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915F896808FEC68F65" ID-CoL="77NBP" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[183,307,1375,1400]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915F896808FEC68F65" box="[183,307,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE5CFF915E446809FDB38F64" box="[378,582,1374,1401]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
(YPM 9021) (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5CFF915DD16809FC9B8F65" box="[751,878,1374,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10 Spicules of Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976) (YPM 9021). a Tylostyles I and mature selenasters; b Tylostyle II and mature selenasters; c Rare oxyspherasters (arrows) and mature selenasters; d Micro-spheroxyasters or spherules (arrows). Optical microscopy photographs by Dr. Eric Lazo-Wasem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603712/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Fig. 10a–d</figureCitation>
). It has two categories of tylostyles (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5CFF915A2C6809FA658F65" box="[1298,1424,1374,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10 Spicules of Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976) (YPM 9021). a Tylostyles I and mature selenasters; b Tylostyle II and mature selenasters; c Rare oxyspherasters (arrows) and mature selenasters; d Micro-spheroxyasters or spherules (arrows). Optical microscopy photographs by Dr. Eric Lazo-Wasem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603712/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Fig. 10a–b</figureCitation>
), some of which are bifurcated, with oval to rounded tyles; oval to spherical mature selenasters (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5CFF915BE368D5FAAE8F80" box="[1245,1371,1410,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10 Spicules of Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976) (YPM 9021). a Tylostyles I and mature selenasters; b Tylostyle II and mature selenasters; c Rare oxyspherasters (arrows) and mature selenasters; d Micro-spheroxyasters or spherules (arrows). Optical microscopy photographs by Dr. Eric Lazo-Wasem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603712/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Fig. 10a–c</figureCitation>
); rare oxyspherasters (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5CFF915E7168F1FE478FDC" box="[335,434,1446,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10 Spicules of Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976) (YPM 9021). a Tylostyles I and mature selenasters; b Tylostyle II and mature selenasters; c Rare oxyspherasters (arrows) and mature selenasters; d Micro-spheroxyasters or spherules (arrows). Optical microscopy photographs by Dr. Eric Lazo-Wasem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603712/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Fig. 10c</figureCitation>
); and possibly also micro-spheroxyasters or spherules (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE5CFF915B1268F1FB658FDD" box="[1068,1168,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1436,181,1402]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10 Spicules of Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976) (YPM 9021). a Tylostyles I and mature selenasters; b Tylostyle II and mature selenasters; c Rare oxyspherasters (arrows) and mature selenasters; d Micro-spheroxyasters or spherules (arrows). Optical microscopy photographs by Dr. Eric Lazo-Wasem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603712/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Fig. 10d</figureCitation>
). Immature selenasters, spirasters, amphiasters and acanthomicrorhabds seem to be absent. We concluded that this specimen is not cospecific with either 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915E2368B8FE6F8C15" ID-CoL="77NBP" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[285,410,1519,1544]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915E2368B8FE6F8C15" box="[285,410,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915E9568B8FDDC8C15" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[427,553,1518,1544]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915E9568B8FDDC8C15" box="[427,553,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915D6A68B8FD468C15" ID-CoL="B6GWX" authorityName="David-Colon, Zea &amp; Marin-Casa" authorityYear="2023" box="[596,691,1519,1544]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="soesti">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915D6A68B8FD468C15" box="[596,691,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. soesti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and that it probably belongs instead to a new species yet to be described. We refrain from doing so here due to the lack of SEM micrographs of the spicules, and therefore we propose to leave for now the Brazilian record of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915DFC6B60FCC88C4D" ID-CoL="77NBP" authorityName="sensu Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1978" box="[706,829,1591,1616]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915DFC6B60FCC88C4D" box="[706,829,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915C576B61FBE68C4D" author="Hechtel, G. J." box="[873,1043,1590,1616]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="237 - 259" refId="ref20039" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1976) Zoogeography of Brazilian marine Demospongiae. In: Harrison, F. W. &amp; Cowden, R. R. (Eds.), Aspects of sponge biology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 237 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 327950 - 7.50021 - X" type="book chapter" year="1976">Hechtel (1976)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915B046B61FB0B8C4C" box="[1082,1278,1590,1617]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915B046B61FB218C4D" box="[1082,1236,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Placospongia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, waiting for a full description (
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5CFF915E6E6B0DFE6C8C68" box="[336,409,1626,1653]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Tab. 7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE5CFF915FF96B28FBA28D18" blockId="18.[151,1437,978,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
On the other hand, we revised the specimens recorded by 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915C696B29FB808C84" author="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C." box="[855,1141,1662,1689]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="213 - 217" refId="ref20638" refString="Muricy, G. &amp; Moraes, F. C. (1998) Marine sponges of Pernambuco State, NE Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia, 46 (2), 213 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1413 - 77391998000200009" type="journal article" year="1998">Muricy &amp; Moraes (1998)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE5CFF915B936B29FA698C84" author="Jimenez, P. C. &amp; Teixeira, G. L. S. &amp; Wilke, D. V. &amp; Nogueira, N. A. P. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Pessoa, C. &amp; Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V" box="[1197,1436,1662,1689]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref20114" refString="Jimenez, P. C., Teixeira, G. L. S., Wilke, D. V., Nogueira, N. A. P., Hajdu, E., Pessoa, C., Moraes, M. O. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V (2004) Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of hydro-methanolic extracts of sponges (Porifera) from Ceara State, Brazil. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 37, 85 - 91." type="journal article" year="2004">
Jimenez 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915A2F6B28FAB68C85" box="[1297,1347,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">et al</emphasis>
. (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915F8B6BF4FEBF8CA1" box="[181,330,1698,1724]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915F8B6BF4FEBF8CA1" box="[181,330,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNRJ 3018 and 6079, respectively), and concluded that they belong instead to 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915BE86BF4FAA58CA1" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[1238,1360,1698,1724]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915BE86BF4FAA58CA1" box="[1238,1360,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to the general spicule size, the presence of spirasters-like microscleres and acanthomicrorhabds, and the absence of metasters and spherasters, which are characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE5CFF915DCF6BBCFC708D19" box="[753,901,1770,1796]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE5CFF915DCF6BBCFC708D19" box="[753,901,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5CFF915CAB6BBDFC1D8D18" box="[917,1000,1770,1797]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Tabs. 3</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5CFF915CCB6BBDFBF68D18" box="[1013,1027,1770,1797]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 5. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. ruetzleri studied here and of previous records (min–mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="18" pageNumber="513">5</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE5CFF915B076BBCFBBC8D18" box="[1081,1097,1771,1797]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="18" pageNumber="513">7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>