treatments-xml/data/20/03/F4/2003F48B9D9E18FE10EFE85964444786.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6842" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ac962fe9-0d32-44d0-b2b4-bb20e50b7112" ID-PMC="PMC4768269" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-559-1" ID-PubMed="27006602" ID-ZBK="5118E4BCA27F479080C73D3C587F3026" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-559-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 559" ModsDocTitle="Two new species of Parapharyngodon parasites of Sceloporuspyrocephalus, with a key to the species found in Mexico (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae)" checkinTime="1454575587061" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Garduno-Montes de Oca, Edgar Uriel, Mata-Lopez, Rosario &amp; Leon-Regagnon, Virginia" docDate="2016" docId="2003F48B9D9E18FE10EFE85964444786" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 559: 1-16" docOrigin="ZooKeys 559" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6842" docTitle="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis Oca, Mata-Lopez &amp; Leon-Regagnon, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="E06EF8E0-3F05-4A60-A599-4DAEDC81353A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FFFBFFF4FF9777226E70FFD1442BFFAA" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Parapharyngodon parasites of Sceloporuspyrocephalus, with a key to the species found in Mexico (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1668162552266" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Two new species of Parapharyngodon parasites of Sceloporuspyrocephalus, with a key to the species found in Mexico (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Garduno-Montes de Oca, Edgar Uriel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mata-Lopez, Rosario</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Leon-Regagnon, Virginia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>559</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>16</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6842</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6842</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-559-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">5118E4BCA27F479080C73D3C587F3026</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">5118E4BCA27F479080C73D3C587F3026</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127886976" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E06EF8E0-3F05-4A60-A599-4DAEDC81353A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2003F48B9D9E18FE10EFE85964444786" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Taxon classification Animalia Oxyurida Pharyngodonidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/E06EF8E0-3F05-4A60-A599-4DAEDC81353A" class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="2">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
; 2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Holotype, male, CNHE 9432. Allotype, female, CNHE 9433. Paratypes (4 males, 7 females), CNHE 9434-9438.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
The species is named in honor of the 43 missing students from &quot;Escuela Normal Rural 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Raúl">Raul</normalizedToken>
Isidro Burgos&quot; in Ayotzinapa, Guerrero, Mexico; in solidarity with their families and the Mexican people.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Robust, small and white fusiform nematodes, males smaller than females. Cuticle with prominent transverse striations along the whole body except tail. Triangular oral opening surrounded by three simple lips in males and bilobed in females, in both sexes ventrolateral lips have an amphid each one, in females it is located on the dorsal lobe. Within buccal cavity, both sexes have three transverse plates, bilobed in males and complete in females. Esophageal bulb with sclerotized apparatus. Excretory pore evident, it is located at level of posterior edge of esophageal bulb. A vesicular body surrounds excretory duct. Males with lateral alae covering the last third of body, females lacking lateral alae. Males without caudal alae. Four pairs of caudal papillae. Caudal filament sub-terminal and directed dorsally in males. Females with a conical posterior end. Vulva located at middle region. Eggs no shown alae, with a punctuated shell and subpolar operculum, embryo in early stage of cleavage.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description of male">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Description of male.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Distinctly truncate posterior end (Fig. 1E), total body length 2.72-3.92 (3.458 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.458, n = 5), maximum width 0.6-1.88 (1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.505, n = 5) at middle region. Cuticle with wide transverse striae 0.05-0.08 (0.062 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.011, n = 5) maximum width at middle region. Triangular oral opening surrounded by three simple lips at whose internal bases are located three transverse bilobed plates, ventrolateral lips with one amphid each one (Fig. 2D). Esophagus total length 0.7-0.84 (0.79 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.054, n = 5) and maximum width 0.04-0.06 (0.05 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01, n = 5), esophageal bulb length 0.12-0.17 (0.148 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.023, n = 5) and width 0.13-0.16 (0.146 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.013, n = 5). Nerve ring and excretory pore 0.1-0.24 (0.172 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.064, n = 4) and 0.74-1.39 (1.046 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.237, n = 5) from anterior end, respectively. Testis extends from middle body region to level of anterior end of intestine. Lateral alae start abruptly from level of the beginning of third caudal region of body (Fig. 1E). The left one at 2.24-3.01 (2.573 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.395, n = 3), and the right one at 2.31-2.88 (2.565 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.253, n = 4) from anterior end, both with a maximum width of 0.06-0.07 (0.062 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.005, n = 4); extending to posterior end of body, the left one at 0.02-0.07 (0.046 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.025, n = 3) and the right one at 0.03-0.09 (0.056 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.023, n = 5) from the base of corresponding paracloacal papillae. Four pairs of caudal papillae distributed as follows: one precloacal pedunculate, one paracloacal pedunculate, one lateral sessile at the central lobe apex of postcloacal lip and one mammilliform at 0.06-0.07 (0.065 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.006, n = 4) from posterior end of caudal filament (Fig. 2A and B). Top of pedunculate and mammilliform papillae in a rosette-like structure (Fig. 2A, B and E). Echinate precloacal lip with rough appearance, at base of posteriorly directed finger-like ornamentation, which vary in simple or bifurcate outgrowths disposition (Figs 1B; 2B). In SEM pictures morphology is distinguished as follows: cloacal lip rise up from anterior cloacal edge, at both end sides it has a rough thickening region longer that remainder of lip (1 and 5 in Fig. 2B), adjacent to these, at both sides of lip and towards central axis of body, there are finger-like outgrowths that start from rough regions (2 and 4 in Fig. 2B). On the central axis of body is located a rough region (3 in Fig. 2B) upon 
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="3" start="start">which</pageBreakToken>
are situated finger-like outgrowths, at each side of this region other finger-like outgrowths are situated. Posterior cloacal lip is divided into three lobes, the middle one is more developed than lateral lobes, it is 0.03-0.05 (0.04 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.008, n=4) length and has a pair of tiny simple papillae (Fig. 2C). Caudal filament 0.09-0.1 (0.093 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.006, n = 3) length. Phasmids situated on caudal filament base laterally. Spicule length 0.11-0.13 (0.12 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01, n = 3) 3.614% of body length, distal end obtuse and thinnest than proximal (Fig. 1D).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Figure 1. 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A Gravid female, entire, lateral view B Male, caudal end ventral view C Egg, lateral view D Spicule E Male, entire, lateral view. Scale bars = (A, E) 0.5 mm, (B) 0.025 mm, (C, D) 0.025 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Figure 2. 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. SEM microphotographs. A Male, ventral view of posterior end B Male, ventral view of posterior end showing cloacal lip and papillae (1-5 outgrowths ornamentation disposition) C Male, posterior end of post cloacal lip showing right papillae D Male, oral opening E Male, pair of papillae at caudal filament F Female, ventral view of posterior end G Female, oral opening H Egg. Scale bars = (A) 0.025 mm, (B) 0.04 mm, (C, D, E, F, G) 0.01 mm, (H) 0.02 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description of female">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
of female.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Round anterior end and conical posterior end (Fig. 1A), total body length 6.41-9.32 (7.45 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
1.149, n = 8) and maximum width 0.76-1.26 (0.94 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.189, n = 8) at middle body region. Cuticle with wide transverse striae 0.07-0.09 (0.08 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01, n = 8) maximum width at esophageal bulb level. Triangular oral opening surrounded by three bilobed lips whose internal base are located three transverse complete plates, ventrolateral lips with one amphid each one located at dorsal lobe (Fig. 2F). Esophagus total length 1.17-1.35 (1.269 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.073, n = 8) and maximum width 0.07-0.09 (0.076 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.007, n = 8), esophageal bulb length 0.15-0.21 (0.177 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.019, n = 7) and width 0.21-0.28 (0.24 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.024, n = 7). Nerve ring and excretory pore 0.15-0.21 (0.181 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.023, n = 8) and 1.71-2.4 (1.937 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.237, n = 8) from anterior end, respectively. Sclerotized vulva at 2.95-4.13 (3.45 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.396, n = 8) from anterior end. Vagina transversely directed and posteriorly flexed to posterior region of body. Didelphic, prodelphic, ovaries reach esophagus region coiling around prebulbar esophagus. Uterus reach caudal region in gravid individuals. Anus 0.4-0.48 (0.435 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.039, n = 6) from posterior end. Phasmids 0.14-0.25 (0.204 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.042, n = 8) from posterior end, located laterally at the base of the conical tail (Fig. 2F). Tail 0.2-0.26 (0.237 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.026, n = 8) length. Eggs containing embryo in early stage of cleavage, oval, without alae, asymmetric, slightly flattened on one side and convex on the other side in lateral view, 0.07-0.09 (0.08 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.006, n = 16) length by 0.03-0.05 (0.04 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.005, n=16) width, shell with pores that cross the uppermost layer, radial striations in lateral view, subpolar operculum without pores (Figs 1C; 2H).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Técpan">Tecpan</normalizedToken>
de Galeana, Guerrero, Mexico (coordinates, see Table 1; elevation 22 m).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Nematode species parasite of the intestine of 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Phrynosomatidae" genus="Sceloporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sceloporus pyrocephalus" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrocephalus">Sceloporus pyrocephalus</taxonomicName>
Cope, collected on July 6, 2005.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is the 79th species assigned to 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Parapharyngodon</taxonomicName>
and the 48th valid species of the genus (
<bibRefCitation author="Velarde-Aguilar, MG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Parasitology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="212 - 230" title="Parapharyngodon n. spp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) parasites of hylid frogs from Mexico and review of species included in the genus." url="10.1645/13-328.1" volume="101" year="2015">Velarde-Aguilar et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bursey, CR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Parasitology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="374 - 381" title="Description of a new species of Parapharyngodon (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from Mexico with a list of current species and key to species from the Panamanian region." url="10.1645/13-460.1" volume="101" year="2015">Bursey and Goldberg 2015</bibRefCitation>
). It is distinguished from the other 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Parapharyngodon</taxonomicName>
species by a combination of characters including the possession of 4 pairs of caudal papillae, an echinate anterior cloacal lip, lateral alae covering the last third of body, spicule length representing 3.614% of body length, prebulbar ovaries coiling around prebulbar esophagus and eggs with punctuated shell and without alae. Of the 47 valid species before this study, 12 species have cloacal papillar arrangement similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
(four pairs of caudal papillae: one precloacal, one paracloacal, one at postcloacal lip and one at caudal filament), as well as echinate precloacal lip and lateral alae, namely: 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon adramitana" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="adramitana">Parapharyngodon adramitana</taxonomicName>
Adamson &amp; Nasher, 1984, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon almoriensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="almoriensis">Parapharyngodon almoriensis</taxonomicName>
(Karve, 1949) Freitas, 1957, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon anomalus" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="anomalus">Parapharyngodon anomalus</taxonomicName>
Hobbs, 1996, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon brevicaudatus" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="brevicaudatus">Parapharyngodon brevicaudatus</taxonomicName>
Bogdanov &amp; Markov,1955, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon colonensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="colonensis">Parapharyngodon colonensis</taxonomicName>
Bursey, Goldberg &amp; Telford, 2007, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon dolgieli" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="dolgieli">Parapharyngodon dolgieli</taxonomicName>
(Markov &amp; Bogdanov, 1965) Adamson &amp; Nasher, 1984, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon echinatus" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="echinatus">Parapharyngodon echinatus</taxonomicName>
(Rudolphi, 1819) Freitas, 1957, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon grenadaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="grenadaensis">Parapharyngodon grenadaensis</taxonomicName>
Bursey, Drake, Cole, Sterner, Pinckney &amp; Zieger, 2013, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon margaritiferi" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="margaritiferi">Parapharyngodon margaritiferi</taxonomicName>
Hering-Hagenbeck, 2001, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon meridionalis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">Parapharyngodon meridionalis</taxonomicName>
(Chabaud &amp; Brygoo, 1962) Adamson, 1981, 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon micipsae" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="micipsae">Parapharyngodon micipsae</taxonomicName>
(Seurat, 1917) Freitas, 1957 and 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon rousseti" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="rousseti">Parapharyngodon rousseti</taxonomicName>
(Tcheprakoff, 1966) Adamson &amp; Nasher, 1984. Only 2 of these species (
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon grenadaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="grenadaensis">Parapharyngodon grenadaensis</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon colonensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="colonensis">Parapharyngodon colonensis</taxonomicName>
) shares with the new species 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
egg shell punctuated and prebulbar ovaries in females; however, these two species differ in several morphological features with 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n.: 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon grenadaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="grenadaensis">Parapharyngodon grenadaensis</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon colonensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="colonensis">Parapharyngodon colonensis</taxonomicName>
have three bilobed lips, which are simple in 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
; lateral alae extension covers from nerve ring level to precloacal papillae in 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon grenadaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="grenadaensis">Parapharyngodon grenadaensis</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon colonensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="colonensis">Parapharyngodon colonensis</taxonomicName>
, meanwhile in 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
begins abruptly at last third of caudal 
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">region</pageBreakToken>
ending before paracloacal papillae. Finally, spicule length/body length ratio is greater in 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon grenadaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="grenadaensis">Parapharyngodon grenadaensis</taxonomicName>
(4.488%) and 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon colonensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="colonensis">Parapharyngodon colonensis</taxonomicName>
(3.765%) than in 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
(3.614%). Therefore, we consider 
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Pharyngodonidae" genus="Parapharyngodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ayotzinapaensis">Parapharyngodon ayotzinapaensis</taxonomicName>
to represent a new species, the 10th recorded in Mexico (
<bibRefCitation author="Bursey, CR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Parasitology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="591 - 599" title="Two new species of Pharyngodonidae (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) and other nematodes in Agamacaudospina (Squamata: Agamidae) from Kenya, Africa." url="10.1645/GE-3421" volume="91" year="2005">Bursey and Goldberg 2005</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bursey, CR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Parasitology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="475 - 479" title="New species of Parapharyngodon (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) in Rhinellamarina (Anura: Bufonidae) from Grenada, West Indies." url="10.1645/GE-3235.1" volume="99" year="2013">Bursey et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Velarde-Aguilar, MG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Parasitology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="212 - 230" title="Parapharyngodon n. spp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) parasites of hylid frogs from Mexico and review of species included in the genus." url="10.1645/13-328.1" volume="101" year="2015">Velarde-Aguilar et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bursey, CR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Parasitology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="374 - 381" title="Description of a new species of Parapharyngodon (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from Mexico with a list of current species and key to species from the Panamanian region." url="10.1645/13-460.1" volume="101" year="2015">Bursey and Goldberg 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>