959 lines
111 KiB
XML
959 lines
111 KiB
XML
<document id="8A752DB6AB8B2468F7B9F19C6A9DCEC6" ID-DOI="10.1590/1519-6984.236498" ID-ISSN="1678-4375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11552757" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1718042757706" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mituiassu, L. M. P., Serdeiro, M. T., Vieira, R. R. B. T., Oliveira, L. S. & Maleck, M." docDate="2022" docId="03E6867B0E1D801A819C3A39FCE702BD" docLanguage="en" docName="BrazJBiol.82.e236498.pdf" docOrigin="Brazilian Journal of Biology (e 236498) 82" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.236498" docStyle="DocumentStyle:1DDA4544BCC4C9B5C0D0325B81F0E249.1:BrazJBiol.2022-.journal_article" docStyleId="1DDA4544BCC4C9B5C0D0325B81F0E249" docStyleName="BrazJBiol.2022-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Momordica charantia" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FFDFFE030E1F801E810C3928FFDF006D" masterDocTitle="Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae" masterLastPageNumber="6" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1727132408108" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8058BC76AAF11E2C5CB05EBA9CA09019">
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<mods:title id="B4EF1029C2B15A153608019CFCDE5062">Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="949F00E3C6BA945DF122027B525E66C9" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C42F2DEDA6B95A78C79E111FD774C1E5">Mituiassu, L. M. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AC3EE02063D0724C9A65DBD43A4771DA">Universidade de Vassouras, Laboratório de Insetos Vetores, Vassouras, RJ, Brasil & Universidade de Vassouras, Mestrado Profissional em Ciências Ambientais, Vassouras, RJ, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3D06C070D1B05BC17E266E24BE61D254">Serdeiro, M. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="633691674B76F1E808E8C3E0F1A44E15">Universidade de Vassouras, Laboratório de Insetos Vetores, Vassouras, RJ, Brasil & Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="1B5B287B7661F7D466BEC20992005C59" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F5BF4C25331CB36FD41CFBA06EB1B8D1">Vieira, R. R. B. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4FC829F1BA71594F203809FFEA2B9F95">Fundação Educacional Dom André Arcoverde, Faculdade de Medicina de Valença, Centro de Ensino Superior de Valença, Valença, RJ, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6335D4ADDFAD47C2A4F333BCBDD444D3">Oliveira, L. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="454F0F886EC7F26E759F577A763BE9EF">Universidade de Vassouras, Pró-Reitoria de Ciências da Saúde, Vassouras, RJ, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="631DE9526693783D01F907DFD9833761">Maleck, M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E23457CA1ACE8C15A96601F834A74310">Universidade de Vassouras, Laboratório de Insetos Vetores, Vassouras, RJ, Brasil & Universidade de Vassouras, Mestrado Profissional em Ciências Ambientais, Vassouras, RJ, Brasil & Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EA943E3BA04950F3B5FE90FFC87EC7A2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="409F2C5C892C3D281554DB022A86A2C1">Brazilian Journal of Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9F23C3A2A1F3CE173C870C0698479711">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="A7AA08EDA5A5EE044F423081CBFAFE25">e 236498</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="B6EA5450C1B289FC5322724405BBE238">2022-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="915E33E56C9AE4E57F7556151E1CAFD3">82</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8DC638DB776265EAFE12B6110F659AD0">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="834AA36571282085C58D9694E88A7894">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.236498</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="75B09B1602A28159B733EE265831541B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2D4A143AFDDAC2030B3D6B318CC6A01C" type="DOI">10.1590/1519-6984.236498</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="549ADEE8341DF232059B4B0B68BC421F" type="ISSN">1678-4375</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E6867B0E1D801A819C3A39FCE702BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13830988" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13830988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E6867B0E1D801A819C3A39FCE702BD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E6867B0E1D801A819C3A39FCE702BD" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C35564E60E1D801C819C3A39FDC80333" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801C819C3A39FDC80333" blockId="2.[112,662,785,1237]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Extraction from the flowers and fruits (EFF) of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1D801C817D3A05FF34032F" ID-CoL="73NNQ" authority="L." box="[113,235,813,834]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
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<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C817D3A05FF34032F" bold="true" box="[113,235,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">M. charantia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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yielded
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<quantity id="4CB79A880E1D801C80483A06FE4F032F" box="[324,400,814,834]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mg" value="330.0">330 mg</quantity>
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of AcOEt extract,
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<quantity id="4CB79A880E1D801C83453A06FD4A032F" box="[585,661,814,834]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mg" value="290.0">290 mg</quantity>
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of MeOH extract and
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<quantity id="4CB79A880E1D801C804E3A63FEA00333" box="[322,383,843,862]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mg" value="42.0">42 mg</quantity>
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of HEX extract.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35564E60E1D801D819C3A40FD4706F4" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801C819C3A40FD4904B8" blockId="2.[112,662,785,1237]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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The AcOEt extract used at a concentration of 100 µg/mL demonstrated behavioral alterations among larvae,with low mobility and lethargy within 24 hours of larval treatment (L3).Concerning the mosquito development cycle, the larval period was reduced by four days (7±1.2 days; P<0.0001) at a concentration of 100 µg/mL when compared with the testimony control group (11±2 days). In turn, the L3-adult period was reduced by three days (10±1.8 days; P<0.001) (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1D801C81FE3D66FEE8040C" box="[242,311,1102,1121]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[113,160,1268,1284]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Duration of development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1D801C817D3DDCFD2E0573" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1D801C817D3DDCFD2E0573">Table 1</tableCitation>
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(1A)) compared with the testimony control group (13±1.9 days). The same extract presented 96.7% (P<0.001) and 86.7% (P<0.001) larval mortality (L3) at concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, respectively, for up to 48 hours of treatment (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1D801C831B3DEAFD8504B8" box="[535,602,1218,1237]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[113,160,1268,1284]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Duration of development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1D801C817D3DDCFD2E0573" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1D801C817D3DDCFD2E0573">Table 1</tableCitation>
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(1B)).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801C83D539B1FCE8016E" blockId="2.[698,1249,153,1237]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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This extract revealed an LC
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<subScript id="17CB35280E1D801C82F9398EFBDB00DF" attach="left" box="[1013,1028,166,178]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">50</subScript>
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value of 37.2 µg/mL. In addition, bioassays with the AcOEt extract demonstrated larval viability (L3-L4) of only 3.3% (200 µg/mL) and 13.3% (100 µg/mL).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801C83D53825FBA902A2" blockId="2.[698,1249,153,1237]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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At lower concentrations, the AcOEt extract at 50 µg/mL reduced the larval period by four days (8.1±1.7 days; P<0.0001) as compared with the control testimony (12.5±3.1 days) (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1D801C82E1384BFBE7011B" box="[1005,1080,355,374]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1206,228,739]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 2. Duration of development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9">Table 2</tableCitation>
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(2A)). The time required for L3-to-adult development showed a reduction at concentrations of 10µg/mL (12.9±2.8 days; P<0.1) and 50 µg/mL (10.8±1.9 days; P<0.0001), in relation to the control testimony (15.3±3.3 days) (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1D801C859438FEFB000184" box="[1176,1247,470,489]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1206,228,739]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 2. Duration of development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9">Table 2</tableCitation>
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(2A)). The same extract showed low mortality among L
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<specimenCount id="9D49FCE40E1D801C85DA38DBFD28024F" count="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
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at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL (6.7% and 10%), respectively (as shown inTable 2 (2B)). Similarly, mortality was low in the case of L
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<specimenCount id="9D49FCE40E1D801C82F33B61FB950231" box="[1023,1098,585,604]" count="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="larva">4 larvae</specimenCount>
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(10 and 5%) (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1D801C82143B4EFC830214" box="[792,860,614,633]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1206,228,739]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 2. Duration of development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9">Table 2</tableCitation>
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(2B)). At the concentration of 50 µg/mL, the extract presented moderate mortality for L3 (40%) (P<0.01), but low mortality for L4 and pupae (13.3% and 3.5%), respectively (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1D801C82F93B94FBE502A2" box="[1013,1082,700,719]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1206,228,739]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 2. Duration of development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9">Table 2</tableCitation>
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(2B)).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801C83D53BF1FB4A03D8" blockId="2.[698,1249,153,1237]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Regarding the larval development period, the MeOH extract at concentration of 200 µg/mL (8.5 ± 0.9 days; P<0.0001) reduced the larval period, in comparison with the testimony control (11.8 ± 1.9 days). Besides, the pupal period at concentrations of 100 µg/mL (2.1 ± 0.4 days; P<0.01) and 200 µg/mL (4.5 ± 2.2 days; P<0.0001) were extended when compared with the testimony control group (1.7 ± 0.6 days) (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1D801C851E3A8AFB8803D8" box="[1042,1111,930,949]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="3.[113,160,846,862]" captionTargetBox="[129,1202,921,1357]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 3. Duration of the development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude methanol (MeOH) extract from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315">Table 3</tableCitation>
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(3A)).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801D83D53A97FE510592" blockId="2.[698,1249,153,1237]" lastBlockId="3.[112,664,1485,1689]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Twenty-four hours after treatment, the larvicidal activity of the MeOH extract of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1D801C82FB3AF2FBAF0382" box="[1015,1136,986,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mormodica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charantia">
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<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C82FB3AF2FBAF0382" bold="true" box="[1015,1136,986,1007]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">M. charantia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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resulted in low mobility and lethargy among the larvae. Mortality of L
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<specimenCount id="9D49FCE40E1D801C83EF3D3DFCF10445" box="[739,814,1045,1064]" count="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
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reached 70% (P<0.001) at the concentration of 200 µg/mL (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1D801C82BA3D1AFC270428" box="[950,1016,1074,1093]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="3.[113,160,846,862]" captionTargetBox="[129,1202,921,1357]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 3. Duration of the development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude methanol (MeOH) extract from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315">Table 3</tableCitation>
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(3B)), with 20% viability (P<0.01) for L3-adult development, resulting from larval disintegration and thus reducing the chances of larval emergence. This extract exhibited low toxicity at the concentration of 100µg/mL, with only 1.7% L3 larval mortality, 10% L4 larval mortality, and 3.3% pupal mortality (as shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6CD02D60E1C801D81E73CE5FEF2058D" box="[235,301,1485,1504]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="3.[113,160,846,862]" captionTargetBox="[129,1202,921,1357]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 3. Duration of the development (A) and mortality (B) of Aedes aegypti in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude methanol (MeOH) extract from the flowers and fruits of Momordica charantia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" tableUuid="DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315">Table 3</tableCitation>
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(3B)). Furthermore, the MeOH extract presented LC
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<subScript id="17CB35280E1C801D81FC3CD0FF210669" attach="left" box="[240,254,1528,1540]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50</subScript>
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= 129.6 µg/mL.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3067E50E1D801C817D3DDCFD2E0573" ID-Table-UUID="DF3067E50E1D801C817D3DDCFD2E0573" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1D801C817D3DDCFD2E0573" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[113,160,1268,1284]" targetBox="[129,1204,1342,1778]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2" targetType="table">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801C817D3DDCFD2E0573" blockId="2.[113,1247,1266,1310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C817D3DDCFF6B0569" bold="true" box="[113,180,1267,1284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
|
Duration of development (A) and mortality (B) of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1D801C83523DDAFD110569" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[606,718,1266,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C83523DDAFD110569" bold="true" box="[606,718,1266,1284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the flowers and fruits of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1D801C83363C24FD320573" box="[570,749,1292,1310]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">Momordica charantia</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801C81853C16FB71069F" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<table id="F94FC5CD0E1D7FE1818D3C16FB6B069F" box="[129,1204,1342,1778]" gridcols="10" gridrows="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3C16FB6B0522" box="[129,1204,1342,1359]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3C16FF2E0522" box="[129,241,1342,1359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C81853C16FF2E0522" bold="true" box="[137,241,1342,1359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Application</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143C16FE3A0522" box="[280,485,1342,1359]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C80783C16FE3A0522" bold="true" box="[372,485,1342,1359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Larval (days)</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13C16FCF40522" box="[701,811,1342,1359]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C83B13C16FCF40522" bold="true" box="[701,811,1342,1359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pupal (days)</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3C16FB5F0522" box="[935,1152,1342,1359]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C82FB3C16FB5F0522" bold="true" box="[1015,1152,1342,1359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L3-Adult (days)</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3C4DFB6B051B" box="[129,1204,1381,1398]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3C4DFF2E051B" box="[129,241,1381,1398]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C81BD3C4DFF16051B" bold="true" box="[177,201,1381,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1A</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143C4DFEB9051B" box="[280,358,1381,1398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C802F3C4EFE84051B" bold="true" box="[291,347,1381,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943C4DFE3A051B" box="[408,485,1381,1398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C80AA3C4EFE6D051B" bold="true" box="[422,434,1382,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533C4DFD7C051B" box="[607,675,1381,1398]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C83673C4EFD7D051B" bold="true" box="[619,674,1381,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13C4DFCF4051B" box="[701,811,1381,1398]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C83E23C4EFD25051B" bold="true" box="[750,762,1382,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3C4DFC2C051B" box="[935,1011,1381,1398]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C82BE3C4EFC35051B" bold="true" box="[946,1002,1381,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133C4DFB5F051B" box="[1055,1152,1381,1398]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C85393C4EFB9E051B" bold="true" box="[1077,1089,1382,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3CA5FB6B05F3" box="[129,1204,1421,1438]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3CA5FF2E05F3" box="[129,241,1421,1438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Control</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143CA5FEB905F3" box="[280,358,1421,1438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12.2±2a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943CA5FE3A05F3" box="[408,485,1421,1438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4-15</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533CA5FD7C05F3" box="[607,675,1421,1438]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.7±0.5a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13CA5FCF405F3" box="[701,811,1421,1438]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1-3</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3CA5FC2C05F3" box="[935,1011,1421,1438]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13.5±1.8a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133CA5FB5F05F3" box="[1055,1152,1421,1438]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5-16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3C9AFB6B05A9" box="[129,1204,1458,1476]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3C9AFF2E05A9" box="[129,241,1458,1476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Testimony</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143C9AFEB905A9" box="[280,358,1458,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">11±2b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943C9AFE3A05A9" box="[408,485,1458,1476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6-14</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533C9AFD7C05A9" box="[607,675,1458,1476]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2.3±0.7b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13C9AFCF405A9" box="[701,811,1458,1476]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1-4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3C9AFC2C05A9" box="[935,1011,1458,1476]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13±1.9ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133C9AFB5F05A9" box="[1055,1152,1458,1476]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9-15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3CFFFB6B0584" box="[129,1204,1495,1513]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3CFFFF2E0584" box="[129,241,1495,1513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">100 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143CFFFEB90584" box="[280,358,1495,1513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7±1.2c****</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943CFFFE3A0584" box="[408,485,1495,1513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5-8</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533CFFFD7C0584" box="[607,675,1495,1513]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2.8±0.9b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13CFFFCF40584" box="[701,811,1495,1513]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2-5</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3CFFFC2C0584" box="[935,1011,1495,1513]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">11±1.8c***</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133CFFFB5F0584" box="[1055,1152,1495,1513]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">8-13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3CD5FB6B0663" box="[129,1204,1533,1550]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3CD5FF2E0663" box="[129,241,1533,1550]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">200 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143CD5FEB90663" box="[280,358,1533,1550]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">10±1.4bc</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943CD5FE3A0663" box="[408,485,1533,1550]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9-11</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533CD5FD7C0663" box="[607,675,1533,1550]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3±1.4b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13CD5FCF40663" box="[701,811,1533,1550]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2-4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3CD5FC2C0663" box="[935,1011,1533,1550]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13±2.8ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133CD5FB5F0663" box="[1055,1152,1533,1550]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">11-15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3F0BFB6B0659" box="[129,1204,1571,1588]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943F0BFE3A0659" box="[408,485,1571,1588]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C80AE3F0BFE680659" bold="true" box="[418,439,1571,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L3</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13F0BFCF40659" box="[701,811,1571,1588]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C83E53F0BFD210659" bold="true" box="[745,766,1571,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L4</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133F0BFB5F0659" box="[1055,1152,1571,1588]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C85293F0BFB8D065E" bold="true" box="[1061,1106,1571,1587]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pupa</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3F1EFB6B062A" box="[129,1204,1590,1607]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3F1EFF2E062A" box="[129,241,1590,1607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C81BE3F1EFF17062A" bold="true" box="[178,200,1590,1607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1B</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3F62FB6B0636" box="[129,1204,1610,1627]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143F62FEB90636" box="[280,358,1610,1627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C802F3F62FE840636" bold="true" box="[291,347,1610,1627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943F62FE3A0636" box="[408,485,1610,1627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C80AA3F62FE6D0637" bold="true" box="[422,434,1610,1626]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1830B3F62FDF30636" box="[519,556,1610,1627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C831F3F62FDFE0636" bold="true" box="[531,545,1610,1627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">%</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533F62FD7C0636" box="[607,675,1610,1627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C83673F62FD7D0636" bold="true" box="[619,674,1610,1627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13F62FCF40636" box="[701,811,1610,1627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C83E23F62FD250637" bold="true" box="[750,762,1610,1626]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182563F62FCB70636" box="[858,872,1610,1627]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C82563F62FCB70636" bold="true" box="[858,872,1610,1627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">%</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3F62FC2C0636" box="[935,1011,1610,1627]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C82BE3F62FC350636" bold="true" box="[946,1002,1610,1627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133F62FB5F0636" box="[1055,1152,1610,1627]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C85393F62FB9E0637" bold="true" box="[1077,1089,1610,1626]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185903F62FB6B0636" box="[1180,1204,1610,1627]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C85AE3F62FB6F0636" bold="true" box="[1186,1200,1610,1627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">%</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3F59FB6B06EF" box="[129,1204,1649,1666]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3F59FF2E06EF" box="[129,241,1649,1666]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Control</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143F59FEB906EF" box="[280,358,1649,1666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0 ± 0a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943F59FE3A06EF" box="[408,485,1649,1666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1830B3F59FDF306EF" box="[519,556,1649,1666]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533F59FD7C06EF" box="[607,675,1649,1666]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13F59FCF406EF" box="[701,811,1649,1666]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182563F59FCB706EF" box="[858,872,1649,1666]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3F59FC2C06EF" box="[935,1011,1649,1666]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0.3 ± 0.5</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133F59FB5F06EF" box="[1055,1152,1649,1666]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13-13</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185903F59FB6B06EF" box="[1180,1204,1649,1666]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3FBEFB6B06C5" box="[129,1204,1686,1704]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3FBEFF2E06C5" box="[129,241,1686,1704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Testimony</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143FBEFEB906C5" box="[280,358,1686,1704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0 ± 0ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943FBEFE3A06C5" box="[408,485,1686,1704]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1830B3FBEFDF306C5" box="[519,556,1686,1704]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533FBEFD7C06C5" box="[607,675,1686,1704]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13FBEFCF406C5" box="[701,811,1686,1704]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182563FBEFCB706C5" box="[858,872,1686,1704]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3FBEFC2C06C5" box="[935,1011,1686,1704]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133FBEFB5F06C5" box="[1055,1152,1686,1704]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185903FBEFB6B06C5" box="[1180,1204,1686,1704]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3F93FB6B06A0" box="[129,1204,1723,1741]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3F93FF2E06A0" box="[129,241,1723,1741]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">100 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143F93FEB906A0" box="[280,358,1723,1741]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">17 ± 1.0c***</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943F93FE3A06A0" box="[408,485,1723,1741]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2-7</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1830B3F93FDF306A0" box="[519,556,1723,1741]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">86.7</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533F93FD7C06A0" box="[607,675,1723,1741]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13F93FCF406A0" box="[701,811,1723,1741]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182563F93FCB706A0" box="[858,872,1723,1741]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3F93FC2C06A0" box="[935,1011,1723,1741]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133F93FB5F06A0" box="[1055,1152,1723,1741]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185903F93FB6B06A0" box="[1180,1204,1723,1741]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1D7FE1818D3FC9FB6B069F" box="[129,1204,1761,1778]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1818D3FC9FF2E069F" box="[129,241,1761,1778]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">200 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180143FC9FEB9069F" box="[280,358,1761,1778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">19 ± 1.0d***</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE180943FC9FE3A069F" box="[408,485,1761,1778]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2-5</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE1830B3FC9FDF3069F" box="[519,556,1761,1778]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">96.7</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183533FC9FD7C069F" box="[607,675,1761,1778]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE183B13FC9FCF4069F" box="[701,811,1761,1778]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182563FC9FCB7069F" box="[858,872,1761,1778]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE182AB3FC9FC2C069F" box="[935,1011,1761,1778]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185133FC9FB5F069F" box="[1055,1152,1761,1778]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1D7FE185903FC9FB6B069F" box="[1180,1204,1761,1778]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1D801C817D3E2EFDC5072D" blockId="2.[113,1248,1798,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
<tableNote id="76A936E30E1D801C817D3E2EFDC5072D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[129,1204,1342,1778]" targetPageId="2">
|
|
Experiments with 20
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1D801C802C3E2EFEB3077A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[288,364,1798,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1D801C802C3E2EFEB3077A" bold="true" box="[288,364,1798,1815]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
larvae (L3) for each test and control group were performed in triplicate and with three repetitions. Mean and standard deviation (X ±SD).Range (R). Values followed by the same letter do not present significant differences. Significance levels through the Tukey test, represented as ****P<0.0001; ***P<0.0001.
|
|
</tableNote>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9" ID-Table-UUID="DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[113,160,154,170]" targetBox="[129,1206,228,739]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D817D39B2FD2E00A9" blockId="3.[113,1247,152,196]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D817D39B2FF6A00C7" bold="true" box="[113,181,153,170]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
|
Duration of development (A) and mortality (B) of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1C801D835239B0FD1000C7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[606,719,152,170]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D835239B0FD1000C7" bold="true" box="[606,719,152,170]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the flowers and fruits of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1C801D8336399AFD3200A9" box="[570,749,178,196]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">Momordica charantia</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D818539CCFB69028E" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<table id="F94FC5CD0E1C7FE1818D39CCFB69028E" box="[129,1206,228,739]" gridcols="10" gridrows="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D39CCFB690098" box="[129,1206,228,245]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D39CCFF2E0098" box="[129,241,228,245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D818539CCFF2E0098" bold="true" box="[137,241,228,245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Application</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F39CCFE3A0098" box="[275,485,228,245]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D807839CDFE3A0098" bold="true" box="[372,485,228,245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Larval (days)</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C39CCFCF40098" box="[608,811,228,245]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D83B139CDFCF40098" bold="true" box="[701,811,228,245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pupal (days)</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1829139CCFB5F0098" box="[925,1152,228,245]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D82FB39CCFB5F0098" bold="true" box="[1015,1152,228,245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L3-Adult (days)</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3823FB690171" box="[129,1206,267,284]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3823FF2E0171" box="[129,241,267,284]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D81BD3823FF160171" bold="true" box="[177,201,267,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2A</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3823FEAE0171" box="[275,369,267,284]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D802F3824FE840171" bold="true" box="[291,347,267,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953823FE3A0171" box="[409,485,267,284]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D80AA3824FE6D0171" bold="true" box="[422,434,268,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3823FD6D0171" box="[608,690,267,284]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D83673824FD7D0171" bold="true" box="[619,674,267,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83823FCF40171" box="[740,811,267,284]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D83E23824FD250171" bold="true" box="[750,762,268,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913823FC220171" box="[925,1021,267,284]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D82BE3824FC350171" bold="true" box="[946,1002,267,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293823FB5F0171" box="[1061,1152,267,284]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D85393824FB9E0171" bold="true" box="[1077,1089,268,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D381BFB690129" box="[129,1206,307,324]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D381BFF2E0129" box="[129,241,307,324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Control</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F381BFEAE0129" box="[275,369,307,324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">11.7±4.8ª</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE18095381BFE3A0129" box="[409,485,307,324]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2-23</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C381BFD6D0129" box="[608,690,307,324]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.8±0.7a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E8381BFCF40129" box="[740,811,307,324]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-5</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE18291381BFC220129" box="[925,1021,307,324]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14.4±4.9a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE18529381BFB5F0129" box="[1061,1152,307,324]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5-25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3870FB690107" box="[129,1206,344,362]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3870FF2E0107" box="[129,241,344,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Testimony</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3870FEAE0107" box="[275,369,344,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">12.5±3.1ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953870FE3A0107" box="[409,485,344,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7-19</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3870FD6D0107" box="[608,690,344,362]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.9±0.6ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83870FCF40107" box="[740,811,344,362]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2-4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913870FC220107" box="[925,1021,344,362]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">15.3±3.3ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293870FB5F0107" box="[1061,1152,344,362]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9-22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3855FB6901E2" box="[129,1206,381,399]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3855FF2E01E2" box="[129,241,381,399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3855FEAE01E2" box="[275,369,381,399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.1±4.4ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953855FE3A01E2" box="[409,485,381,399]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5-22</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3855FD6D01E2" box="[608,690,381,399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.4±0.8ac*</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83855FCF401E2" box="[740,811,381,399]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913855FC2201E2" box="[925,1021,381,399]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">15.7±4.5ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293855FB5F01E2" box="[1061,1152,381,399]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8-24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D388BFB6901D9" box="[129,1206,419,436]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D388BFF2E01D9" box="[129,241,419,436]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F388BFEAE01D9" box="[275,369,419,436]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10±1.9ac**</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE18095388BFE3A01D9" box="[409,485,419,436]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7-15</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C388BFD6D01D9" box="[608,690,419,436]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3±1.5ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E8388BFCF401D9" box="[740,811,419,436]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-9</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE18291388BFC2201D9" box="[925,1021,419,436]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">12.9±2.8ac*</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE18529388BFB5F01D9" box="[1061,1152,419,436]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8-21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D38E0FB6901B7" box="[129,1206,456,474]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D38E0FF2E01B7" box="[129,241,456,474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F38E0FEAE01B7" box="[275,369,456,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8.1±1.7c****</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1809538E0FE3A01B7" box="[409,485,456,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5-11</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C38E0FD6D01B7" box="[608,690,456,474]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.6±0.8ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E838E0FCF401B7" box="[740,811,456,474]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1829138E0FC2201B7" box="[925,1021,456,474]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10.8±1.9d****</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1852938E0FB5F01B7" box="[1061,1152,456,474]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8-14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D38C6FB690192" box="[129,1206,494,511]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1809538C6FE3A0192" box="[409,485,494,511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D80AE38C6FE680192" bold="true" box="[418,439,494,511]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L3</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E838C6FCF40192" box="[740,811,494,511]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D83E538C6FD210192" bold="true" box="[745,766,494,511]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L4</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1852938C6FB5F0192" box="[1061,1152,494,511]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D852938C7FB8D0192" bold="true" box="[1061,1106,495,511]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pupa</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3B2AFB69027E" box="[129,1206,514,531]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3B2AFF2E027E" box="[129,241,514,531]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D81BE3B2AFF17027E" bold="true" box="[178,200,514,531]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2B</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3B3DFB69024B" box="[129,1206,533,550]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3B3DFEAE024B" box="[275,369,533,550]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953B3DFE3A024B" box="[409,485,533,550]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013B3DFDF8024B" box="[525,551,533,550]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">%</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3B3DFD6D024B" box="[608,690,533,550]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83B3DFCF4024B" box="[740,811,533,550]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182463B3DFCB1024B" box="[842,878,533,550]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">%</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913B3DFC22024B" box="[925,1021,533,550]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293B3DFB5F024B" box="[1061,1152,533,550]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185903B3DFB69024B" box="[1180,1206,533,550]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D85AE3B3DFB6F024B" bold="true" box="[1186,1200,533,550]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">%</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3B14FB690223" box="[129,1206,572,590]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3B14FF2E0223" box="[129,241,572,590]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Control</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3B14FEAE0223" box="[275,369,572,590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5ª</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953B14FE3A0223" box="[409,485,572,590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013B14FDF80223" box="[525,551,572,590]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.3</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3B14FD6D0223" box="[608,690,572,590]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83B14FCF40223" box="[740,811,572,590]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182463B14FCB10223" box="[842,878,572,590]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.7</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913B14FC220223" box="[925,1021,572,590]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293B14FB5F0223" box="[1061,1152,572,590]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185903B14FB690223" box="[1180,1206,572,590]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3B49FB69021E" box="[129,1206,609,627]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3B49FF2E021E" box="[129,241,609,627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Testimony</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3B49FEAE021E" box="[275,369,609,627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953B49FE3A021E" box="[409,485,609,627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013B49FDF8021E" box="[525,551,609,627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.7</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3B49FD6D021E" box="[608,690,609,627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83B49FCF4021E" box="[740,811,609,627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0-0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182463B49FCB1021E" box="[842,878,609,627]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913B49FC22021E" box="[925,1021,609,627]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1 ± 0a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293B49FB5F021E" box="[1061,1152,609,627]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185903B49FB69021E" box="[1180,1206,609,627]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3BAFFB6902F5" box="[129,1206,647,664]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3BAFFF2E02F5" box="[129,241,647,664]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3BAFFEAE02F5" box="[275,369,647,664]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1 ± 1ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953BAFFE3A02F5" box="[409,485,647,664]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-3</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013BAFFDF802F5" box="[525,551,647,664]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6.7</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3BAFFD6D02F5" box="[608,690,647,664]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2 ± 2a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83BAFFCF402F5" box="[740,811,647,664]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182463BAFFCB102F5" box="[842,878,647,664]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913BAFFC2202F5" box="[925,1021,647,664]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293BAFFB5F02F5" box="[1061,1152,647,664]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185903BAFFB6902F5" box="[1180,1206,647,664]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3B84FB6902D3" box="[129,1206,684,702]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3B84FF2E02D3" box="[129,241,684,702]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3B84FEAE02D3" box="[275,369,684,702]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2 ± 3ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953B84FE3A02D3" box="[409,485,684,702]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-5</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013B84FDF802D3" box="[525,551,684,702]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3B84FD6D02D3" box="[608,690,684,702]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.2 ± 1a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83B84FCF402D3" box="[740,811,684,702]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-2</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182463B84FCB102D3" box="[842,878,684,702]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913B84FC2202D3" box="[925,1021,684,702]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293B84FB5F02D3" box="[1061,1152,684,702]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185903B84FB6902D3" box="[1180,1206,684,702]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3BF9FB69028E" box="[129,1206,721,739]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3BF9FF2E028E" box="[129,241,721,739]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801F3BF9FEAE028E" box="[275,369,721,739]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8 ± 4c**</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180953BF9FE3A028E" box="[409,485,721,739]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3-12</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013BF9FDF8028E" box="[525,551,721,739]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">40</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836C3BF9FD6D028E" box="[608,690,721,739]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3 ± 0.5a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83BF9FCF4028E" box="[740,811,721,739]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2-3</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182463BF9FCB1028E" box="[842,878,721,739]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.3</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182913BF9FC22028E" box="[925,1021,721,739]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185293BF9FB5F028E" box="[1061,1152,721,739]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185903BF9FB69028E" box="[1180,1206,721,739]" gridcol="9" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<subSection id="E2C02E860E1C801D817D3BDEFCA7035C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D817D3BDEFCA7035C" blockId="3.[113,1248,758,817]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<tableNote id="76A936E30E1C801D817D3BDEFCA7035C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[129,1206,228,739]" targetPageId="3">
|
|
Experiments with 20
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1C801D802C3BDEFEB3036A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[288,364,758,775]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D802C3BDEFEB3036A" bold="true" box="[288,364,758,775]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
larvae (L3) for each test and control group were performed in triplicate and with three repetitions. Mean and standard deviation (X ±SD).Range (R). Values followed by the same letter do not present significant differences. Significance levels through the Tukey test, represented as ****P<0.0001; **P<0.01; *P<0.1 vs testimony control AcOEt:DMSO (1:3).
|
|
</tableNote>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSection>
|
|
<caption id="DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315" ID-Table-UUID="DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3067E50E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[113,160,846,862]" targetBox="[129,1202,921,1357]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D817D3A66FCD70315" blockId="3.[113,1248,845,889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D817D3A66FF6A0332" bold="true" box="[113,181,846,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 3.</emphasis>
|
|
Duration of the development (A) and mortality (B) of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1C801D838B3A65FD270332" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[647,760,845,863]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D838B3A65FD270332" bold="true" box="[647,760,845,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in L3 larvae treated in a rearing environment with crude methanol (MeOH) extract from the flowers and fruits of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1C801D835E3A4FFCDB0314" box="[594,772,871,889]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D835E3A4FFCDB0314" bold="true" box="[594,772,871,889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Momordica charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D81853AB1FB6D0520" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<table id="F94FC5CD0E1C7FE1818D3AB1FB6D0520" box="[129,1202,921,1357]" gridcols="10" gridrows="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3AB1FB6D03C7" box="[129,1202,921,938]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3AB1FF2E03C7" box="[129,241,921,938]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D81853AB1FF2E03C7" bold="true" box="[137,241,921,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Application</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3AB1FE3A03C7" box="[273,485,921,938]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Larval (days)</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3AB1FCF403C7" box="[610,811,921,938]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pupal (days)</th>
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93AB1FB5F03C7" box="[933,1152,921,938]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D82FB3AB1FB5F03C7" bold="true" box="[1015,1152,921,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L3-Adult (days)</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3AE8FB6D03BC" box="[129,1202,960,977]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3AE8FF2E03BC" box="[129,241,960,977]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D81BD3AE8FF1603BC" bold="true" box="[177,201,960,977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3A</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3AE8FEAF03BC" box="[273,368,960,977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903AE8FE3A03BC" box="[412,485,960,977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3AE8FD6603BC" box="[610,697,960,977]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83AE8FCF403BC" box="[740,811,960,977]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93AE8FC2103BC" box="[933,1022,960,977]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283AE8FB5F03BC" box="[1060,1152,960,977]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D85393AE8FB9E03BD" bold="true" box="[1077,1089,960,976]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3ACFFB6D0394" box="[129,1202,999,1017]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3ACFFF2E0394" box="[129,241,999,1017]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Control</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3ACFFEAF0394" box="[273,368,999,1017]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.2±1.9a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903ACFFE3A0394" box="[412,485,999,1017]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5-16</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3ACFFD660394" box="[610,697,999,1017]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.7±0.6a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83ACFFCF40394" box="[740,811,999,1017]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-3</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93ACFFC210394" box="[933,1022,999,1017]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14.5±1.8a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283ACFFB5F0394" box="[1060,1152,999,1017]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6-17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3D25FB6D0473" box="[129,1202,1037,1054]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3D25FF2E0473" box="[129,241,1037,1054]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Testimony</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3D25FEAF0473" box="[273,368,1037,1054]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">11.8±1.9b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903D25FE3A0473" box="[412,485,1037,1054]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6-14</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3D25FD660473" box="[610,697,1037,1054]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.6±0.6b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83D25FCF40473" box="[740,811,1037,1054]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93D25FC210473" box="[933,1022,1037,1054]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.5±1.8b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283D25FB5F0473" box="[1060,1152,1037,1054]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7-16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3D1AFB6D0429" box="[129,1202,1074,1092]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3D1AFF2E0429" box="[129,241,1074,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">100 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3D1AFEAF0429" box="[273,368,1074,1092]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">11.2±1.9b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903D1AFE3A0429" box="[412,485,1074,1092]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7-13</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3D1AFD660429" box="[610,697,1074,1092]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.1±0.4c**</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83D1AFCF40429" box="[740,811,1074,1092]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2-4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93D1AFC210429" box="[933,1022,1074,1092]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.4±1.7b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283D1AFB5F0429" box="[1060,1152,1074,1092]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9-15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3D7FFB6D0404" box="[129,1202,1111,1129]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3D7FFF2E0404" box="[129,241,1111,1129]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">200 µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3D7FFEAF0404" box="[273,368,1111,1129]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8.5±0.9c****</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903D7FFE3A0404" box="[412,485,1111,1129]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7-11</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3D7FFD660404" box="[610,697,1111,1129]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4.5±2.2d****</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83D7FFCF40404" box="[740,811,1111,1129]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-7</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93D7FFC210404" box="[933,1022,1111,1129]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13±2.5b</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283D7FFB5F0404" box="[1060,1152,1111,1129]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9-15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3D56FB6D04E2" box="[129,1202,1150,1167]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903D56FE3A04E2" box="[412,485,1150,1167]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L3</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83D56FCF404E2" box="[740,811,1150,1167]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L4</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283D56FB5F04E2" box="[1060,1152,1150,1167]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D85293D56FB8D04E3" bold="true" box="[1061,1106,1150,1166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pupa</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3DB9FB6D04CF" box="[129,1202,1169,1186]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3DB9FF2E04CF" box="[129,241,1169,1186]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D81BE3DB9FF1704CF" bold="true" box="[178,200,1169,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3B</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3D8DFB6D04DB" box="[129,1202,1189,1206]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3D8DFEAF04DB" box="[273,368,1189,1206]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D802F3D8DFE8404DB" bold="true" box="[291,347,1189,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903D8DFE3A04DB" box="[412,485,1189,1206]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D80AA3D8DFE6D04D8" bold="true" box="[422,434,1189,1205]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013D8DFDFA04DB" box="[525,549,1189,1206]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D831F3D8DFDFE04DB" bold="true" box="[531,545,1189,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">%</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3D8DFD6604DB" box="[610,697,1189,1206]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D83673D8DFD7D04DB" bold="true" box="[619,674,1189,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83D8DFCF404DB" box="[740,811,1189,1206]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D83E23D8DFD2504D8" bold="true" box="[750,762,1189,1205]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182583D8DFCB104DB" box="[852,878,1189,1206]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D82563D8DFCB704DB" bold="true" box="[858,872,1189,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">%</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93D8DFC2104DB" box="[933,1022,1189,1206]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D82BE3D8DFC3504DB" bold="true" box="[946,1002,1189,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">X ± SD</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283D8DFB5F04DB" box="[1060,1152,1189,1206]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D85393D8DFB9E04D8" bold="true" box="[1077,1089,1189,1205]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185943D8DFB6D04DB" box="[1176,1202,1189,1206]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D85AE3D8DFB6F04DB" bold="true" box="[1186,1200,1189,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">%</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3DE3FB6D04B0" box="[129,1202,1227,1245]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3DE3FF2E04B0" box="[129,241,1227,1245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Control</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3DE3FEAF04B0" box="[273,368,1227,1245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903DE3FE3A04B0" box="[412,485,1227,1245]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013DE3FDFA04B0" box="[525,549,1227,1245]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3DE3FD6604B0" box="[610,697,1227,1245]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83DE3FCF404B0" box="[740,811,1227,1245]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182583DE3FCB104B0" box="[852,878,1227,1245]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93DE3FC2104B0" box="[933,1022,1227,1245]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5a</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283DE3FB5F04B0" box="[1060,1152,1227,1245]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13-13</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185943DE3FB6D04B0" box="[1176,1202,1227,1245]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3DD9FB6D056F" box="[129,1202,1265,1282]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3DD9FF2E056F" box="[129,241,1265,1282]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Testimony</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3DD9FEAF056F" box="[273,368,1265,1282]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903DD9FE3A056F" box="[412,485,1265,1282]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013DD9FDFA056F" box="[525,549,1265,1282]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3DD9FD66056F" box="[610,697,1265,1282]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83DD9FCF4056F" box="[740,811,1265,1282]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182583DD9FCB1056F" box="[852,878,1265,1282]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93DD9FC21056F" box="[933,1022,1265,1282]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283DD9FB5F056F" box="[1060,1152,1265,1282]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185943DD9FB6D056F" box="[1176,1202,1265,1282]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3C3EFB6D0545" box="[129,1202,1302,1320]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3C3EFF2E0545" box="[129,241,1302,1320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">100µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3C3EFEAF0545" box="[273,368,1302,1320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903C3EFE3A0545" box="[412,485,1302,1320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013C3EFDFA0545" box="[525,549,1302,1320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.7</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3C3EFD660545" box="[610,697,1302,1320]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2 ± 3ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83C3EFCF40545" box="[740,811,1302,1320]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6-6</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182583C3EFCB10545" box="[852,878,1302,1320]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93C3EFC210545" box="[933,1022,1302,1320]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.3 ± 0.5ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283C3EFB5F0545" box="[1060,1152,1302,1320]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-1</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185943C3EFB6D0545" box="[1176,1202,1302,1320]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="357F352F0E1C7FE1818D3C13FB6D0520" box="[129,1202,1339,1357]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<th id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1818D3C13FF2E0520" box="[129,241,1339,1357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">200µg/mL</th>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1801D3C13FEAF0520" box="[273,368,1339,1357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13 ± 4c***</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE180903C13FE3A0520" box="[412,485,1339,1357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-6</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183013C13FDFA0520" box="[525,549,1339,1357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">70</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE1836E3C13FD660520" box="[610,697,1339,1357]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1 ± 0ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE183E83C13FCF40520" box="[740,811,1339,1357]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1-2</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182583C13FCB10520" box="[852,878,1339,1357]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8.3</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE182A93C13FC210520" box="[933,1022,1339,1357]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1 ± 1ab</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185283C13FB5F0520" box="[1060,1152,1339,1357]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2-2</td>
|
|
<td id="76AE5C530E1C7FE185943C13FB6D0520" box="[1176,1202,1339,1357]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D817D3C48FC7805F6" blockId="3.[113,1248,1376,1435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<tableNote id="76A936E30E1C801D817D3C48FC7805F6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[129,1202,921,1357]" targetPageId="3">
|
|
Experiments with 20
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D80133C48FEAD051C" bold="true" box="[287,370,1376,1393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
Ae.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1C801D80363C48FEAD051C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[314,370,1376,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
larvae (L3) for each test and control group were performed in triplicate and with three repetitions. Mean and standard deviation (X ± SD).Range (R). Values followed by the same letter do not present significant differences.Significance levels through the Tukey test, represented as **** P<0.0001; ***P<0.001; **P <0.01 vs testimony control MeOH:DMSO (1:3).
|
|
</tableNote>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D819C3F23FD4706F4" blockId="3.[112,664,1485,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">The results indicated that the HEX crude extract showed low larval toxicity at a concentration of 100 µg/mL and resulted in 78-90% larval emergence. Considering the development period, these results were statistically similar to those obtained from the testimony control group.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C35564E60E1C801A817D3FC9FCE702BD" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D817D3FC9FF280699" blockId="3.[113,247,1761,1780]" box="[113,247,1761,1780]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<heading id="D0B880010E1C801D817D3FC9FF280699" box="[113,247,1761,1780]" fontSize="8" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D817D3FC9FF280699" bold="true" box="[113,247,1761,1780]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4. Discussion</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D819C3E27FB95061E" blockId="3.[113,661,1807,1857]" lastBlockId="3.[698,1248,1484,1856]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are a threat to human health. There are many strategies to control mosquitoes like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1C801D825F3CE4FC72058C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[851,941,1484,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D825F3CE4FC72058C" bold="true" box="[851,941,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and its immatures forms (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1C801D85A93CE5FD300593" author="BRASIL & Ministerio da Saude & Secretaria de Vigilancia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref5596" refString="BRASIL. Ministerio da Saude. Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude, 2009. Diretrizes Nacionais Para a Prevencao e Controle de Epidemias de Dengue, Normas e Manuais Tecnicos. Brasilia: Ministerio da Saude, Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude. Serie A." type="book" year="2009">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F35877FD0E1C801D85A93CE5FB03058D" box="[1189,1244,1485,1504]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brasil</collectingCountry>
|
|
, 2009
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). However, the synthetic chemical insecticides currently in use have some disadvantages. Some factors such as vector resistance, toxicity to humans and non-target organisms drive the interest in exploring new control alternatives (Pavela, 2016;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1C801D82CC3F48FBE2061E" author="BENELLI, G." box="[960,1085,1632,1651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="12329 - 12341" refId="ref5447" refString="BENELLI, G., 2018. Mode of action of nanoparticles against insects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, vol. 25, no. 13, pp. 12329 - 12341. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11356 - 018 - 1850 - 4. PMid: 29611126." type="journal article" year="2018">Benelli, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801D83D53F55FB4F0685" blockId="3.[698,1248,1484,1856]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
Plants are rich sources of resource for biologically active substances that show a potential to control
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1C801D85453FB1FB7E06C3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1097,1185,1689,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1C801D85453FB1FB7E06C3" bold="true" box="[1097,1185,1689,1710]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, being considered attractive alternatives to the conventional chemical insecticides (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1C801D82943FFEFB5C0685" author="MUANGMOON, R. & JUNKUM, A. & CHAITHONG, U. & JITPAKDI, A. & RIYONG, D. & WANNASAN, A. & SOMBOOM, P. & PITASAWAT, B." box="[920,1155,1749,1769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="227 - 239" refId="ref6388" refString="MUANGMOON, R., JUNKUM, A., CHAITHONG, U., JITPAKDI, A., RIYONG, D., WANNASAN, A., SOMBOOM, P. and PITASAWAT, B., 2018. Natural larvicides of botanical origin against dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae). The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 227 - 239." type="journal article" year="2018">Muangmoon et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1C801A83D53FDBFD950274" blockId="3.[698,1248,1484,1856]" lastBlockId="4.[112,663,153,1857]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
In some regions of Africa, plant-based methods such as burning raw materials, crude extracts, and oil preparations have demonstrated repellency against mosquitoes and provided protection for humans. In rural communities, these traditional methods are accessible and easily available (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A81DB39FAFE170088" author="PAVELA, R. & BENELLI, G." box="[215,456,210,229]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="103 - 108" refId="ref6692" refString="PAVELA, R. and BENELLI, G., 2016. Ethnobotanical knowledge on botanical repellents employed in the African region against mosquito vectors - A review. Experimental Parasitology, vol. 167, pp. 103 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. exppara. 2016.05.010. PMid: 27260568." type="journal article" year="2016">Pavela and Benelli, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Many studies have documented the effectiveness of plant extracts and their isolated substances in controlling
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80A63821FDDD0173" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[426,514,265,286]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80A63821FDDD0173" bold="true" box="[426,514,265,286]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In this context,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A817C380EFEE00154" author="AZEVEDO, F. R. & MACIEL, G. C. & OLIVEIRA, G. B. S. & MESQUITA, F. O. & ALVES, A. C. L." box="[112,319,294,313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="7" refId="ref5330" refString="AZEVEDO, F. R., MACIEL, G. C., OLIVEIRA, G. B. S., MESQUITA, F. O. and ALVES, A. C. L., 2019. Larvicidal activity of native plant extracts from the Araripe National Forest on Aedes aegypti. The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 105." type="journal article" year="2019">Azevedo et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
evaluated the larvicidal activity of extracts from 16 native plants from the Araripe National Forest,
|
|
<collectingRegion id="498BF98F0E1B801A81BF3876FF36011C" box="[179,233,350,369]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceará</collectingRegion>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F35877FD0E1B801A81FD3876FEF6011C" box="[241,297,350,369]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|
.Among the plants that were evaluated, the ethanolic extract of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80553851FE6701E0" box="[345,440,377,398]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Ocotea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80553851FE6B01E3" bold="true" box="[345,436,377,398]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ocotea sp</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was the most efficient against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A81B138BDFEC601C7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[189,281,405,426]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A81B138BDFEC601C7" bold="true" box="[189,281,405,426]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, presenting 100% larval mortality in all tested concentrations. In a study conducted by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A8339389AFF70018C" author="CRUZ, I. L. S. & PARDAL, B. M. & ALVES, S. P. & MEDEIROS, G. A. M. & FILHO, J. M. & MALECK, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="15 - 19" refId="ref5642" refString="CRUZ, I. L. S., PARDAL, B. M., ALVES, S. P., MEDEIROS, G. A. M., BARBOSA- FILHO, J. M. and MALECK, M., 2019. Alcaloide esteroidal, substancia de Solanum paludosum, com atividade larvicida sobre Aedes aegypti. Revista de Saude, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 15 - 19." type="journal article" year="2019">Cruz et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, the steroidal alkaloid solasodine, isolated from the fruit of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A81B038C1FEA40193" box="[188,379,489,510]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paludosum">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A81B038C1FEA40193" bold="true" box="[188,379,489,510]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Solanum paludosum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, caused 63% mortality of the 4
|
|
<superScript id="7C3A9A250E1B801A81723B2DFF55027C" attach="left" box="[126,138,517,529]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">th</superScript>
|
|
instar larvae at a concentration of 150 µg/mL.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1B801A819C3B0AFD4802AF" blockId="4.[112,663,153,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
Regarding the insecticidal activity of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A831F3B09FEC2023F" authority=", Pari et al. (2020)" authorityName="Pari" authorityYear="2020" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A831F3B09FD49025B" bold="true" box="[531,662,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia,</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A817D3B16FEC2023F" author="PARI, M. & ARJUNAN, N. & SUBRAMANI, U. & RAMASAMY, V. & KADARKARAI, M. & CHINNATHAMBI, V." box="[113,285,574,594]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1" refId="ref6614" refString="PARI, M., ARJUNAN, N., SUBRAMANI, U., RAMASAMY, V., KADARKARAI, M., and CHINNATHAMBI, V., 2020. Water purification and larvicidal activity of seed extract, Momordica charantia. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 001 - 009. https: // doi. org / 10.30574 / gscarr. 2020.2.1.0001." type="journal article" year="2020">Pari et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
studied the activity of the ethanolic extract of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A81D93B71FE930203" box="[213,332,601,622]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A81D93B71FE930203" bold="true" box="[213,332,601,622]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
seed against the immature forms of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A81853B5DFEDC02E7" baseAuthorityName="Liston" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[137,259,629,650]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephensi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A81853B5DFEDC02E7" bold="true" box="[137,259,629,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An. stephensi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80003B5DFE1F02E7" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[268,448,629,650]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80003B5DFE1F02E7" bold="true" box="[268,448,629,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80E03B5DFD9802E7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[492,583,629,650]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80E03B5DFD9802E7" bold="true" box="[492,583,629,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the results in the third instar showed LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A80E83BB7FE2D02C6" attach="left" box="[484,498,671,683]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
= 246.757 ppm, LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A81873B93FF4602AA" attach="left" box="[139,153,699,711]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
= 239.018 ppm and LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A807D3B93FEA002AA" attach="left" box="[369,383,699,711]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
= 228.001 ppm, respectively.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1B801A819C3BE3FEDF05B9" blockId="4.[112,663,153,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A819C3BE3FE9702B3" author="SINGH, R. K. & DHIMAN, R. C. & MITTAL, P. K." box="[144,328,715,734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="2" refId="ref6888" refString="SINGH, R. K., DHIMAN, R. C. and MITTAL, P. K., 2006. Mosquito Larvicidal Properties of Momordica charantia Linn (Family: cucurbitaceae). Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, vol. 43, no. 2," type="journal article" year="2006">Singh et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
reported that this plant revealed larvicidal activity against three mosquito species:
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A817D3A2AFE48037A" bold="true" box="[113,407,770,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A817D3A2AFF39037A" baseAuthorityName="Liston" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[113,230,770,791]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephensi">An. stephensi</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A81E13A2AFE48037A" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[237,407,770,791]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">C. quinquefasciatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80CC3A2AFDC4037A" bold="true" box="[448,539,770,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80CC3A2AFDC8037A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[448,535,770,791]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">A. aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A832C3A2BFF6D035F" author="MAURYA, P. & SHARMA, P. & MOHAN, L. & BATABYAL, L. & andSRIVASTAVA, C. N." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1653 - 1659" refId="ref6237" refString="MAURYA, P., SHARMA, P., MOHAN, L., BATABYAL, L. andSRIVASTAVA, C. N., 2009. Evaluationoflarvicidalnatureoffleshyfruitwallof Momordica charantia Linn. (Family: Cucurbitaceae) in the management of mosquitoes. Parasitology Research, vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 1653 - 1659. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 009 - 1609 - 4. PMid: 19760435." type="journal article" year="2009">Maurya et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
evaluated the larvicide activity of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A83163A36FD4A035E" box="[538,661,798,819]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A83163A36FD4A035E" bold="true" box="[538,661,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
fruit against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A81F63A12FEA00322" baseAuthorityName="Liston" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[250,383,826,847]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephensi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A81F63A12FEA00322" bold="true" box="[250,383,826,847]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An. stephensi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80BB3A12FDA60322" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[439,633,826,847]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80BB3A12FDA60322" bold="true" box="[439,633,826,847]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride and methanol extracts. The methanol extract presented activity against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A817C3AA6FF3703CE" baseAuthorityName="Liston" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[112,232,910,931]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephensi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A817C3AA6FF3703CE" bold="true" box="[112,232,910,931]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An. stephensi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A80023AB4FEC303C5" attach="left" box="[270,284,924,936]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
=142.82 µg/mL, LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A80C63AB4FE0703C5" attach="left" box="[458,472,924,936]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">90</subScript>
|
|
=524.54 µg/mL) and against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A81B43A82FEBC03D2" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[184,355,938,959]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A81B43A82FF1B03D2" bold="true" box="[184,196,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A81C03A82FEBC03D2" bold="true" box="[204,355,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A808B3A90FE4A03A9" attach="left" box="[391,405,952,964]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">90</subScript>
|
|
=579.93 µg/mL).This means that higher concentrations of the methanol extract of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A83713AEEFF14039A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A83713AEEFF14039A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
fruit would produce a more potent larvicidal activity, as demonstrated by the study conducted by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A817D3D34FEB10442" author="SUBRAMANIAM, J. & MURUGAN, K. & KOVENDAN, K." box="[113,366,1052,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="163 - 169" refId="ref7075" refString="SUBRAMANIAM, J., MURUGAN, K. and KOVENDAN, K., 2012. Larvicidal and pupcidal efficacy of Momordica charantia leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: culicidae). Journal of Biopesticides, vol. 5, pp. 163 - 169." type="journal article" year="2012">Subramaniam et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, where the larvicide activity of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A817C3D1FFF370421" box="[112,232,1079,1100]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A817C3D1FFF370421" bold="true" box="[112,232,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
leaves was tested against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80EE3D1FFD820421" baseAuthorityName="Liston" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[482,605,1079,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephensi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80EE3D1FFD820421" bold="true" box="[482,605,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An. stephensi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the four larval and pupal stages. They found different activities for the methanol extract between the various stages: 1
|
|
<superScript id="7C3A9A250E1B801A81723DA2FF5704FB" attach="right" box="[126,136,1162,1174]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">st</superScript>
|
|
instar, LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A81EF3DB0FF2E04C9" attach="left" box="[227,241,1176,1188]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
=93.45 µg/mL; 2
|
|
<superScript id="7C3A9A250E1B801A80863DA2FE4604FB" attach="left" box="[394,409,1162,1174]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">nd</superScript>
|
|
instar, LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A80F93DB0FDDC04C9" attach="left" box="[501,515,1176,1188]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
=123.74 µg/mL; 3
|
|
<superScript id="7C3A9A250E1B801A81713D8EFF5604DF" attach="left" box="[125,137,1190,1202]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">rd</superScript>
|
|
instar, LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A81E93D9CFF2C04AD" attach="left" box="[229,243,1204,1216]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
=167.17 µg/mL; 4
|
|
<superScript id="7C3A9A250E1B801A809D3D8EFE4204DF" attach="right" box="[401,413,1190,1202]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">th</superScript>
|
|
instar, LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A80F43D9CFDD904AD" attach="left" box="[504,518,1204,1216]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
=216.15 µg/mL; and pupae, LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A800B3DF8FEC904B1" attach="right" box="[263,278,1232,1244]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
=256.66 µg/mL.Methanol extract at a concentration of 100 µg/mL presented low toxicity, while at 200 µg/mL a moderate toxicity was observed. Similar data were obtained from
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A80883C30FF69052A" author="RAHUMAN, A. A. & VENKATESAN, P." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="133 - 139" refId="ref6821" refString="RAHUMAN, A. A. and VENKATESAN, P., 2008. Larvicidal efficacy of five cucurbitaceous plant leaf extracts against mosquito species. Parasitology Research, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 133 - 139. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 008 - 0940 - 5. PMid: 18340464." type="journal article" year="2008">Rahuman and Venkatesan (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
working with the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A808C3C1CFDCD052A" box="[384,530,1332,1351]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
family, who have demonstrated the existence of larvicide activity against fourth-stage
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A804E3C43FE7D05ED" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[322,418,1387,1408]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A804E3C43FE7D05ED" bold="true" box="[322,418,1387,1408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
larvae with a methanol extract (LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A81D63CBDFF3705CC" attach="left" box="[218,232,1429,1441]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">50</subScript>
|
|
=199.14µg/ mL, LD
|
|
<subScript id="17CB35280E1B801A80993CBDFE7C05CC" attach="left" box="[405,419,1429,1441]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">90</subScript>
|
|
=780.10 µg/mL), although in the current study an LD 50 was obtained at a lower concentration.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1B801A819C3CF5FE720765" blockId="4.[112,663,153,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A819C3CF5FE71059D" author="KAMARAJ, C. & RAHUMAN, A. A." box="[144,430,1501,1520]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="948 - 953" refId="ref6079" refString="KAMARAJ, C. and RAHUMAN, A. A., 2010. Larvicidal and adulticidal potential of medicinal plant extracts from south India against vectors. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 948 - 953. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1995 - 7645 (11) 60006 - 0." type="journal article" year="2010">Kamaraj and Rahuman (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
found that ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of five plant species of the family
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A817D3F3DFF230645" box="[113,252,1557,1576]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
which were tested, including
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A83153F3CFD500644" box="[537,655,1556,1577]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A83153F3CFD500644" bold="true" box="[537,655,1556,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, produced high mortality(L4)at a concentration of 500µg/mL against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A81B23F64FEE5060C" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[190,314,1612,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelidus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A81B23F64FEE5060C" bold="true" box="[190,314,1612,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Culex gelidus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80613F64FDFD060C" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[365,546,1612,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80613F64FDFD060C" bold="true" box="[365,546,1612,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This result was similar to that of the present study regarding the ethyl acetate extract from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A80623FACFE3A06F4" box="[366,485,1668,1689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A80623FACFE3A06F4" bold="true" box="[366,485,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
flowers and fruits at concentrations of 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL (87% and 97%, respectively). It is important to note that the ethyl acetate extract of flowers and fruits showed the same activity at lower concentrations.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1B801A819C3E39FC8B026B" blockId="4.[112,663,153,1857]" lastBlockId="4.[698,1249,153,720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
On the other hand, the hexane extract of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A83123E38FD4A0748" box="[542,661,1808,1829]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A83123E38FD4A0748" bold="true" box="[542,661,1808,1829]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
did not show toxicity for L
|
|
<specimenCount id="9D49FCE40E1B801A80633E06FE67072D" box="[367,440,1837,1857]" count="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
|
|
and only a low toxicity for L
|
|
<specimenCount id="9D49FCE40E1B801A83E639B2FCE800C1" box="[746,823,153,173]" count="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="larva">4 larvae</specimenCount>
|
|
and pupae was observed. According to the work reported byKamaraj and Rahuman (2010), the hexane extract presented low toxicity against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A855D39FAFB6F008A" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1105,1200,210,231]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelidus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A855D39FAFB6F008A" bold="true" box="[1105,1200,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. gelidus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A83B739C7FCA60169" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[699,889,239,260]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A83B739C7FCA60169" bold="true" box="[699,889,239,260]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A828439D8FB96016E" author="SINGH, R. K. & DHIMAN, R. C. & MITTAL, P. K." box="[904,1097,240,259]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="2" refId="ref6888" refString="SINGH, R. K., DHIMAN, R. C. and MITTAL, P. K., 2006. Mosquito Larvicidal Properties of Momordica charantia Linn (Family: cucurbitaceae). Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, vol. 43, no. 2," type="journal article" year="2006">Singh et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
demonstrated that the hexane extract of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A82CD3824FBE6014C" box="[961,1081,268,289]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A82CD3824FBE6014C" bold="true" box="[961,1081,268,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
fruits had better larvicidal activity than the crude aqueous extract, and that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A83E1386DFCAF0137" baseAuthorityName="Liston" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[749,880,325,346]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephensi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A83E1386DFCAF0137" bold="true" box="[749,880,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An. stephensi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
larvae were more susceptible than
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A83B7384AFCB1011A" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[699,878,354,375]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A83B7384AFCB1011A" bold="true" box="[699,878,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A8295384AFC2B011A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[921,1012,354,375]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A8295384AFC2B011A" bold="true" box="[921,1012,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
larvae. The difference in results can be explained based on the chemical composition of plants which may vary according to environmental factors such as soil
|
|
<typeStatus id="54F489CF0E1B801A827C3892FC4301A0" box="[880,924,442,461]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
|
, humidity, solar irradiation, wind, temperature and atmospheric pollution, among others (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4A9C0E1B801A83CF38DCFC98026B" author="BARRETO, C. F." box="[707,839,499,519]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="62 - 73" refId="ref5404" refString="BARRETO, C. F., 2005. Aedes aegypti - Resistencia aos inseticidas quimicos e as novas alternativas de controle. Revista Eletronica Faculdade Montes Belos, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 62 - 73." type="journal article" year="2005">Barreto, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BF0376D0E1B801A83D53B38FCE702BD" blockId="4.[698,1249,153,720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
The ethyl acetate extract of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A82D13B27FB8E0249" box="[989,1105,527,548]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A82D13B27FB8E0249" bold="true" box="[989,1105,527,548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. charantia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
demonstrated toxicity against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A82533B04FC1E022C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[863,961,556,577]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93BEB7F0E1B801A82533B04FC1E022C" bold="true" box="[863,961,556,577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
larvae, thus confirming the efficacy of this species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4CEE0E1B801A82EE3B62FBB20230" box="[994,1133,586,605]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
family as a source of active natural plant products and its importance as a potential new larvicide for controlling the mosquito vector of dengue virus, zika, chikungunya, and urban yellow fever.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |