1585 lines
193 KiB
XML
1585 lines
193 KiB
XML
<document id="44CBA654C6F222ABBD4C25E1E859C855" ID-CLB-Dataset="36853" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="81f1b464-5d4f-46ca-9c67-03259d59a5fe" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="286069" ID-ZooBank="8BA7FB48-FF23-4E83-89B7-BAA040AF215D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460420453930" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gururaja, Kotambylu Vasudeva, Dinesh, K. P., Priti, H. & Ravikanth, G." docDate="2014" docId="03EB8786B711FFF6D0BB2E1BFCF7A6CA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03796p061.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3796 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Nyctibatrachus kumbara Gururaja, Dinesh, Priti & Ravikanth, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="FFD2FFFEB719FFE5D02C2838F80FA32F" masterDocTitle="Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1698329662564" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="5F077EB5745C6D6D6754CCECB3D8F398" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="87344D272F3038A276177B19867A8E3F">
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<mods:title id="415CCBC9088A2E9AC4D855DCA24D6168">Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5E6721833C698DAF7A6C9409A564CBF6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EE057548BD7383DD2E89A7FBD5E755C6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A6CF9EB99AA416F431BA04230FF657F8">Gururaja, Kotambylu Vasudeva</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5AED3FA9E271907EBF12D25D37B3F767">Dinesh, K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4D92AEF20B16DF7A27FA84A9AED164B">Priti, H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C2FEA0E7F8F96CDFF58E9A6745AEBC64">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2957D590732A06E7819E3F9304D530F2">Ravikanth, G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8BE4415A0C53A701EAC1A6FC52AB2CE3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1040DE5BDE860DD6B73ECF302C55F2B3">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E4B8A8891B679746F210AE4523F7A003" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E4CF01F388015685B2AA4692290A0560">3796</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EB8786B711FFF6D0BB2E1BFCF7A6CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6131139" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127667867" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6131139" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB8786B711FFF6D0BB2E1BFCF7A6CA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB8786B711FFF6D0BB2E1BFCF7A6CA" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="C358651BB711FFEDD0BB2E1BFA1BA570" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFD3690B711FFEDD0BB2E1BFA27A511" blockId="8.[151,552,1571,1632]" box="[151,552,1571,1598]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="D0B581FCB711FFEDD0BB2E1BFA27A511" bold="true" box="[151,552,1571,1598]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B936EA82B711FFEDD0BB2E1BFA27A511" bold="true" box="[151,552,1571,1598]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B711FFEDD0BB2E1BF9CCA512" ID-CoL="485GB" box="[151,451,1571,1597]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B936EA82B711FFEDD0BB2E1BF9CCA512" bold="true" box="[151,451,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B711FFEDD1E72E1CFA27A511" box="[459,552,1572,1598]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD3690B711FFEDD0BB2E7FFA1BA570" blockId="8.[151,552,1571,1632]" box="[151,532,1607,1632]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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(
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<tableCitation id="C6C0032BB711FFEDD0B22E7FF90AA570" box="[158,261,1607,1632]" captionStart="TABLE 2 S" captionStartId="27.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,373,1927]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="TABLE 2 S. Some morphometric data (in mm) for the type series of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. Prefix ZSI / WGFRS / V / A for holotype and paratypes (* Holotype, # Paratype)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B702FFFED0BB28A0FB6EA3E0" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" tableUuid="DF3D6618B702FFFED0BB28A0FB6EA3E0">Table 2S</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13792A15B711FFEDD13C2E7FF974A54F" box="[272,379,1607,1632]" captionStart="FIGURE 5. a" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1706,1728]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,728,1663]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,725,1665]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. a. Male and female in courtship (male and female are marked with symbols); b. Axillary amplexus in the pair; c. Amplected pair standing upright on their hindlimb before oviposition; d. Female doing a handstand at the time of releasing eggs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286075/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figures 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B711FFEDD1AB2E7FF998A54F" box="[391,407,1607,1632]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1594,1616]" captionTargetBox="[165,1436,626,1564]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[164,1449,625,1566]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. a. Male approaching the eggs; b. Male standing upright locating the egg clutch; c. Male covering the egg clutch with sand gravels and mud from the stream bed; d. Male leaving the place after covering the egg mass with sand and mud." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286076/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B711FFEDD1882E7FF9C0A570" box="[420,463,1607,1631]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1606,1628]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1432,731,1580]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[151,1436,727,1584]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. in axillary amplexus. Adult male (Holotype ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) on top of adult female in swampy evergreen forest of Kathalekan, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. Female not collected." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/286078/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">8–9</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B711FFEDD1F02E7FF9F7A570" box="[476,504,1607,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1105,1127]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,200,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1084]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species of Nyctibatrachus in Kathalekan. a. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis, b. N. jog and c. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286080/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">10</figureCitation>
|
||
c.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C358651BB711FFEDD0BB2EB7FBA8A48B" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFD3690B711FFEDD0BB2EB7F8D7A5DF" blockId="8.[151,1437,1679,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B936EA82B711FFEDD0BB2EB7F904A587" bold="true" box="[151,267,1679,1704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<typeStatus id="54F98832B711FFEDD0BB2EB7F909A587" box="[151,262,1679,1704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
ZSI/
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE55B711FFEDD1692EB7F9A8A587" box="[325,423,1679,1704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">WGFRS</collectionCode>
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/V/A/860, adult male collected on
|
||
<date id="FFFC1050B711FFEDD3002EB7FBA0A587" box="[812,943,1679,1704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" value="2006-06-09">09-06-2006</date>
|
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by KVG and SA along a flowing rivulet of Sharavathi river basin (
|
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;
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<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B711FFEDD21B2E8BFAB0A5E3" box="[567,703,1715,1740]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="74.74756">74.74756°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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amsl) at Kathalekan, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka,
|
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<collectingCountry id="F3557600B711FFEDD0BB2EEFF8DBA5DF" box="[151,212,1751,1776]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD3690B711FFEDD0EB2EC3FBA8A48B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1679,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B936EA82B711FFEDD0EB2EC3F949A43B" bold="true" box="[199,326,1787,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<typeStatus id="54F98832B711FFEDD0EB2EC3F94EA43B" box="[199,321,1787,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
|
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ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED53AE55B711FFEDD1532EC3F9EEA43B" box="[383,481,1787,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">WGFRS</collectionCode>
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/V/A/861 and ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED53AE55B711FFEDD29D2EC3FB1CA43B" box="[689,787,1787,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">WGFRS</collectionCode>
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/V/A/863, adult females collected on
|
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<date id="FFFC1050B711FFEDD49F2EC3FD39A43B" box="[1203,1334,1787,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" value="2006-10-03">03-10-2006</date>
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by KVG and SA along a flowing rivulet of Sharavathi river basin (
|
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<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B711FFEDD3102F27FBC7A418" box="[828,968,1823,1847]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="14.27499">14.27499°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B711FFEDD3FB2F27FC6FA417" box="[983,1120,1823,1848]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="74.73695">74.73695°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CBA9B75B711FFEDD4422F27FCA2A417" box="[1134,1197,1823,1848]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.83" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="583.0">583m</quantity>
|
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amsl) at Malemane, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka,
|
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<collectingCountry id="F3557600B711FFEDD2032F7BFA63A473" box="[559,620,1859,1884]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">India</collectingCountry>
|
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; ZSI/
|
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<collectionCode id="ED53AE55B711FFEDD2842F7BFB06A473" box="[680,777,1859,1884]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">WGFRS</collectionCode>
|
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/V/A/862 and ZSI/
|
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<collectionCode id="ED53AE55B711FFEDD3F62F7BFC33A473" box="[986,1084,1859,1884]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">WGFRS</collectionCode>
|
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/V/A/864, adult males collected on
|
||
<date id="FFFC1050B711FFEDD0912F5FF930A4AF" box="[189,319,1895,1920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" value="2011-06-09">09-06-2011</date>
|
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by KVG and KPD along a flowing rivulet of Sharavathi river basin (
|
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<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B711FFEDD4582F5FFD0DA450" box="[1140,1282,1895,1919]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="14.27323">14.27323°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B711FFEDD53C2F5FFD97A4AF" box="[1296,1432,1895,1920]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="74.74756">74.74756°E</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
|
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<quantity id="4CBA9B75B711FFEDD0BB2FB3F8D8A48B" box="[151,215,1931,1956]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="590.0">590m</quantity>
|
||
amsl) at Kathalekan, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3557600B711FFEDD34A2FB3FBACA48B" box="[870,931,1931,1956]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">India</collectingCountry>
|
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.
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C358651BB711FFECD0EB2F97FB9EA1AA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFD3690B711FFECD0EB2F97FAAAA3FB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1679,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,645]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
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<emphasis id="B936EA82B711FFEDD0EB2F97F94EA4E7" bold="true" box="[199,321,1967,1992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is assignable to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B711FFEDD3092F97FBDFA4E8" box="[805,976,1967,1991]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B711FFEDD3092F97FBDFA4E8" box="[805,976,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of its semi aquatic to aquatic habitat, medium to large size, pupil rhomboidal, glandular wrinkled skin, presence of vomerine teeth, notched tongue, finger and toe discs with disc, absence of webbing on fingers and presence of webbing on toes and presence of sub ocular gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B710FFECD1CA2884FA96A3FB" author="Biju" box="[486,665,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Biju, S. D., Bocxlaer, I. V., Mahony, S., Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan, C., Zachariah, A., Giri, V. B. & Bossuyt, F. (2011) A taxonomic review of the Night Frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species. Zootaxa, 3029, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Biju
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD2332885FA5FA3FB" box="[543,592,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B710FFECD0EB28D8FB9EA1AA" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD0EB28D8F9EDA3D7" box="[199,482,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD0EB28D8F9EDA3D7" box="[199,482,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD1C228E7FA42A3D7" bold="true" box="[494,589,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B710FFECD1C228E7FA42A3D7" box="[494,589,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from all other species in the genus by the following combination of characters: (1) adult male size medium to large (SVL 46.5±
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD45F293CFCD1A233" box="[1139,1246,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.74">0.74 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (2) head wider than long (HW
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD17C2910F9F5A210" box="[336,506,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9799999999999998" metricValueMax="2.09" metricValueMin="1.8699999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="19.799999999999997" valueMax="20.9" valueMin="18.7">18.7–20.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; HL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD215291FFAECA26F" box="[569,739,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.525" metricValueMax="1.5699999999999998" metricValueMin="1.48" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="15.25" valueMax="15.7" valueMin="14.8">14.8–15.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (3) dorsum glandular without any spiny projections in the anterior half, glandular corrugations irregular without specific pattern; in males, throat and chest finely dotted with glandular folds rest of the region smooth, belly white; (4) webbing on toes medium (I ½-
|
||
<date id="FFFC1050B710FFECD4562957FC91A2A8" box="[1146,1182,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">1 II</date>
|
||
½-
|
||
<date id="FFFC1050B710FFECD4EA2957FCFBA2A8" box="[1222,1268,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">1 III</date>
|
||
0-
|
||
<date id="FFFC1050B710FFECD53D2948FD2FA2A7" box="[1297,1312,368,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">2</date>
|
||
IV 2-0 V); (5) nuptial pad and femoral glands prominent in adult males; (6) dorsal body color dark brown, ventrally buff colored except belly; (7) finger disc weakly developed (fd3 0.9±
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD3B32980FC02A2E0" box="[927,1037,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
; fw3 0.8±
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD4A52980FCF7A2FF" box="[1161,1272,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.19">0.19 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (8) toe disc moderately developed (td4 1.7±
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD22929E4FA7DA2DB" box="[517,626,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
|
||
; tw4 0.8±
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD2C429E4FB5BA2DB" box="[744,852,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (9) third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove, cover notched distally, fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove cover bifurcate distally; (10) hand-stand oviposition, fertilized egg clutch covered with mud pack; (11) genetically belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD4A72A1DFD5AA113" box="[1163,1365,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD4A72A1DFD5AA113" box="[1163,1365,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">N. sanctipalustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD1212A71F9D1A14F" box="[269,478,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dattatreyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD1212A71F9D1A14F" box="[269,478,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">N. dattatreyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3.41% divergent on mitochondrial 16S rRNA),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD4002A71FCA5A170" box="[1068,1194,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vrijeuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD4002A71FCA5A170" box="[1068,1194,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">N. vrijeuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4.02%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD50A2A71FD94A14F" box="[1318,1435,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiradi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD50A2A71FD94A14F" box="[1318,1435,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">N. shiradi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4.02%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD12C2A55F9C6A1AB" box="[256,457,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karnatakaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD12C2A55F9C6A1AB" box="[256,457,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">N. karnatakaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4.62%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD24E2A55FB27A1AB" box="[610,808,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD24E2A55FB27A1AB" box="[610,808,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">N. sanctipalustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4.62%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B710FFECD0BB2E7EFD52A555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286078/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[154,1432,731,1580]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B710FFECD0BB2E7EFD52A555" blockId="9.[151,1436,1606,1658]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD0BB2E7EF91BA574" bold="true" box="[151,276,1606,1628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD1302E7EFA16A573" box="[284,537,1606,1628]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD1302E7EFA16A573" box="[284,537,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD20E2E7FFA7BA573" bold="true" box="[546,628,1607,1628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B710FFECD20E2E7FFA7BA573" box="[546,628,1607,1628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in axillary amplexus. Adult male (Holotype ZSI/WGFRS/V/A/860) on top of adult female in swampy evergreen forest of Kathalekan, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. Female not collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C358651BB710FFEFD0EB2E9AF90FA460" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B710FFECD0EB2E9AFBEBA5F0" blockId="9.[151,1436,1698,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD0EB2E9AFA13A594" bold="true" box="[199,540,1698,1723]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B710FFECD1822E9AFA18A594" box="[430,535,1698,1723]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ZSI/WGRC/V/A/860, adult male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B710FFECD3982E9AFC16A594" box="[948,1049,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), terminology follows
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B710FFECD5092E9AF8EFA5F0" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Biju, S. D., Bocxlaer, I. V., Mahony, S., Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan, C., Zachariah, A., Giri, V. B. & Bossuyt, F. (2011) A taxonomic review of the Night Frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species. Zootaxa, 3029, 1 - 96." type="journal article">
|
||
Biju
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD54C2E9BFD93A595" box="[1376,1436,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B710FFECD13B2EFEFA08A5F0" box="[279,519,1734,1759]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan, C. & Bhatta, G. K. (2008 a) A new species of Nyctibatrachus Boulenger (Amphibia: Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) from the surroundings of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa, 1914, 45 - 56." type="journal article">
|
||
Dinesh
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD1412EFFF9AAA5F1" box="[365,421,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Morphometric data are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0032BB710FFECD3572EFEFBEFA5F0" box="[891,992,1734,1759]" captionStart="TABLE 2 S" captionStartId="27.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,373,1927]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="TABLE 2 S. Some morphometric data (in mm) for the type series of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. Prefix ZSI / WGFRS / V / A for holotype and paratypes (* Holotype, # Paratype)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B702FFFED0BB28A0FB6EA3E0" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" tableUuid="DF3D6618B702FFFED0BB28A0FB6EA3E0">Table 2S</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B710FFEFD0EB2ED3FADBA26F" blockId="9.[151,1436,1698,2011]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
|
||
A medium-sized species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B710FFECD1D22ED2FAA6A42D" box="[510,681,1770,1794]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B710FFECD1D22ED2FAA6A42D" box="[510,681,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD2DA2ED2FB51A42C" box="[758,862,1770,1795]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.62" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="46.2">46.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
); habitus compact and squat; head wider (HW
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD5472ED3F8CBA408" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8699999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="18.7">18.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than long (HL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD1562F36F9C3A409" box="[378,460,1806,1831]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
; MN
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD2212F37FA7BA409" box="[525,628,1807,1831]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.19" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="11.9">11.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; MFE
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD2EC2F36FB15A409" box="[704,794,1806,1831]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="9.6">9.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; MBE
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD3462F37FBCBA408" box="[874,964,1807,1831]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
), rounded in anterior view; snout rounded (SL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD0E02F0BF924A464" box="[204,299,1843,1867]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
), marginally protruding, its length longer than horizontal diameter of eye (EL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD4FC2F0AFD21A464" box="[1232,1326,1842,1867]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
); canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region concave; interorbital space flat (IUE
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD3892F6EFBF2A440" box="[933,1021,1878,1903]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and double the upper eye lid width (UEW
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD0C52F43F94BA4BC" box="[233,324,1915,1939]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
); internarial distance (IN
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD2462F43FACCA4BC" box="[618,707,1915,1939]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) less than interorbital distance (IUE
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD4452F42FCCAA4BC" box="[1129,1221,1914,1939]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
); distance between back of eyes (IBE
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD1452FA6F9C0A498" box="[361,463,1950,1975]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is greater than double the distance between front of eyes (IFE
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD4B02FA6FCF8A498" box="[1180,1271,1950,1975]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
); nostrils oval, without a flap of skin, and is closer to eye (EN
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD2822FFBFB09A4F4" box="[686,774,1987,2011]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than snout tip (NS
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B710FFECD3C72FFAFC49A4F4" box="[1003,1094,1986,2011]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
); eyes large (EL/HL = 0.38%) protruding on the sides of head, its diameter more than eye to nostril distance (EL/EN=1.96); pupil rhomboidal; tympanum indistinct; subocular gland distinct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD2852884FB05A3FB" box="[681,778,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
C); pineal ocellus absent; vomerine ridge present posterior to choanae, oval bearing three on left and six sharp spinose teeth on right ridge; symphysial knob ‘W’ shaped, moderately developed; tongue moderate, oval slightly emarginated, median lingual process absent; parotoid glands, cephalic ridges and co-ossified skin absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB2974FCF5A2DB" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Forelimbs (FLL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD1A02974F9F8A24B" box="[396,503,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="10.9">10.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) strong and sub-equal to hand length (HAL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD4232974FC73A24B" box="[1039,1148,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="10.1">10.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
); third finger thin, long, rounded (TFL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD16D2957F99AA2A7" box="[321,405,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3mm</quantity>
|
||
); thin dermal fringe on finger III; webbing absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD3CB2957FC44A2A7" box="[999,1099,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D); relative length of fingers, shortest to longest: I<II<IV<III; tips of fingers enlarged with weakly developed disc and third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove, cover notched distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD295298FFB12A2FF" box="[697,797,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
F); subarticular tubercles moderate, round one each on finger I and II and two each on finger III and IV; prepollex and palmar tubercle distinct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD45929E4FCD9A2DB" box="[1141,1238,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB29C7FAB5A0AC" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3557600B713FFEFD0EB29C7F8F0A137" box="[199,255,511,536]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs moderately long; shank length (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD2F42A38FB32A137" box="[728,829,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.13" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="21.3">21.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) more than two times longer than wide (TW
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD51A2A38FD9FA137" box="[1334,1424,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="8.1">8.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
), shorter than thigh length (FL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD1D82A1CFA52A113" box="[500,605,548,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="22.6">22.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and sub-equal to the distance from the base of the internal metatarsal tubercle to the tip of toe IV (FOL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD23B2A70FA8FA14F" box="[535,640,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.01" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="20.1">20.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
); heels touch when the tibia are folded at right angles to the body; toes thin and long; toe IV long (T4L
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD22A2A54FA51A1AB" box="[518,606,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="9.9">9.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and less than the distance from the base of the tarsus to the tip of toe IV (TFOL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD0DF2AB7F96DA187" box="[243,354,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.67" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="26.7">26.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
); relative length of toes, shortest to longest: I<II<V<III<IV (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD46C2AB7FCA8A187" box="[1088,1191,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
E); tips of toes with moderately developed discs and fourth toe disc with dorsoterminal groove, cover bifurcate distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD5392A8CFD78A1E3" box="[1301,1399,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
G), webbing medium (3/4th) (I ½-
|
||
<date id="FFFC1050B713FFEFD1C62AE2FA1FA1DD" box="[490,528,730,755]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">1 II</date>
|
||
½-
|
||
<date id="FFFC1050B713FFEFD2152AE2FA67A1DD" box="[569,616,730,755]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">1 III</date>
|
||
0-
|
||
<date id="FFFC1050B713FFEFD2AB2AE3FA9AA1DC" box="[647,661,731,755]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">2</date>
|
||
IV 2-0 V) (MTTF
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD35E2AE2FBD5A1DD" box="[882,986,730,755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; MTFF
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD4142AE3FCAFA1DD" box="[1080,1184,731,755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="12.8">12.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; TFTF
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD4DA2AE2FD5FA1DD" box="[1270,1360,730,755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; FFTF
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD0BB2AC7F8E0A038" box="[151,239,767,791]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="8.4">8.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD12B2AC6F966A038" box="[263,361,766,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
H); dermal fringe along toe V distinct; subarticular tubercles present, moderate, oval, one each on toe I and II, two each on toe III and V, and three on toe IV; inner metatarsal tubercle short prominent, spade shaped; its length (IMT
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD1802B7FF9E0A070" box="[428,495,839,863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) shorter than toe I (T1L
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD3212B7EFB69A070" box="[781,870,838,863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) length; outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercles absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD2142B52FA96A0AC" box="[568,665,874,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB2BB6FBCCA750" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Skin is corrugated on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body with glandular folds; forelimbs and hind limbs with short longitudinal glandular folds; snout with a ‘Y’ shaped fold from middle of upper lip, its arms bifurcating between nares and running towards orbits; three small dotted horizontal folds between posterior corner of eyes to region above shoulder; supratympanic fold and subocular fold distinct. Throat with dense glandular longitudinal folds and rest of the venter soft glandular without any folds; belly smooth; lower lip dotted with a single row of small discontinuous glandular folds; thigh ventrally smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD3682C7AFBA9A774" box="[836,934,1090,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B); dorsally tarsus with fine spinules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD57D2C7AF8A9A750" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Distinct raised femoral gland present (FGL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD2962C5FFB1CA750" box="[698,787,1127,1151]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="9.2">9.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; FGB
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD3702C5FFBB8A750" box="[860,951,1127,1151]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB2CB2F8EFA6C8" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B713FFEFD0EB2CB2F9ABA78C" bold="true" box="[199,420,1162,1187]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Color of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B713FFEFD11A2CB2F990A78C" box="[310,415,1162,1187]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B713FFEFD1802CB3F9FEA78C" box="[428,497,1163,1187]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="life">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B713FFEFD1802CB3F9FEA78C" box="[428,497,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">In life</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, iris golden yellow in its upper part, pupil rhomboidal, black in color (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD5052CB2FD81A78C" box="[1321,1422,1162,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1606,1628]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,731,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,727,1584]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. in axillary amplexus. Adult male (Holotype ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) on top of adult female in swampy evergreen forest of Kathalekan, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. Female not collected." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286078/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sides of head light colored, region between subocular gland and tympanic region cream colored. A black horizontal band connecting upper eye lids. Dorsum brown with two light brick red dorsolateral bands laterally bordered by dark brown from orbits to vent. Region between dorsolateral bands light brown with three black horizontal bands, one at between orbits, one at anterior region of shoulders and other at posterior region of shoulders. Forearm barred with smalls black and larger dark brown bands; hind limbs barred with small light brick red and larger dark brown bands. Sides of the body brownish. Nuptial pads on base of first fingers cream colored. Throat translucent with fine black spots on the glandular skin. Chest, belly and anterior part of thighs translucent, where internal organs can be clearly seen. Posterior part of thigh with raised glossy light yellow femoral gland in males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB2DCBFCBFA558" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B713FFEFD0EB2DCBF961A525" box="[199,366,1523,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="preservative">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B713FFEFD0EB2DCBF961A525" box="[199,366,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">In preservative</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD1502DCAF9D4A524" box="[380,475,1522,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A), dorsal and lateral parts of body mottled with brown and cream color, with a pair of faint dorsolateral lines from posterior orbit to above vent; faint horizontal band between eyes; femoral glands cream white; dorsal parts of limbs, forelimbs, thigh, shank and foot up to tip of fingers and toes barred; throat and chest pale brown; belly and thighs white; femoral glands granular, white in color (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD4012E66FC81A558" box="[1069,1166,1630,1655]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB2EBAFD82A5CC" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B713FFEFD0EB2EBAFA28A5B4" bold="true" box="[199,551,1666,1691]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
|
||
Males have a nuptial pad covering the base of the dorsal surface of the first finger and a pair of moderately raised femoral glands which are more than two times longer (FGL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD52F2E9FFD54A590" box="[1283,1371,1703,1727]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="9.2">9.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than wide (FGB
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD1372EF3F97AA5CC" box="[283,373,1739,1763]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and is conspicuous both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B713FFEFD2B72EF2FAD2A5CC" box="[667,733,1738,1763]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="life">in life</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B713FFEFD3382EF2FB92A5CC" box="[788,925,1738,1763]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="preservative">preservative</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B713FFEFD3872EF2FC03A5CC" box="[939,1036,1738,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI / WGFRS / V / A / 860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Females have pigmented eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB2ED6F90FA460" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B713FFEFD0EB2ED6FB8EA428" bold="true" box="[199,897,1774,1799]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Additional information from
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B713FFEFD2132ED6FABAA428" box="[575,693,1774,1799]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
and variations.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological data are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0032BB713FFEFD5062ED6FD98A428" box="[1322,1431,1774,1799]" captionStart="TABLE 2 S" captionStartId="27.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,373,1927]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="TABLE 2 S. Some morphometric data (in mm) for the type series of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. Prefix ZSI / WGFRS / V / A for holotype and paratypes (* Holotype, # Paratype)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B702FFFED0BB28A0FB6EA3E0" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="DF3D6618B702FFFED0BB28A0FB6EA3E0">Table 2S</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B713FFEFD0BB2F2BF90BA404" box="[151,260,1811,1835]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD1A22F2BF9FDA405" box="[398,498,1811,1835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.279999999999999" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="42.8">42.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B713FFEFD23A2F2BFA75A405" box="[534,634,1811,1835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.74" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="47.4">47.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in SVL; in all the external morphological characters they are similar to
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B713FFEFD0BB2F0EF8F2A460" box="[151,253,1846,1871]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C358651BB713FFEFD0EB2F62FAE7A4F0" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB2F62F8D4A495" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B713FFEFD0EB2F62F941A45C" bold="true" box="[199,334,1882,1907]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet ‘Kumbara’ is derived from Kannada language, a name given to the community of people involved in making pottery. The species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B713FFEFD3862F47FC1BA4B8" box="[938,1044,1919,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B713FFEFD3862F47FC1BA4B8" box="[938,1044,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a noun in apposition to generic name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B713FFEFD0EB2FFEFAE7A4F0" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2015]" box="[199,744,1990,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B713FFEFD0EB2FFEF9F3A4F0" bold="true" box="[199,508,1990,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Suggested common name.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B713FFEFD22F2FFEFA64A4F0" box="[515,619,1990,2015]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">Kumbara</taxonomicName>
|
||
night frog.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B712FFEED0BB2FB9FBB3A4FB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286079/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[162,1426,202,1899]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B712FFEED0BB2FB9FBB3A4FB" blockId="11.[151,1436,1921,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B712FFEED0BB2FB9F917A4B9" bold="true" box="[151,280,1921,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype (ZSI/WGFRS/V/A/860) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B712FFEED29D2FB9FBBEA4B8" box="[689,945,1921,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B712FFEED29D2FB9FBBEA4B8" box="[689,945,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B712FFEED3922FB9FC1BA4B9" bold="true" box="[958,1044,1921,1942]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B712FFEED3922FB9FC1BA4B9" box="[958,1044,1921,1942]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B715FFE9D0BB2C69FA7FA7AA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286080/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[160,1425,200,1074]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B715FFE9D0BB2C69FA7FA7AA" blockId="12.[151,1436,1105,1158]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D0BB2C69F910A749" bold="true" box="[151,287,1105,1127]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D2C12C69FB87A748" box="[749,904,1105,1127]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D2C12C69FB87A748" box="[749,904,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Kathalekan. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D4112C69FD72A748" box="[1085,1405,1105,1127]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D4112C69FD72A748" box="[1085,1405,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D0BB2C49F8DBA7A9" box="[151,212,1137,1158]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D0BB2C49F8DBA7A9" box="[151,212,1137,1158]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and c.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D1322C48FA16A7A9" box="[286,537,1136,1158]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D1322C48FA16A7A9" box="[286,537,1136,1158]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B715FFE9D2332C48FA7FA7AA" box="[543,624,1136,1157]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C358651BB715FFF6D0EB2C8AFCF7A6CA" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B715FFE9D0EB2C8AFCA8A674" blockId="12.[151,1437,1202,2020]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D0EB2C8AFA53A7E4" bold="true" box="[199,604,1202,1227]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Distribution and Natural History.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D3382C8BFC24A7E4" box="[788,1067,1203,1227]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D3382C8BFC24A7E4" box="[788,1067,1203,1227]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D41F2C8AFC81A7E4" bold="true" box="[1075,1166,1202,1227]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B715FFE9D41F2C8AFC81A7E4" box="[1075,1166,1202,1227]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is here confirmed from the streams and rivulets of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3557600B715FFE9D25A2CE0FACFA7DF" box="[630,704,1240,1264]" name="Tonga" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Tunga</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Sharavathi, Aghanashini and Bedthi rivers (between
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B715FFE9D0BB2CC2F910A63C" box="[151,287,1274,1299]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="13.60515">13.60515°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B715FFE9D1012CC2F9B9A63C" box="[301,438,1274,1299]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="14.61582">14.61582°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B715FFE9D1C22CC2FA7BA63C" box="[494,628,1274,1299]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="74.75576">74.75576°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765057B715FFE9D2AF2CC2FB19A63C" box="[643,790,1274,1299]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="75.32064">75.320638°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in Shimoga and Uttara Kannada districts of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3557600B715FFE9D54E2CC2FD93A63C" box="[1378,1436,1274,1299]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B715FFE9D0B22D26F8F2A618" box="[158,253,1310,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,357,1299]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[148,1433,357,1300]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Study localities (blue circles) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. in the Western Ghats of India." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286070/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on our field observations, this species is locally abundant in the surroundings of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B715FFE9D53D2D18FD4EA617" box="[1297,1345,1312,1336]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality and is very much restricted to perennial streams of the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B715FFE9D0EB2D5EF99BA6E8" blockId="12.[151,1437,1202,2020]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D0EB2D5EF96EA650" bold="true" box="[199,353,1382,1407]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Comparison.</emphasis>
|
||
We compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D23A2D5FFB3EA650" box="[534,817,1383,1407]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D23A2D5FFB3EA650" box="[534,817,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D3172D5EFB96A650" bold="true" box="[827,921,1382,1407]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B715FFE9D3172D5EFB96A650" box="[827,921,1382,1407]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with all 27 valid species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D4DD2D5FFD93A650" box="[1265,1436,1383,1407]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D4DD2D5FFD93A650" box="[1265,1436,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on either the examination of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B715FFE9D2072DB2FA97A68C" box="[555,664,1418,1443]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
or non-type vouchers collected from their respective
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B715FFE9D4D22DB3FD21A68C" box="[1278,1326,1419,1443]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities (listed in Appendix 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B715FFE9D0EB2DEAFC9AA554" blockId="12.[151,1437,1202,2020]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Possession of a combination of characters like; medium to large size; irregular dorsal glandular skin corrugations without specific pattern and spiny projections on the anterior half; third finger disc with dorsoterminal groove, cover notched distally; fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove cover bifurcate distally; webbing medium; nuptial pad and femoral glands present in adult males, and egg laying with handstand oviposition and covering of eggs with mud, are unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D3322E5BFC3AA554" box="[798,1077,1635,1659]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D3322E5BFC3AA554" box="[798,1077,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D4172E5AFC9AA554" bold="true" box="[1083,1173,1634,1659]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B715FFE9D4172E5AFC9AA554" box="[1083,1173,1634,1659]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B715FFE9D0EB2EBEFB2CA5C8" blockId="12.[151,1437,1202,2020]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Detailed morphological comparisons for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D2BF2EBFFBA6A5B0" box="[659,937,1671,1695]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D2BF2EBFFBA6A5B0" box="[659,937,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D39C2EBEFC05A5B0" bold="true" box="[944,1034,1670,1695]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B715FFE9D39C2EBEFC05A5B0" box="[944,1034,1670,1695]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is made only for sympatric species. But other allopatric congeners are compared with a suite of characters, namely, SVL, third finger disc, fourth toe disc, femoral gland in male and webbing in foot (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0032BB715FFE9D2932EF6FB1AA5C8" box="[703,789,1742,1767]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="14.[119,207,541,564]" captionText="TABLE 3. Morphological variations among the species of Nyctibatrachus (* third finger and fourth toe disc as seen under the microscope Leica MZ 75 (6.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B715FFE8D0EB2ECAF9C7A233" blockId="12.[151,1437,1202,2020]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,824]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Genetically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D1632ECBFA69A424" box="[335,614,1779,1803]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D1632ECBFA69A424" box="[335,614,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D2402ECAFAC9A424" bold="true" box="[620,710,1778,1803]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B715FFE9D2402ECAFAC9A424" box="[620,710,1778,1803]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D3652ECBFC00A424" box="[841,1039,1779,1803]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D3652ECBFC00A424" box="[841,1039,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">N. sanctipalustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B715FFE9D44C2ECAFCCDA424" box="[1120,1218,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,189,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[154,1429,177,1276]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 nominal species of Nyctibatrachus and an outgroup (Indirana sp.) based on mitochondrial 16 S rRNA. Number at the branches indicate bootstrap values. Bootstrap values less than 50 are indicated with an asterisk. Area marked with grey belong to N. sanctipalustris clade." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286077/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The other species included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D1732F20FA21A400" box="[351,558,1815,1839]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D1732F20FA21A400" box="[351,558,1815,1839]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">N. sanctipalustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade differ from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D3622F2FFC61A400" box="[846,1134,1815,1839]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D3622F2FFC61A400" box="[846,1134,1815,1839]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D4512F2EFCD0A400" bold="true" box="[1149,1247,1814,1839]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B715FFE9D4512F2EFCD0A400" box="[1149,1247,1814,1839]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as follows:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D5AE2F20F94EA47C" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dattatreyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D5AE2F20F94EA47C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">N. dattatreyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B715FFE9D22A2F02FAC7A47C" box="[518,712,1850,1875]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.925" metricValueMax="4.2299999999999995" metricValueMin="3.62" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="39.25" valueMax="42.3" valueMin="36.2">36.2 to 42.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
), third finger disc without dorso-terminal grove, fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal grove cover notched distally;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D2FD2F58FB44A458" box="[721,843,1888,1911]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vrijeuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D2FD2F58FB44A458" box="[721,843,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">N. vrijeuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B715FFE9D43C2F67FCDDA458" box="[1040,1234,1887,1911]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.025" metricValueMax="4.31" metricValueMin="3.7399999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="40.25" valueMax="43.1" valueMin="37.4">37.4 to 43.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
), third finger disc without dorso-terminal grove, fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal grove cover notched distally;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D52B2FBBFD73A4B4" box="[1287,1404,1923,1947]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiradi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D52B2FBBFD73A4B4" box="[1287,1404,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">N. shiradi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B715FFE9D1112F9FFA0BA490" box="[317,516,1958,1983]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.315" metricValueMax="2.75" metricValueMin="1.88" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="23.15" valueMax="27.5" valueMin="18.8">18.8 to 27.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), with small webbing, fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal grove cover notched distally;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B715FFE9D0DB2FF4F9D9A4CD" authority="Is" authorityName="Is" box="[247,470,1995,2019]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B715FFE9D0DB2FF4F9B2A4CC" box="[247,445,1995,2019]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">N. sanctipalustris</emphasis>
|
||
Is
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
smª11er (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B715FFE9D2512FF3FB37A4CC" box="[637,824,1995,2020]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.165" metricValueMax="3.76" metricValueMin="2.57" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="31.65" valueMax="37.6" valueMin="25.7">25.7 to 37.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
), third finger disc without dorso-terminal grove, fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal grove cover notched distally;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D30828A1FBE1A39F" box="[804,1006,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karnatakaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D30828A1FBE1A39F" box="[804,1006,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. karnatakaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger (SVL 56.0 to
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B714FFE8D4C328AFFD58A39F" box="[1263,1367,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.38" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="63.8">63.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), with extensive webbing, third finger disc with dorso-terminal grove cover rounded distally, fourth toe disc with dorsoterminal grove cover rounded distally.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D26728D8FB6DA3D7" box="[587,866,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D26728D8FB6DA3D7" box="[587,866,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B714FFE8D34528E7FBCCA3D7" box="[873,963,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D34528E7FBCCA3D7" bold="true" box="[873,963,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
exhibited 3.41–4.62% genetic divergence to these species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0032BB714FFE8D17F293CF9A9A233" box="[339,422,260,285]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,944,967]" captionTargetBox="[159,1413,1036,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Single (*) and double call (**) characteristics of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B71DFFE1D0BB2B88FC71A0E8" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="DF3D6618B71DFFE1D0BB2B88FC71A0E8">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
S).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B714FFE8D0EB2910FD98A113" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D0EB2910F9D2A26F" box="[199,477,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D0EB2910F9D2A26F" box="[199,477,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D1C8291FFA31A26F" bold="true" box="[484,574,295,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B714FFE8D1C8291FFA31A26F" box="[484,574,295,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is syntopic with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D2D22911FBC0A26F" box="[766,975,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D2D22911FBC0A26F" box="[766,975,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B714FFE8D3F1291FFC44A26F" box="[989,1099,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1105,1127]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,200,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1084]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species of Nyctibatrachus in Kathalekan. a. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis, b. N. jog and c. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286080/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
a) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D4B42911FCD2A210" box="[1176,1245,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D4B42911FCD2A210" box="[1176,1245,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B714FFE8D4C7291FFD56A26F" box="[1259,1369,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1105,1127]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,200,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1084]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species of Nyctibatrachus in Kathalekan. a. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis, b. N. jog and c. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286080/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
b) but can be distinguished in the field from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D2612975FB2FA24B" box="[589,800,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D2612975FB2FA24B" box="[589,800,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having medium to large adult size SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B714FFE8D53F2974F8CCA2A8" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.51" metricValueMax="4.74" metricValueMin="4.279999999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="45.099999999999994" valueMax="47.4" valueMin="42.8">42.8 to 47.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(vs small adult size SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B714FFE8D1D42957FABFA2A7" box="[504,688,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9949999999999999" metricValueMax="2.44" metricValueMin="1.55" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="19.95" valueMax="24.4" valueMin="15.5">15.5 to 24.4mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D2F72949FBA0A2A7" box="[731,943,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D2F72949FBA0A2A7" box="[731,943,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), finger and toe disc weak to moderately developed (vs finger and toe disc well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D32A29ADFBD4A283" box="[774,987,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D32A29ADFBD4A283" box="[774,987,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), glandular dorsum without any spiny projections in the anterior half, glandular corrugations irregular without specific pattern (vs less wrinkled dorsal skin with prominent granular projections in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D28729E5FB8DA2DB" box="[683,898,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D28729E5FB8DA2DB" box="[683,898,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), webbing medium (vs webbing small in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D5AE29E5F948A137" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D5AE29E5F948A137" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), egg clutches covered with mud (vs eggs without mud packing in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D47D2A39FD2BA137" box="[1105,1316,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D47D2A39FD2BA137" box="[1105,1316,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), eggs are laid at the edges of the slow flowing streams (vs eggs are laid at the slushy edges of steams in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D49B2A1DFD88A113" box="[1207,1415,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D49B2A1DFD88A113" box="[1207,1415,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B714FFE8D0EB2A70FC04A017" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D0EB2A70F9D2A14F" box="[199,477,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D0EB2A70F9D2A14F" box="[199,477,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D1CF2A7FFA33A14F" bold="true" box="[483,572,583,608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B714FFE8D1CF2A7FFA33A14F" box="[483,572,583,608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be distinguished in the field from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D3C02A71FC3FA170" box="[1004,1072,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D3C02A71FC3FA170" box="[1004,1072,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having medium to large adult size SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B714FFE8D1262A54F9C5A1AB" box="[266,458,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.51" metricValueMax="4.74" metricValueMin="4.279999999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="45.099999999999994" valueMax="47.4" valueMin="42.8">42.8 to 47.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(vs medium adult size SVL 33.1 to 39.0 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D42D2A55FC47A1AB" box="[1025,1096,621,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D42D2A55FC47A1AB" box="[1025,1096,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), finger and toe disc weak to moderately developed (vs finger and toe discs well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D3B92AA9FBD2A188" box="[917,989,656,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D3B92AA9FBD2A188" box="[917,989,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), glandular dorsum without any spiny projections in the anterior half, glandular corrugations irregular without specific pattern (vs relatively weakly wrinkled dorsal skin with prominent glandular projections in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D36E2AE1FB89A1C0" box="[834,902,728,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D36E2AE1FB89A1C0" box="[834,902,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), egg clutches with
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD19B714FFE8D4492AE0FCA2A1DF" box="[1125,1197,728,752]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="egg">8 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
and are covered with mud (vs egg clutches with
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD19B714FFE8D1E42AC4FA2FA03A" box="[456,544,764,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="egg">52 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
without mud packing in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D3102AC5FB8EA03B" box="[828,897,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D3102AC5FB8EA03B" box="[828,897,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), eggs are laid at the edges of the slow flowing streams (vs eggs are laid at the edges and above the flowing streams in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D39A2B19FBF4A018" box="[950,1019,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D39A2B19FBF4A018" box="[950,1019,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B714FFE8D0BB2E4CF936A5E8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286081/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[151,1436,877,1630]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B714FFE8D0BB2E4CF936A5E8" blockId="13.[151,1437,1652,1735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D0BB2E4CF92DA5A6" bold="true" box="[151,290,1652,1674]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Female and Male SVL (Mean±Sd, in mm) and clutch size (Mean±Sd) in three allopatric (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D4C32E4DFD7BA5A5" box="[1263,1396,1652,1674]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D4C32E4DFD7BA5A5" box="[1263,1396,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D5A82E4DF8E1A587" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D5A82E4DF8E1A587" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D1062EABF962A587" box="[298,365,1683,1704]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D1062EABF962A587" box="[298,365,1683,1704]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and three sympatric (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D2442EABFAA4A587" box="[616,683,1683,1704]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D2442EABFAA4A587" box="[616,683,1683,1704]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D2912EABFB70A587" box="[701,895,1682,1704]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D2912EABFB70A587" box="[701,895,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D3972EAAFCB3A587" box="[955,1212,1682,1704]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D3972EAAFCB3A587" box="[955,1212,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D4EB2EABFD12A587" bold="true" box="[1223,1309,1683,1704]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B714FFE8D4EB2EABFD12A587" box="[1223,1309,1683,1704]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D0BB2E89F93AA5E8" box="[151,309,1713,1735]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctibatrachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B714FFEBD0EB2ED6F9F4A17D" blockId="13.[151,1437,1774,2015]" lastBlockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D0EB2ED6FA97A428" bold="true" box="[199,664,1774,1799]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Reproductive character displacement.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproductive characteristics of 13 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D4EE2ED6FD62A429" box="[1218,1389,1774,1798]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D4EE2ED6FD62A429" box="[1218,1389,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are presented in Table 4. Detailed reproductive characteristics were available for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D3D22F2BFC82A404" box="[1022,1165,1811,1835]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D3D22F2BFC82A404" box="[1022,1165,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D4B02F2BFD12A405" box="[1180,1309,1811,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D4B02F2BFD12A405" box="[1180,1309,1811,1834]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D5002F2BFD7EA405" box="[1324,1393,1811,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D5002F2BFD7EA405" box="[1324,1393,1811,1834]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D5AE2F2BF90AA461" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D5AE2F2BF90AA461" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, spatially non-overlapping and allopatric, as evidenced from the genetic tree in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B714FFE8D52F2F0EFD67A460" box="[1283,1384,1846,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,189,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[154,1429,177,1276]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 nominal species of Nyctibatrachus and an outgroup (Indirana sp.) based on mitochondrial 16 S rRNA. Number at the branches indicate bootstrap values. Bootstrap values less than 50 are indicated with an asterisk. Area marked with grey belong to N. sanctipalustris clade." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286077/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D5AE2F0FF948A45C" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D5AE2F0FF948A45C" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B714FFE8D1AF2F63FA94A45C" box="[387,667,1883,1907]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B714FFE8D1AF2F63FA94A45C" box="[387,667,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(spatially overlapping and sympatric). On comparing reproductive characters between these two groups, we found less difference among the allopatric species and significant difference between the sympatric species with respect to SVL (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B714FFE8D3792F9AFBCBA494" box="[853,964,1954,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1652,1674]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,877,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,877,1630]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Female and Male SVL (Mean ± Sd, in mm) and clutch size (Mean ± Sd) in three allopatric (N. humayuni, N. petraeus and N. jog) and three sympatric (N. jog, N. kempholeyensis and Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov.) species of Nyctibatrachus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286081/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Figure 11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0032BB714FFE8D3F42F9AFC24A494" box="[984,1067,1954,1979]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,239,836,859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1393,1049,1748]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 5. Comparison of SVL (in mm, male and female) of allopatric and sympatric species of Nyctibatrachus using unpaired one tailed T-test with Bonferroni corrections for repeated measures. Numbers in parenthesis are p-values. Area in grey indicate allopatric species. NH _ M— Nyctibatrachus humayuni male, NH _ F— N. humayuni female, NP _ M— N. petraeus male. NP _ F— N. petraeus female, NJ _ M— N. jog male, NJ _ F— N. jog female, NK _ M— N. kempholeyensis male NK _ F— N. kempholeyensis female, NKU _ M— Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. male, NKU _ F— Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF9A7A0D3" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="DF3D6618B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF9A7A0D3">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
details unpaired one tailed T test to compare allopatric and sympatric species. The remaining reproductive characters were subjected to non-metric magnification under 1.0x objective)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B717FFEBD05B2A25FECBA11B" box="[119,1732,540,564]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD05B2A25FECBA11B" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[119,1732,540,564]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD05B2A25F8E7A11B" bold="true" box="[119,232,541,564]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological variations among the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD2F22A24FB72A11C" box="[734,893,540,563]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD2F22A24FB72A11C" box="[734,893,540,563]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(*third finger and fourth toe disc as seen under the microscope Leica MZ75 (6.3
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52A62FEDEA15E" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1745,602,625]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">Species SVL(mm, *Third finger disc *Fourth toe disc Femoral Webbing</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD1CC2A4FFDF5A183" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">maximum size of gland in adult ♂and♀) male</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52A8CFEC5A1E3" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,692,716]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52A8CF94DA1E4" box="[137,322,692,715]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthodermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52A8CF94DA1E4" box="[137,322,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. acanthodermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
49.7 to 66.2 without groove with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD40A2AEBFCC1A1C5" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[1062,1230,723,746]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52AD7FEC5A028" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,751,775]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52AD7F8E1A029" box="[137,238,751,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aliciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52AD7F8E1A029" box="[137,238,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. aliciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
20.5 to 32.0 with dorso-terminal groove, with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD2932B36FCDAA00A" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[703,1237,782,805]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">cover notched distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52B13FEB4A06C" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1723,811,835]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52B13F94BA06D" box="[137,324,811,834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52B13F94BA06D" box="[137,324,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. anamallaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13.1 to 17.4 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Absent
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD2932B72FCDAA04E" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[703,1237,842,865]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">cover bifurcate distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52B5FFEB4A050" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1723,871,895]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52B5FF907A051" box="[137,264,871,894]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52B5FF907A051" box="[137,264,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. beddomii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13.3 to 18.0 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Absent
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD2932BBEFCDAA0B2" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[703,1237,902,925]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">cover bifurcate distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52B89FEC5A0E6" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,945,969]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52B89F8E0A0E7" box="[137,239,945,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="danieli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52B89F8E0A0E7" box="[137,239,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. danieli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
24.9 to 35.1 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Absent Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD2932BE8FCC1A0C8" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[703,1230,976,999]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">cover rounded distally rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52BD5FEC5A72A" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,1005,1029]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52BD5F949A72B" box="[137,326,1005,1028]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dattatreyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52BD5F949A72B" box="[137,326,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. dattatreyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
36.2 to 42.3 without dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD40A2C34FCC4A70C" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[1062,1227,1036,1059]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">notched distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52C11FED7A76E" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1752,1065,1089]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52C11F92AA76F" box="[137,293,1065,1088]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deccanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52C11F92AA76F" box="[137,293,1065,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. deccanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
17.4 to 26.2 without dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Rudiment
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD40A2C70FCDAA770" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[1062,1237,1096,1119]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52C5DFEC5A752" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,1125,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52C5DF8E4A753" box="[137,235,1125,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deveni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52C5DF8E4A753" box="[137,235,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. deveni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
22.6 to 33.6 with dorso-terminal groove, with dorso-terminal groove, cover Absent Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD2932CBBFCDAA7B5" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[703,1237,1155,1178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">cover notched distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52C98FEC5A797" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,1184,1208]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52C98F8DBA798" box="[137,212,1184,1207]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52C98F8DBA798" box="[137,212,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. gavi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
49.5 to 60.1 without dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD40A2C87FCC1A7F9" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[1062,1230,1215,1238]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52CE4FEC5A7DB" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,1244,1268]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52CE4F8F8A7DC" box="[137,247,1244,1267]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52CE4F8F8A7DC" box="[137,247,1244,1267]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
56.8 to 76.9 without dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD40A2CC3FCC1A63D" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[1062,1230,1275,1298]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52D20FEC5A61F" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,1304,1328]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52D20F901A600" box="[137,270,1304,1327]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52D20F901A600" box="[137,270,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
32.8 to 50.6 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD2932D0EFCC1A662" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[703,1230,1334,1357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">cover rounded distally rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52D6BFEC5A644" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,1363,1387]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52D6BF901A645" box="[137,270,1363,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indraneili">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52D6BF901A645" box="[137,270,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. indraneili</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
42.5 to 50.8 without groove without groove Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52D49FEC5A6A6" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1738,1393,1417]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52D49F8C6A6A7" box="[137,201,1393,1416]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52D49F8C6A6A7" box="[137,201,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
33.1 to 39.0 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD2932DA8FCC1A688" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[703,1230,1424,1447]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">cover rounded distally rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52D95FED7A6EA" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[137,1752,1453,1477]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52D95F94AA6EB" box="[137,325,1453,1476]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karnatakaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52D95F94AA6EB" box="[137,325,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. karnatakaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
56.0 to 63.8 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Extensive
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD2932DF4FCC1A6CC" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" box="[703,1230,1484,1507]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">cover rounded distally rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEBD0A52DD0FCC1A531" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B717FFEBD0A52DD0F945A6D0" box="[137,330,1512,1535]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD0A52DD0F945A6D0" box="[137,330,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
15.5 to 24.4 with dorso-terminal groove, with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Small cover rounded distally rounded distally
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B717FFEAD5E62E1EFECAA198" blockId="14.[119,1807,540,1597]" lastBlockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B717FFEBD5E62E1EFF00A512" box="[1482,1807,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">……continued on the next page</emphasis>
|
||
Species SVL(mm, *Third finger disc *Fourth toe disc Femoral Webbing
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B716FFEAD0512A4FF97DA1A1" box="[125,370,631,654]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0512A4FF97DA1A1" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[125,370,631,654]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0512A4FF8E1A1A1" bold="true" box="[125,238,631,654]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
(Continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD1FF2A87FDE2A1DC" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">maximum size of gland in adult ♂and♀) male</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0512AC3FEB1A03C" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[125,1726,763,787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0512AC3F971A03D" box="[125,382,763,786]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0512AC3F971A03D" box="[125,382,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 42.8 to 47.4 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0512B21FCC7A01F" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[125,1224,793,816]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">nov. cover notched distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2B0EFEB1A061" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,822,846]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72B0EF8D6A062" box="[155,217,822,845]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72B0EF8D6A062" box="[155,217,822,845]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
31.5 to 54.2 without dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove, covers Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD4352B6DFCCEA043" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[1049,1217,853,876]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2B4AFEA0A0A5" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1711,882,906]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72B4AF8FCA0A6" box="[155,243,882,905]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72B4AF8FCA0A6" box="[155,243,882,905]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">minimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
10.0 to 14.8 with dorso-terminal groove, with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Absent
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2BA9FCC7A087" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1224,913,936]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover bifurcate distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2B8EFEA0A0E1" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1711,950,974]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72B8EF8D6A0E2" box="[155,217,950,973]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72B8EF8D6A0E2" box="[155,217,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
15.4 to 20.5 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Absent Absent
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2BECFCC7A0C4" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1224,980,1003]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover bifurcate distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2BC9FEB1A726" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,1009,1033]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72BC9F8E7A727" box="[155,232,1009,1032]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">periyar</emphasis>
|
||
24.2 to 29.9 with dorso-terminal groove, with dorsoterminal groove, cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2C28FCC7A708" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1224,1040,1063]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover notched distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2C15FEB1A76A" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,1069,1093]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72C15F8FAA76B" box="[155,245,1069,1092]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72C15F8FAA76B" box="[155,245,1069,1092]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
35.1 to 47.6 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2C74FCCEA74C" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1217,1100,1123]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover rounded distally rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2C50FEB1A7AF" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,1128,1152]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72C50F8D6A750" box="[155,217,1128,1151]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">pillaii</emphasis>
|
||
20.0 to 25.4 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Absent Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2CB0FCC7A7B0" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1224,1160,1183]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover bifurcate distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2C9CFEB1A793" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,1188,1212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72C9CF8E7A794" box="[155,232,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">poocha</emphasis>
|
||
25.3 to 37.5 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2CFBFCC7A7F5" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1224,1219,1242]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover bifurcate distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2CD8FEB1A7D7" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,1248,1272]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72CD8F93BA7D8" box="[155,308,1248,1271]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72CD8F93BA7D8" box="[155,308,1248,1271]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">sanctipalustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
25.7 to 37.6 without dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD4352CC7FCB0A639" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[1049,1215,1279,1302]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">notched distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2D24FEADA61B" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1698,1308,1332]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72D24F8EAA61C" box="[155,229,1308,1331]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiradi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72D24F8EAA61C" box="[155,229,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">shiradi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
18.8 to 27.5 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Small
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2D02FCB0A67E" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1215,1338,1361]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover notched distally notched distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2D60FEB1A640" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,1368,1391]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72D60F90DA640" box="[155,258,1368,1391]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72D60F90DA640" box="[155,258,1368,1391]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
27.5 to 36.2 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2D4EFCCEA6A2" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1217,1398,1421]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover rounded distally rounded distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2DABFEB1A684" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,1427,1451]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72DABF8FCA685" box="[155,243,1427,1450]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vasanthi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72DABF8FCA685" box="[155,243,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">vasanthi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
21.9 to 37.0 with dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD29F2D8AFCC7A6E6" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[691,1224,1458,1481]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">cover bifurcate distally bifurcate distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD0BD2DF7FEB1A6C8" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[145,1726,1487,1511]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B716FFEAD0B72DF7F8E3A6C9" box="[155,236,1487,1510]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vrijeuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B716FFEAD0B72DF7F8E3A6C9" box="[155,236,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">vrijeuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
37.4 to 43.1 without dorso-terminal groove with dorso-terminal groove, cover Present Medium
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B716FFEAD4352DD6FCB0A52A" blockId="15.[125,1733,631,1541]" box="[1049,1215,1518,1541]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">notched distally</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B708FFF4D0BB28AFFD87A24B" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
multidimensional analysis.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B708FFF4D1F828AFFA4AA39F" box="[468,581,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,851,873]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,199,830]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,194,835]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Non-metric multidimensional scale (NMDS) analysis of allopatric and sympatric species of Nyctibatrachus based on SVL (both male and female), maximum number of eggs in a clutch, type of amplexus, parental care, mud covering behavior, oviposition site and position of male and female at oviposition. Allopatric species namely N. humayuni, N. petraeus and N. jog are clustered in one group, while N. kempholeyensis and Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. forms two distinct clusters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286082/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
illustrates the NMDS plot based on SVL (male and female), maximum number of eggs in a clutch,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98832B708FFF4D1DB2885FA28A3FA" box="[503,551,189,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of amplexus (absence=0, loose abbreviated=1, axillary=2), parental care (absent=0, by male=1, by both male and female=2), mud covering behavior (absence=0, presence=1), oviposition site (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B708FFF4D0F1293CF913A233" box="[221,284,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="10.0">10cm</quantity>
|
||
from water=1,>10 and <
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B708FFF4D212293CFA8CA233" box="[574,643,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
from water=2,>
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B708FFF4D36E293CFB8EA233" box="[834,897,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="30.0">30cm</quantity>
|
||
from water=3) and position of male and female at the time of oviposition (upright=1, handstand=2) among the overlapping and non-overlapping groups (stress value = 0.11). There is a clear clustering of allopatric species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D34A2974FC1EA24B" box="[870,1041,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D34A2974FC1EA24B" box="[870,1041,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to sympatric species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B708FFF4D5262974FD74A24B" box="[1290,1403,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,851,873]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,199,830]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,194,835]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Non-metric multidimensional scale (NMDS) analysis of allopatric and sympatric species of Nyctibatrachus based on SVL (both male and female), maximum number of eggs in a clutch, type of amplexus, parental care, mud covering behavior, oviposition site and position of male and female at oviposition. Allopatric species namely N. humayuni, N. petraeus and N. jog are clustered in one group, while N. kempholeyensis and Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. forms two distinct clusters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286082/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B708FFF4D0EB2948FD47A1AA" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
For the co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species call characteristic features were subjected to statistical analysis. Overall call characteristic features (duration and peak frequency) between all COCG species were significantly different (ANCOVA, F=669.1, P<0.00001). On pairwise comparison of call characterstics of COCG species, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D14129E5F9BDA2DB" box="[365,434,477,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D14129E5F9BDA2DB" box="[365,434,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D1C429E5FA63A2DB" box="[488,620,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D1C429E5FA63A2DB" box="[488,620,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANCOVA, F<1, p>0.5), remaining COCG species exhibited significant difference (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0032BB708FFF4D13229C7F972A137" box="[286,381,511,536]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="18.[151,239,1034,1057]" captionTargetBox="[151,1323,1212,1640]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 6. Size corrected pairwise comparison of call characteristic features of COCG species using ANCOVA. p-values in parenthesis. NJ _ pf / du— N. jog peak frequency and duration; NK _ pf 1 / du 1 — N. kempholeyensis peak frequency and duration for call Type I; NK _ pf 2 / du 2 — N. kempholeyensis peak frequency and duration for call Type II; NKU _ pf 1 / du 1 — Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. peak frequency and duration for single call; NKU _ pf 2 / du 2 — Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. peak frequency and duration for double call." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B70BFFF7D0BB2C32FB3EA78E" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="DF3D6618B70BFFF7D0BB2C32FB3EA78E">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
). Amplexus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D26F2A39FA9FA138" box="[579,656,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D26F2A39FA9FA138" box="[579,656,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is loose amplexus, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D42C2A39FCD6A137" box="[1024,1241,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D42C2A39FCD6A137" box="[1024,1241,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KVG personal observation) and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D1562A1DFA0FA113" box="[378,512,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D1562A1DFA0FA113" box="[378,512,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is axillary. Oviposition site for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D3AF2A1DFBC7A113" box="[899,968,549,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D3AF2A1DFBC7A113" box="[899,968,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is wet rock surfaces, overhanging leaves and tree bark above
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B708FFF4D1AD2A7FF9C7A170" box="[385,456,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
|
||
to ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B708FFF4D1D22A70FA5BA170" box="[510,596,584,608]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="200.0">200 cm</quantity>
|
||
from the bottom of stream, but it was only
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B708FFF4D4622A70FCBDA170" box="[1102,1202,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="7.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="4.0">4−10 cm</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D4C82A71FD64A14F" box="[1252,1387,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D4C82A71FD64A14F" box="[1252,1387,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and within
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B708FFF4D0C92A54F925A1AB" box="[229,298,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D1752A55FA25A1AB" box="[345,554,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D1752A55FA25A1AB" box="[345,554,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Egg clutch size significantly differed among COCG species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0032BB708FFF4D4CF2A54FD35A1AA" box="[1251,1338,620,645]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,239,836,859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1393,1049,1748]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 5. Comparison of SVL (in mm, male and female) of allopatric and sympatric species of Nyctibatrachus using unpaired one tailed T-test with Bonferroni corrections for repeated measures. Numbers in parenthesis are p-values. Area in grey indicate allopatric species. NH _ M— Nyctibatrachus humayuni male, NH _ F— N. humayuni female, NP _ M— N. petraeus male. NP _ F— N. petraeus female, NJ _ M— N. jog male, NJ _ F— N. jog female, NK _ M— N. kempholeyensis male NK _ F— N. kempholeyensis female, NKU _ M— Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. male, NKU _ F— Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF9A7A0D3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="DF3D6618B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF9A7A0D3">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B708FFF4D0EB2AA8FBF7A03A" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Most significant reproductive character displacement is in terms of parental care.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D4AF2AA8FD93A187" box="[1155,1436,656,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D4AF2AA8FD93A187" box="[1155,1436,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
covers eggs with mud, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D1CA2A8DFA23A1E3" box="[486,556,693,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D1CA2A8DFA23A1E3" box="[486,556,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D2492A8DFB37A1E3" box="[613,824,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D2492A8DFB37A1E3" box="[613,824,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not cover the eggs, but attend the egg clutches. In terms of breeding period, again there is an overlap between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D37C2AE1FBD7A1DF" box="[848,984,728,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D37C2AE1FBD7A1DF" box="[848,984,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D43F2AE1FCE9A1DF" box="[1043,1254,728,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D43F2AE1FCE9A1DF" box="[1043,1254,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D0F82AC5F916A03B" box="[212,281,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D0F82AC5F916A03B" box="[212,281,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which breeds only during monsoon (KVG personal observation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF9A7A0D3" ID-Table-UUID="DF3D6618B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF9A7A0D3" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF9A7A0D3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[159,1393,1049,1748]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF9A7A0D3" blockId="17.[151,1437,836,1020]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D0BB2B7CF904A074" bold="true" box="[151,267,836,859]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of SVL (in mm, male and female) of allopatric and sympatric species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D49B2B7CFD56A073" box="[1207,1369,836,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D49B2B7CFD56A073" box="[1207,1369,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using unpaired one tailed T-test with Bonferroni corrections for repeated measures. Numbers in parenthesis are p-values. Area in grey indicate allopatric species. NH_M—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D2552BBCFB82A0B3" box="[633,909,900,924]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D2552BBCFB82A0B3" box="[633,909,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Nyctibatrachus humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, NH_F—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D41B2BBDFCCEA0B3" box="[1079,1217,900,924]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D41B2BBDFCCEA0B3" box="[1079,1217,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, NP_M—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D5A82BBDF8FCA093" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D5A82BBDF8FCA093" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male. NP_F—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D1B52B9DFA19A093" box="[409,534,933,956]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D1B52B9DFA19A093" box="[409,534,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, NJ_M—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D2FA2B9DFB14A093" box="[726,795,933,956]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D2FA2B9DFB14A093" box="[726,795,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, NJ_F—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D3902B9DFC0EA093" box="[956,1025,933,956]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D3902B9DFC0EA093" box="[956,1025,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, NK_M—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D4FF2B9DFD94A093" box="[1235,1435,932,956]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D4FF2B9DFD94A093" box="[1235,1435,932,956]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male NK_F—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D11C2BFDF9F7A0F3" box="[304,504,964,988]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D11C2BFDF9F7A0F3" box="[304,504,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, NKU_M—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D2FF2BFCFBD2A0F3" box="[723,989,964,988]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D2FF2BFCFBD2A0F3" box="[723,989,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D3C92BFDFC32A0F3" bold="true" box="[997,1085,965,988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B708FFF4D3C92BFDFC32A0F3" box="[997,1085,965,988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
male, NKU_F—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B708FFF4D4D52BFCF8F9A0D3" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D4D52BFCF8F9A0D3" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B708FFF4D0D02BDDF95DA0D3" bold="true" box="[252,338,997,1020]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B708FFF4D0D02BDDF95DA0D3" box="[252,338,997,1020]" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B708FFF4D11D2C21FD59A5FB" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<table id="F942C430B708001AD0B32C21FD7EA5FB" box="[159,1393,1049,1748]" gridcols="10" gridrows="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32C21FD7EA763" box="[159,1393,1049,1100]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD11D2C21F97FA763" box="[305,368,1049,1100]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NH_F n=8</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD1882C21F9E8A763" box="[420,487,1049,1100]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NP_M n=11</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD2362C21FA58A763" box="[538,599,1049,1100]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NP_F n=8</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD2AA2C21FADEA763" box="[646,721,1049,1100]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NJ_M n=13</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD32F2C21FB30A763" box="[771,831,1049,1100]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NJ_F n=9</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD3422C21FBCAA763" box="[878,965,1049,1100]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NK_M n=11</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD3D72C21FC5DA763" box="[1019,1106,1049,1100]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NK_F n=9</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2C21FCEEA763" box="[1159,1249,1049,1100]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NKU_M n=6</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352C21FD7EA763" box="[1305,1393,1049,1100]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NKU_F n=5</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32C58FD7EA7BB" box="[159,1393,1120,1172]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32C58F8F6A7BB" box="[159,249,1120,1172]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NH_M n=9</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD11D2C58F97FA7BB" box="[305,368,1120,1172]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">1.53 (0.15)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD1882C58F9E8A7BB" box="[420,487,1120,1172]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.57 (0.58)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD2362C58FA58A7BB" box="[538,599,1120,1172]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.27 (0.79)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD2AA2C58FADEA7BB" box="[646,721,1120,1172]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.28 (0.78)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD32F2C58FB30A7BB" box="[771,831,1120,1172]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.1 (0.92)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3422C58FBCAA7BB" box="[878,965,1120,1172]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">9.64 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3D72C58FC5DA7BB" box="[1019,1106,1120,1172]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">7.00 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2C58FCEEA7BB" box="[1159,1249,1120,1172]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">2.01 (0.07)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352C58FD7EA7BB" box="[1305,1393,1120,1172]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">1.86 (0.09)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32C90FD7EA7F3" box="[159,1393,1192,1244]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32C90F8F6A7F3" box="[159,249,1192,1244]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NH_F</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD1882C90F9E8A7F3" box="[420,487,1192,1244]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">1.25 (0.23)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD2362C90FA58A7F3" box="[538,599,1192,1244]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">2.13 (0.06)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD2AA2C90FADEA7F3" box="[646,721,1192,1244]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">2.25 (<0.05)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD32F2C90FB30A7F3" box="[771,831,1192,1244]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">2.07 (0.06)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3422C90FBCAA7F3" box="[878,965,1192,1244]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">11.97 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3D72C90FC5DA7F3" box="[1019,1106,1192,1244]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">9.33 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2C90FCEEA7F3" box="[1159,1249,1192,1244]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.07 (0.95)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352C90FD7EA7F3" box="[1305,1393,1192,1244]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.14 (0.90)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32CC8FD7EA60B" box="[159,1393,1264,1316]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32CC8F8F6A60B" box="[159,249,1264,1316]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NP_M</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD2362CC8FA58A60B" box="[538,599,1264,1316]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">1.12 (0.28)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD2AA2CC8FADEA60B" box="[646,721,1264,1316]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">1.23 (0.23)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD32F2CC8FB30A60B" box="[771,831,1264,1316]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.99 (0.34)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3422CC8FBCAA60B" box="[878,965,1264,1316]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">15.11 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3D72CC8FC5DA60B" box="[1019,1106,1264,1316]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">11.54 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2CC8FCEEA60B" box="[1159,1249,1264,1316]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">1.95 (0.07)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352CC8FD7EA60B" box="[1305,1393,1264,1316]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">1.67 (0.13)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32D00FD7EA643" box="[159,1393,1336,1388]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32D00F8F6A643" box="[159,249,1336,1388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NP_F</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD2AA2D00FADEA643" box="[646,721,1336,1388]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.01 (0.99)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD32F2D00FB30A643" box="[771,831,1336,1388]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.27 (0.79)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3422D00FBCAA643" box="[878,965,1336,1388]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">14.02 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3D72D00FC5DA643" box="[1019,1106,1336,1388]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">10.32 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2D00FCEEA643" box="[1159,1249,1336,1388]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">3.28 (<0.01)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352D00FD7EA643" box="[1305,1393,1336,1388]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">2.73 (0.02)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32DB8FD7EA69B" box="[159,1393,1408,1460]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32DB8F8F6A69B" box="[159,249,1408,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NJ_M</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD32F2DB8FB30A69B" box="[771,831,1408,1460]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.3 (0.77)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3422DB8FBCAA69B" box="[878,965,1408,1460]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">16.81 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3D72DB8FC5DA69B" box="[1019,1106,1408,1460]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">12.66 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2DB8FCEEA69B" box="[1159,1249,1408,1460]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">3.77 (0.002)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352DB8FD7EA69B" box="[1305,1393,1408,1460]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">2.97 (0.02)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32DF0FD7EA6D3" box="[159,1393,1480,1532]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32DF0F8F6A6D3" box="[159,249,1480,1532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NJ_F</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3422DF0FBCAA6D3" box="[878,965,1480,1532]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">17.3 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3D72DF0FC5DA6D3" box="[1019,1106,1480,1532]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">13.15 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2DF0FCEEA6D3" box="[1159,1249,1480,1532]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">3.49 (0.004)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352DF0FD7EA6D3" box="[1305,1393,1480,1532]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">2.75 (0.03)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32E28FD7EA56B" box="[159,1393,1552,1604]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32E28F8F6A56B" box="[159,249,1552,1604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NK_M</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD3D72E28FC5DA56B" box="[1019,1106,1552,1604]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">7.44 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2E28FCEEA56B" box="[1159,1249,1552,1604]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">22.19 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352E28FD7EA56B" box="[1305,1393,1552,1604]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">15.49 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32E60FD7EA5A3" box="[159,1393,1624,1676]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32E60F8F6A5A3" box="[159,249,1624,1676]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NK_F</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD4AB2E60FCEEA5A3" box="[1159,1249,1624,1676]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">18.29 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352E60FD7EA5A3" box="[1305,1393,1624,1676]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">12.28 (<0.001)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B708001AD0B32E98FD7EA5FB" box="[159,1393,1696,1748]" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="50" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB708001AD0B32E98F8F6A5FB" box="[159,249,1696,1748]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">NKU_M</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB708001AD5352E98FD7EA5FB" box="[1305,1393,1696,1748]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="50">0.11 (0.91)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B70BFFF7D0BB2B6BF8E4A0CC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286082/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[156,1428,199,830]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B70BFFF7D0BB2B6BF8E4A0CC" blockId="18.[151,1436,851,995]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D0BB2B6BF92BA047" bold="true" box="[151,292,851,873]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Non-metric multidimensional scale (NMDS) analysis of allopatric and sympatric species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D52D2B6BFD93A046" box="[1281,1436,851,873]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D52D2B6BFD93A046" box="[1281,1436,851,873]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on SVL (both male and female), maximum number of eggs in a clutch, type of amplexus, parental care, mud covering behavior, oviposition site and position of male and female at oviposition. Allopatric species namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D4BB2BAAFD16A089" box="[1175,1305,912,935]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D4BB2BAAFD16A089" box="[1175,1305,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D50A2BAAFD93A088" box="[1318,1436,914,935]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D50A2BAAFD93A088" box="[1318,1436,914,935]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D0E92B88F908A0EA" box="[197,263,944,965]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D0E92B88F908A0EA" box="[197,263,944,965]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are clustered in one group, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D2572B88FB34A0EA" box="[635,827,943,965]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D2572B88FB34A0EA" box="[635,827,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D3582B97FC7CA0EA" box="[884,1139,943,965]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D3582B97FC7CA0EA" box="[884,1139,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D4512B97FCDEA0EB" bold="true" box="[1149,1233,943,964]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B70BFFF7D4512B97FCDEA0EB" box="[1149,1233,943,964]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
forms two distinct clusters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6618B70BFFF7D0BB2C32FB3EA78E" ID-Table-UUID="DF3D6618B70BFFF7D0BB2C32FB3EA78E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6618B70BFFF7D0BB2C32FB3EA78E" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[151,1323,1212,1640]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B70BFFF7D0BB2C32FB3EA78E" blockId="18.[151,1436,1034,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D0BB2C32F905A70E" bold="true" box="[151,266,1034,1057]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">TABLE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Size corrected pairwise comparison of call characteristic features of COCG species using ANCOVA. p-values in parenthesis. NJ_pf/du—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D1972C12F9F0A76E" box="[443,511,1066,1089]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D1972C12F9F0A76E" box="[443,511,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
peak frequency and duration; NK_pf1/du1—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D3DF2C12FCB3A76E" box="[1011,1212,1065,1089]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D3DF2C12FCB3A76E" box="[1011,1212,1065,1089]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
peak frequency and duration for call Type I; NK_pf2/du2—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D27D2C72FB14A74E" box="[593,795,1097,1121]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D27D2C72FB14A74E" box="[593,795,1097,1121]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
peak frequency and duration for call Type II; NKU_pf1/ du1—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D0F52C51F9E9A7AE" box="[217,486,1129,1153]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D0F52C51F9E9A7AE" box="[217,486,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D1DC2C52FA46A7AE" bold="true" box="[496,585,1130,1153]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B70BFFF7D1DC2C52FA46A7AE" box="[496,585,1130,1153]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
peak frequency and duration for single call; NKU_pf2/du2—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D4D52C51F8F9A78E" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D4D52C51F8F9A78E" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">Nyctibatrachus kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D0D02CB2F95DA78E" bold="true" box="[252,338,1162,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B70BFFF7D0D02CB2F95DA78E" box="[252,338,1162,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
peak frequency and duration for double call.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B70BFFF7D1842C84F914A547" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<table id="F942C430B70B001AD0BB2C84FD24A547" box="[151,1323,1212,1640]" gridcols="5" gridrows="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B70B001AD0BB2C84FD24A7FD" box="[151,1323,1212,1234]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD1842C84FA27A7FD" box="[424,552,1212,1234]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">NK_pf1/du1</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD2BA2C84FB19A7FD" box="[662,790,1212,1234]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">NK_pf2/du2</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD3A12C84FC2FA7FD" box="[909,1056,1212,1234]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">NKU_pf1/du1</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD4B52C84FD24A7FD" box="[1177,1323,1212,1234]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">NKU_pf2/du2</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B70B001AD0BB2CDDFD24A635" box="[151,1323,1253,1306]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD0BB2CDDF93EA635" box="[151,305,1253,1306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">NJ_pf/du</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD1842CDDFA27A635" box="[424,552,1253,1306]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">863.8 (<0.01)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD2BA2CDDFB19A635" box="[662,790,1253,1306]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">0.4 (0.54)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD3A12CDDFC2FA635" box="[909,1056,1253,1306]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">0.2 (0.65)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD4B52CDDFD24A635" box="[1177,1323,1253,1306]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">0.01 (0.97)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B70B001AD0BB2D15FD24A64D" box="[151,1323,1325,1378]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD0BB2D15F93EA64D" box="[151,305,1325,1378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">NK_pf1/du1</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD2BA2D15FB19A64D" box="[662,790,1325,1378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">529.7 (<0.01)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD3A12D15FC2FA64D" box="[909,1056,1325,1378]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">354.7 (<0.01)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD4B52D15FD24A64D" box="[1177,1323,1325,1378]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">630.2 (<0.01)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B70B001AD0BB2D4DFD24A685" box="[151,1323,1397,1450]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD0BB2D4DF93EA685" box="[151,305,1397,1450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">NK_pf2/du2</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD3A12D4DFC2FA685" box="[909,1056,1397,1450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">0.06 (0.82)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD4B52D4DFD24A685" box="[1177,1323,1397,1450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">0.28 (0.61)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B70B001AD0BB2D85FD24A6DD" box="[151,1323,1469,1522]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD0BB2D85F93EA6DD" box="[151,305,1469,1522]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">NKU_pf1/du1</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35DAEB70B001AD4B52D85FD24A6DD" box="[1177,1323,1469,1522]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">0.09 (0.77)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234D2B70B001AD0BB2E76FD24A547" box="[151,1323,1614,1640]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35DAEB70B001AD0BB2E76F93EA547" box="[151,305,1614,1640]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B70BFFF7D0BB2EB6FA07A4C5" blockId="18.[151,1437,1677,2027]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Anurans exhibit diverse reproductive strategies to overcome the limitation posed by external or internal fertilisation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70BFFF7D1012E8AF9BEA5E5" author="Beck" box="[301,433,1714,1739]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" refString="Beck, C. W. (1998) Mode of fertilization and parental care in anurans. Animal Behavior, 59, 439 - 449." type="journal article" year="1998">Beck 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), selective pressure of predators on aquatic eggs and tadpoles (Prado
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D52B2E8BFD49A5E5" box="[1287,1350,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005), prevailing environmental conditions both in space and time; and as a part of evolutionary process (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70BFFF7D4DE2EEEFD98A5C1" author="Jameson" box="[1266,1431,1749,1774]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" refString="Jameson, D. L. (1955) Evolutionary Trends in the Courtship and Mating Behavior of Salientia. Systematic Zoology, 4, 105 - 119. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2411863" type="journal article" year="1955">Jameson 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70BFFF7D0BB2EC2F9BCA43D" author="Duellman" box="[151,435,1786,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. (1994) Biology of amphibians. The Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, 670 pp." type="book" year="1994">Duellman & Trueb 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70BFFF7D1EC2EC2FA4CA43D" author="Wells" box="[448,579,1786,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" refString="Wells, K. D. (2007) The ecology and behavior of amphibians. University of Chicago Press, 461 - 487 pp." type="book chapter" year="2007">Wells 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70BFFF7D27C2EC2FB78A43D" author="Pfenning" box="[592,887,1786,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" refString="Pfenning, K. S. & Stewart, A. B. (2010) Asymmetric reproductive character displacement in male aggregation behavior. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 278 (1716), 2348 - 2354. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2010.2196" type="journal article" year="2010">Pfenning & Stewart 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Also r- and K-selection (MacArthur &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70BFFF7D5602EC2F8DFA419" author="Wilson" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" refString="Mac Arthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, N. J. Princeton University Press, 203 pp." type="book" year="1967">Wilson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) influence the reproductive strategies in anurans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70BFFF7D32E2F25FBD1A419" author="Nichols" box="[770,990,1821,1846]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" refString="Nichols, J. D., Conley, W., Batt, B. & Tipton, A. R. (1976) Temporally Dynamic Reproductive Strategies and the Concept of R- and K-Selection. The American Naturalist, 110, 995 - 1005." type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Nichols
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D34E2F27FB94A419" box="[866,923,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1976
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70BFFF7D4D42F26FD93A419" author="Stearns" box="[1272,1436,1822,1846]" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" refString="Stearns, S. C. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, 249 pp." type="book" year="1992">Stearns (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the concept of r- and K-selection is less meaningful due to varied range in life-history strategies seen in nature and does not make precise predictions. In the present study, we compared three co-occurring species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D4C62F5EFD9AA451" box="[1258,1429,1894,1918]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D4C62F5EFD9AA451" box="[1258,1429,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D0DD2FB3F938A48D" box="[241,311,1931,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D0DD2FB3F938A48D" box="[241,311,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D16A2FB3FA18A48D" box="[326,535,1930,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D16A2FB3FA18A48D" box="[326,535,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D27C2FB3FAD9A48D" box="[592,726,1930,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D27C2FB3FAD9A48D" box="[592,726,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and three allopatric species, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D4562FB3FD05A48D" box="[1146,1290,1930,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D4562FB3FD05A48D" box="[1146,1290,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D5362FB3FD92A48D" box="[1306,1437,1931,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D5362FB3FD92A48D" box="[1306,1437,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D0EA2F97F904A4E9" box="[198,267,1967,1990]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D0EA2F97F904A4E9" box="[198,267,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B70BFFF7D1352F95F984A4E9" box="[281,395,1965,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1105,1127]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,200,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1084]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species of Nyctibatrachus in Kathalekan. a. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis, b. N. jog and c. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286080/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D1B32F96FA7AA4E9" box="[415,629,1966,1990]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D1B32F96FA7AA4E9" box="[415,629,1966,1990]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">Nyctibatrachus jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is alloptric with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D3702F97FBE4A4E9" box="[860,1003,1966,1990]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D3702F97FBE4A4E9" box="[860,1003,1966,1990]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, however it is sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D5AE2F97F948A4C5" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D5AE2F97F948A4C5" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70BFFF7D1512FEBFA0EA4C5" box="[381,513,2002,2026]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70BFFF7D1512FEBFA0EA4C5" box="[381,513,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="51">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B70AFFF6D0EB28AFFB73A24A" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D0EB28AFF9FAA39F" bold="true" box="[199,501,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Significance of courtship.</emphasis>
|
||
Mate identification through tactile cues is an important non-vocal signal in anurans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D0B22884F9C7A3FB" author="Duellman" box="[158,456,188,213]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. (1994) Biology of amphibians. The Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, 670 pp." type="book" year="1994">Duellman & Trueb 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Male individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D2F82885FB51A3FB" box="[724,862,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D2F82885FB51A3FB" box="[724,862,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
called from a fixed site and amplected with an approaching female, which is similar to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D32028D8FB7EA3D7" box="[780,881,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D32028D8FB7EA3D7" box="[780,881,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Bombina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D3AD28D8FC1AA3D7" box="[897,1045,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Discoglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D3AD28D8FC1AA3D7" box="[897,1045,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Discoglossus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D40928D8FC9CA3D7" box="[1061,1171,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Pelobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D40928D8FC9CA3D7" box="[1061,1171,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Pelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D48828D8FD2AA3D7" box="[1188,1317,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Scaphiopodidae" genus="Scaphiopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D48828D8FD2AA3D7" box="[1188,1317,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Scaphiopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D51928D8FD65A3D7" box="[1333,1386,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D51928D8FD65A3D7" box="[1333,1386,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Bufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D0BB293DF962A233" authority="Wells 2007" authorityName="Wells" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,365,260,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D0BB293DF8DCA233" box="[151,211,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D0CC293CF969A233" author="Wells" box="[224,358,260,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Wells, K. D. (2007) The ecology and behavior of amphibians. University of Chicago Press, 461 - 487 pp." type="book chapter" year="2007">Wells 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D1BB293DFA13A233" box="[407,540,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D1BB293DFA13A233" box="[407,540,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the courtship behaviour exhibited by males and females by touching each other is perhaps to recognise the potential mate and to gauge the size of both individuals. However, all this remain very speculative and calls for further studies to ascertain the behaviour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B70AFFF6D0EB2957FB16A187" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D0EB2957FAD3A2A7" bold="true" box="[199,732,367,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Significance of mud pack on egg clutches.</emphasis>
|
||
Parental care in amphibians is the energy investment into offspring after fertilisation (for details refer to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D2B229ACFB2EA283" author="Wells" box="[670,801,404,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Wells, K. D. (2007) The ecology and behavior of amphibians. University of Chicago Press, 461 - 487 pp." type="book chapter" year="2007">Wells 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Egg attendance by male individuals has been attributed to protection of eggs from being damaged by intruding males, and deterring egg predation and preventing desiccation (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D16629E4FBC0A2DB" authority="Vockenhuber et al. 2009" authorityName="Vockenhuber et al." authorityYear="2009" box="[330,975,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valerioi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D16629E4FA88A2DB" box="[330,647,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Hyalinobatrachium valerioi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D2B629E4FBB2A2DB" author="Vockenhuber" box="[666,957,476,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Vockenhuber, E. A., Hodl, W. & Arpfen, U. K. (2009) Glassy Fathers Do Matter: Egg Attendance Enhances Embryonic Survivorship in the Glass Frog Hyalinobatrachium valerioi. Journal of Herpetology, 43, 340 - 344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 08 - 092 r 1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Vockenhuber
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D31629E5FB78A2DB" box="[826,887,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Parental care involving both male and female, only females and only males are well known (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D32E29C7FB86A137" author="Wells" box="[770,905,511,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Wells, K. D. (2007) The ecology and behavior of amphibians. University of Chicago Press, 461 - 487 pp." type="book chapter" year="2007">Wells 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). So far, there is no report of any other anuran species covering egg clutch with mud. Mud packing on egg clutches by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D3CB2A1DFC7FA113" box="[999,1136,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D3CB2A1DFC7FA113" box="[999,1136,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be attributed to, 1. minimising clutch dehydration as the outer capsule of terrestrial amphibian eggs are susceptible to dehydration by losing moisture to drier air (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D1C42A54FB1FA1AB" author="Duellman" box="[488,784,620,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. (1994) Biology of amphibians. The Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, 670 pp." type="book" year="1994">Duellman & Trueb 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 2. camouflage eggs as the eggs are very prominently pigmented to avoid predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D1C12AA8FA71A187" author="Crump" box="[493,638,655,680]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Crump, M. L. (1995) Parental care. In: Heatwole, H. & Sullivan, B. K. (Eds.), Amphibian biology. Vol. 2. Social behaviour. Surrey Beatty and Sons. Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia, pp. 518 - 567." type="book" year="1995">Crump 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D2A62AB7FB02A187" author="Wells" box="[650,781,655,680]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Wells, K. D. (2007) The ecology and behavior of amphibians. University of Chicago Press, 461 - 487 pp." type="book chapter" year="2007">Wells 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B70AFFF6D0EB2A8CF93DA71A" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D0EB2A8CFAADA1E2" bold="true" box="[199,674,692,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Reproductive Character Displacement.</emphasis>
|
||
Observed reproductive characters in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D47B2A8DFCAFA1E3" box="[1111,1184,693,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D47B2A8DFCAFA1E3" box="[1111,1184,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D49D2A8DFD4BA1E3" box="[1201,1348,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D49D2A8DFD4BA1E3" box="[1201,1348,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D5AE2A8DF8F8A1DF" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D5AE2A8DF8F8A1DF" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar with loose to abbreviated amplexus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D3102AE0FBC5A1DF" author="Kunte" box="[828,970,728,752]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Kunte, K. (2004) Natural history and reproductive Behavior of Nyctibatrachus cf. humayuni (family Ranidae: Anura). Herpetological Review, 35, 137 - 140." type="journal article" year="2004">Kunte 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D3F52AEFFCC6A1DF" author="Narahari" box="[985,1225,727,752]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Narahari, N. P., Gosavi, S. M. & Phuge, S. K. (2011) Unique courtship and spawning Behavior in the wrinkled frog, Nyctibatrachus humayuni. Amphibia-Reptilia, 32, 333 - 339. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 017353711 x 579786" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Narahari
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D46B2AE1FC8BA1DF" box="[1095,1156,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D4F62AEFFD98A1DF" author="Biju" box="[1242,1431,727,752]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Biju, S. D., Bocxlaer, I. V., Mahony, S., Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan, C., Zachariah, A., Giri, V. B. & Bossuyt, F. (2011) A taxonomic review of the Night Frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species. Zootaxa, 3029, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Biju
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D53A2AE1FD44A1DF" box="[1302,1355,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, detailed in Table 4). They belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D2792AC5FAEBA03B" box="[597,740,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D2792AC5FAEBA03B" box="[597,740,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade from the Northern Western Ghats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D4942AC4FD93A03B" author="Bocxlaer" box="[1208,1436,764,789]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Bocxlaer, I. V., Biju, S. D., Willaert, B., Giri, V. B., Shouche, Y. S. & Bossuyt, F. (2012) Mountain-associated clade endemism in an ancient frog family (Nyctibatrachidae) on the Indian subcontinent. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 839 - 847. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.11.027" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Bocxlaer
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D5092AC5FD59A03B" box="[1317,1366,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A15B70AFFF6D0EB2B27F926A017" box="[199,297,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,189,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[154,1429,177,1276]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 nominal species of Nyctibatrachus and an outgroup (Indirana sp.) based on mitochondrial 16 S rRNA. Number at the branches indicate bootstrap values. Bootstrap values less than 50 are indicated with an asterisk. Area marked with grey belong to N. sanctipalustris clade." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286077/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The minimal aerial distance between the known populations of this clade are
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D49C2B19FD8EA017" box="[1200,1409,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
N. jog-N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D50D2B19FD8EA017" box="[1313,1409,801,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">petraeus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B70AFFF6D0BB2B7CF8EFA072" box="[151,224,836,861]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" unit="km" value="97.0">97 km</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D0C72B7DF9C8A073" box="[235,455,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
N. jog-N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D1752B7CF9C8A073" box="[345,455,836,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">humayuni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B70AFFF6D1CB2B7CFA34A072" box="[487,571,836,861]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.31" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" unit="km" value="331.0">331 km</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D25C2B7DFB87A073" box="[624,904,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
N. petraeus-N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D3362B7CFB87A073" box="[794,904,836,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">humayuni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B75B70AFFF6D3852B7CFBF2A072" box="[937,1021,836,861]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" unit="km" value="164.0">164 km</quantity>
|
||
(distance calculated from the nearest verified population of the respective species using Google Earth). However, information on reproductive characters from other clades of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D1A12BB4FA37A08B" box="[397,568,908,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D1A12BB4FA37A08B" box="[397,568,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Western Ghats is lacking. Despite such limitation, on comparing reproductive characters between spatially non-overlapping allopatric to overlapping sympatric clades, we found differences in reproductive characters among the spatially overlapping taxa and reproductive character similarities in spatially non-overlapping taxa in a suite of character, which could be an indication for reproductive character displacement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD3690B70AFFF6D0EB2C07FCF7A6CA" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D0EB2C07FA1AA777" bold="true" box="[199,533,1087,1112]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Significance of new species.</emphasis>
|
||
Taxonomy for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D36C2C78FBE4A777" box="[832,1003,1088,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D36C2C78FBE4A777" box="[832,1003,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been stabilised in the recent past (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D0B32C5CF97BA752" author="Das" box="[159,372,1124,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Das, I. & Kunte, K. (2005) New species of Nyctibatrachus (Anura: Ranidae) from Castle Rock, Karnataka State, Southwest India. Journal of Herpetology, 39, 465 - 470. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 198 - 04 a. 1" type="journal article" year="2005">Das & Kunte 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D1532C5CFA42A753" author="Dinesh" box="[383,589,1124,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan, C., Reddy, A. H. M. & Gururaja, K. V. (2007) Nyctibatrachus karnatakaensis nom. nov., a replacement name for the Giant Wrinkled Frog from the Western Ghats. Current Science, 93, 246 - 250." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Dinesh
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D1F82C5DFA03A753" box="[468,524,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D2742C5CFB3CA752" author="Dinesh" box="[600,819,1124,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan, C., Reddy, A. H. M. & Gururaja, KV. (2008 b) Taxonomic reasoning: The case of giant wrinkled frog. Current Science, 94, 965 - 967." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Dinesh
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D2822C5DFAEAA753" box="[686,741,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a complete revision with the description of twelve new species has been recently made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B61B70AFFF6D2402CBFFB3AA78F" box="[620,821,1159,1184]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" refString="Biju, S. D., Bocxlaer, I. V., Mahony, S., Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan, C., Zachariah, A., Giri, V. B. & Bossuyt, F. (2011) A taxonomic review of the Night Frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species. Zootaxa, 3029, 1 - 96." type="journal article">
|
||
Biju
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D28A2CB1FAEEA78F" box="[678,737,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
providing baseline for comparisons across taxa. The discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D1192C95F9CFA7EB" box="[309,448,1196,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D1192C95F9CFA7EB" box="[309,448,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reiterates that there is need for systematic sampling across the Western Ghats for providing a comprehensive listing of amphibian species in the region. For delimiting species ranges and to appreciate mountain associated clade endemism in
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D2CF2CCCFB9BA623" box="[739,916,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D2CF2CCCFB9EA623" box="[739,913,1268,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctibatrachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sampling has to be very systematic covering altitudinal, latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D31A2D21FBB3A61F" box="[822,956,1304,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D31A2D21FBB3A61F" box="[822,956,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D3EF2D2FFC11A61F" bold="true" box="[963,1054,1303,1328]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557F9B70AFFF6D3EF2D2FFC11A61F" box="[963,1054,1303,1328]" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is distinct from known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D0BB2D04F94DA67B" box="[151,322,1340,1364]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D0BB2D04F94DA67B" box="[151,322,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in morphology, acoustics, breeding behavior and single gene genetic study, we still warrant multiple gene phylogenetic studies on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D2782D59FAD4A657" box="[596,731,1376,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D2782D59FAD4A657" box="[596,731,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to substantiate its specific phylogenetic relationship with the other members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D13B70AFFF6D1472DBCFA19A6B3" box="[363,534,1412,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA82B70AFFF6D1472DBCFA19A6B3" box="[363,534,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="52">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Apart from taxonomy and phylogeny, we stress the importance of studies on breeding behaviour, ecology and parental care in amphibians of the Western Ghats, which would provide a holistic and inclusive approach to understand the evolutionary significance of anurans in the Western Ghats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |