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<mods:title id="B4B6272FA7865546F207D6D3052689CC">Late Neogene Lophophaenidae (Nassellaria, Radiolaria) from the eastern equatorial Pacific</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE75DFE176FCB0C667" ID-CoL="3W3V4" authority="(Cleve, 1900) Petrushevskaya, 1971" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Cleve" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,887,1281,1308]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE75DFE176FE70C667" box="[151,439,1281,1307]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lophophaena cylindrica</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE74F6E176FCB0C667" bold="true" box="[446,887,1281,1308]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE748EE176FD9EC667" author="Cleve, P. T." box="[454,601,1281,1307]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="6 - 36" refId="ref87616" refString="Cleve, P. T. (1900) The plankton of the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Skagerak in 1898. Kongliga svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, 32 (8), 6 - 36." type="journal article" year="1900">Cleve, 1900</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE7720E175FCB0C667" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[616,887,1281,1308]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA5FFCE75DFE152FE43C63C" blockId="54.[151,887,1281,1344]" box="[151,388,1317,1344]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Plate 22,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFA5FFCE7448E152FE98C63C" box="[256,351,1317,1344]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1340,1364]" captionTargetBox="[151,1430,743,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-284@6.[151,1436,741,1317]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagram illustrating the general skeletal morphology of Lophophaenidae, and terminology used in this manuscript. Dashed lines indicate spines that are not visible from the angle shown, as they extend into the skeleton. An example specimen of Lophophaena casperi n. sp. is included for comparison to the diagrams." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10544060/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFA5FFCE7438E151FE47C63C" box="[368,384,1318,1344]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,849,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-347@10.[164,1423,849,1556]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Examples of specimen measurements discussed in the Systematic Paleontology section of this study." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10544066/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">4</figureCitation>
.
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<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA5FFCE75DFE11DFCF6C6FE" blockId="54.[151,1107,1386,1594]" box="[151,817,1386,1410]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE75DFE11DFE6BC6FE" box="[151,428,1386,1410]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Dictyocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindricus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE75DFE11DFE6BC6FE" box="[151,428,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Dictyocephalus cylindricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA5FFCE74FAE11DFE2EC6FD" box="[434,489,1386,1409]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<treatmentCitation id="0AC1F857FFA5FFCE74BDE11DFD64C6FD" author="Cleve, P. T." box="[501,675,1386,1410]" page="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE74BDE11DFDB5C6FE" author="Cleve, P. T." box="[501,626,1386,1410]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="6 - 36" refId="ref87616" refString="Cleve, P. T. (1900) The plankton of the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Skagerak in 1898. Kongliga svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, 32 (8), 6 - 36." type="journal article" year="1900">Cleve, 1900</bibRefCitation>
, p. 7
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 4, fig. 10.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE75DFE1FEFE23C6DD" ID-CoL="3W3V4" authority="(Cleve)" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Cleve" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,484,1417,1441]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE75DFE1FEFE57C6DD" box="[151,400,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lophophaena cylindrica</emphasis>
(Cleve)
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,
<treatmentCitation id="0AC1F857FFA5FFCE74A7E1FEFCDFC6DD" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[495,792,1417,1441]" page="117" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE74A7E1FEFD09C6DD" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[495,718,1417,1441]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
, p. 117
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, pl. 57, fig. 5; pl. 61, figs. 46.
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</paragraph>
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non
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE758CE1D0FD47C6C3" ID-CoL="3W3V4" authority="Cleve, Renz, 1976" authorityName="Cleve, Renz" authorityYear="1976" box="[196,640,1447,1471]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE758CE1D0FE7BC6C3" box="[196,444,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lophophaena cylindrica</emphasis>
Cleve,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE7742E1DFFD47C6C3" author="Renz, G. W." box="[522,640,1447,1471]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 267" refId="ref94689" refString="Renz, G. W. (1976) The distribution and ecology of Radiolaria in the Central Pacific plankton and surface sediments. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 22, 1 - 267." type="journal article" year="1976">Renz, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 6, fig. 21.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA5FFCE75DFE1B1FC68C6A2" blockId="54.[151,1107,1386,1594]" box="[151,943,1478,1502]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE75DFE1B1FD42C6A2" ID-CoL="3W3V4" authority="Cleve, Takahashi, 1991" authorityName="Cleve, Takahashi" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,645,1478,1502]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE75DFE1B1FE57C6A2" box="[151,400,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lophophaena cylindrica</emphasis>
Cleve,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE7495E1B1FD42C6A2" author="Takahashi, K." box="[477,645,1478,1502]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 301" refId="ref95670" refString="Takahashi, K. (1991) Radiolaria: flux, ecology, and taxonomy in the Pacific and Atlantic. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Ocean Biocoenosis Series, 3, 1 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1575 / 1912 / 408" type="journal article" year="1991">Takahashi, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 25, fig. 3 (non figs. 45).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA5FFCE75DFE192FD0BC681" blockId="54.[151,1107,1386,1594]" box="[151,716,1509,1533]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE75DFE192FD8BC681" ID-CoL="3W3V4" authority="Cleve, Hull, 1993" authorityName="Cleve, Hull" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,588,1509,1533]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE75DFE192FE57C681" box="[151,400,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lophophaena cylindrica</emphasis>
Cleve,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE7496E192FD8BC681" author="Hull, D. M." box="[478,588,1509,1533]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref89786" refString="Hull, D. M. (1993) Quaternary, Eocene, and Cretaceous radiolarians from the Hawaiian Arch, northern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. In: Wilkens, R. H., Bender, J. &amp; Firth, J. V. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. Vol. 136. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 3 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / odp. proc. sr. 136.201.1993" type="book" year="1993">Hull, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 4, fig. 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA5FFCE75DFE274FC94C567" blockId="54.[151,1107,1386,1594]" box="[151,851,1539,1563]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE75DFE274FD3EC567" ID-CoL="3W3V4" authority="Cleve, Sashida and Kurihara, 1999" authorityName="Cleve, Sashida and Kurihara" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,761,1539,1563]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE75DFE274FE57C567" box="[151,400,1539,1563]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lophophaena cylindrica</emphasis>
Cleve,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE7496E274FD3EC567" author="Sashida, K. &amp; Kurihara, T." box="[478,761,1539,1563]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="115 - 144" refId="ref95095" refString="Sashida, K. &amp; Kurihara, T. (1999) Recent radiolarian faunas in the surface water off the coast of Shimoda, Izu Peninsula, Japan. Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B: Geological Sciences, 20, 115 - 144." type="journal article" year="1999">Sashida and Kurihara, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 7.4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA5FFCE75DFE255FC7AC545" blockId="54.[151,1107,1386,1594]" box="[151,957,1570,1594]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
unknown plagonid group C sp 30,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE74BEE255FD13C546" author="Trubovitz, S. &amp; Lazarus, D. &amp; Renaudie, J. &amp; Noble, P. J." box="[502,724,1570,1594]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref96304" refString="Trubovitz, S., Lazarus, D., Renaudie, J. &amp; Noble, P. J. (2020) Marine plankton show threshold extinction response to Neogene climate change. Nature Communications, 11 (5069), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41467 - 020 - 18879 - 7" type="journal article" year="2020">
Trubovitz
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE7717E254FD5FC546" box="[607,664,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al.,</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
, supplementary data 7.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFA5FFCE75DFE214FEBBC429" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA5FFCE75DFE214FEBBC429" blockId="54.[151,1436,1635,1913]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE75DFE214FECCC501" bold="true" box="[151,267,1635,1661]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species is close to
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE7779E214FBB4C501" authority="(Ehrenberg) Petrushevskaya" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[561,1139,1635,1661]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE7779E214FCEFC501" box="[561,808,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lophophaena hispida</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg) Petrushevskaya
</taxonomicName>
(Pl. 22,
<figureCitation id="135BC2C3FFA5FFCE7196E214FAA6C502" box="[1246,1377,1635,1662]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStart-3="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1242,1266]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,1463,1487]" captionStartId-2="18.[151,250,1317,1341]" captionStartId-3="24.[151,250,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,520,1219]" captionTargetBox-1="[153,1436,737,1439]" captionTargetBox-2="[164,1422,562,1294]" captionTargetBox-3="[178,1411,181,1066]" captionTargetId-0="figure-153@12.[151,1436,520,1219]" captionTargetId-1="figure-139@15.[151,1436,736,1440]" captionTargetId-2="figure-182@18.[164,1422,561,1294]" captionTargetId-3="figure-22@24.[177,1411,181,1066]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionTargetPageId-3="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Internal skeletal structure of Amphiplecta acrostoma Haeckel, 1887." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Internal skeletal structure of Arachnocorallium calvata (Haeckel, 1887) Petrushevskaya, 1971." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Internal skeletal structure of Arachnocorys umbellifera (Haeckel, 1862) Petrushevskaya, 1971." captionText-3="FIGURE 8. Internal skeletal structure of Botryopera amabie n. sp." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544068" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544070" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544072" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10544074" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10544068/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10544070/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10544072/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10544074/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Figs. 58B</figureCitation>
), but differs in that pore size is consistent throughout the skeleton, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE76FFE2FFFBEFC5DD" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[951,1064,1671,1697]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE76FFE2FFFBEFC5DD" box="[951,1064,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">L. hispida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has significantly larger pores on the cephalis. Well-preserved specimens of this species also tend to show an extra built-up layer of silica around the neck area, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE7438E2A7FE18C595" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[368,479,1743,1769]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE7438E2A7FE18C595" box="[368,479,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">L. hispida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not. The
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE77C9E2B8FC54C595" authorityName="Cleve, Sashida and Kurihara" authorityYear="1999" box="[641,915,1743,1769]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE77C9E2B8FC54C595" box="[641,915,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lophophaena cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE71D3E2B8FAE0C595" author="Renz, G. W." box="[1179,1319,1743,1769]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 267" refId="ref94689" refString="Renz, G. W. (1976) The distribution and ecology of Radiolaria in the Central Pacific plankton and surface sediments. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 22, 1 - 267." type="journal article" year="1976">Renz (1976)</bibRefCitation>
, and some of the specimens illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA5FFCE74A5E284FD68C471" author="Takahashi, K." box="[493,687,1779,1805]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 301" refId="ref95670" refString="Takahashi, K. (1991) Radiolaria: flux, ecology, and taxonomy in the Pacific and Atlantic. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Ocean Biocoenosis Series, 3, 1 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1575 / 1912 / 408" type="journal article" year="1991">Takahashi (1991)</bibRefCitation>
appear to have large pores on the cephalis (although image quality is low), likely making these
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA5FFCE7487E36FFDF9C44D" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[463,574,1815,1841]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE7487E36FFDF9C44D" box="[463,574,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">L. hispida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens. There is significant variation in size within this species, including in our EEP material.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFA5FFCE758FE328FD1FC405" box="[199,728,1887,1913]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA5FFCE758FE328FD1FC405" blockId="54.[151,1436,1635,1913]" box="[199,728,1887,1913]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA5FFCE758FE328FEDDC405" bold="true" box="[199,282,1887,1913]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Range.</emphasis>
Late Miocene—Recent, EEP (
<tableCitation id="C6E2EBFDFFA5FFCE773BE328FD00C405" box="[627,711,1887,1913]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="84.[151,248,834,860]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="TABLE 1. Occurrence chart of Late NeogeneRecent lophophaenids in the EEP." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F8ECEFFC7FFAC75DFE735FB46C021" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="DF1F8ECEFFC7FFAC75DFE735FB46C021">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>