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<document id="E6288BB2202167399B4F9DCA34195913" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.2.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5278227" ID-ZooBank="5E446FAF-9227-4FF1-821F-E727C9E0E12B" approvalRequired="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="3" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1" checkinTime="1629841065032" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schuchert, Peter" docDate="2013" docId="038687E2FFBCFFC358F3F9D4510BFBE9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03613p124.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3613 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Plumularia gaimardi" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="113" masterDocId="FFBFFF9AFFB7FFCF5864FF9D524FFFE3" masterDocTitle="The status of Plumularia lagenifera Allman, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) and related species" masterLastPageNumber="124" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="112" updateTime="1698267156751" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B799886C8EADA701A91BF7D7E675CD78">The status of Plumularia lagenifera Allman, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) and related species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D6093E860902CD61C466674CE3CE902A">Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="C288AB0557FF0C3DBD05F7B03FDBC8F7">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2C894D482BEA99271E04648B6C231156">2013-02-08</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C77F34A77AF4B1C03B2788B46CB97970">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="19F3C02F6A49ADE9BDF5D199BD404CC8" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.2.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FD0457B6F23311D947CAF97F34407669" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="204EA3073891094F15C95F3F76943C1F" type="Zenodo-Dep">5278227</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038687E2FFBCFFC358F3F9D4510BFBE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5279006" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5279006" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038687E2FFBCFFC358F3F9D4510BFBE9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687E2FFBCFFC358F3F9D4510BFBE9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">
<subSubSection id="C335657FFFBCFFC458F3F9D453D9F980" box="[151,406,1609,1635]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFBCFFC458F3F9D453D9F980" blockId="11.[151,406,1609,1635]" box="[151,406,1609,1635]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">
<heading id="D0D88198FFBCFFC458F3F9D453D9F980" bold="true" box="[151,406,1609,1635]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC458F3F9D453D9F980" ID-CoL="78425" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[151,406,1609,1635]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC458F3F9D453D9F980" bold="true" box="[151,406,1609,1635]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">Plumularia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C335657FFFBCFFC358F3F90D510BFBE9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFBCFFC458F3F90D53E2F910" blockId="11.[151,1436,1680,2003]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">
Material of the present study included also the sample of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC45B28F90D51B6F94B" author="Ritchie, J." box="[844,1017,1680,1704]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="65 - 101" refId="ref12548" refString="Ritchie, J. (1909) Supplementary reports on the hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 47, 65 - 101. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0080456800011881" type="journal article" year="1909">Ritchie (1909)</bibRefCitation>
, which according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC45C91F90D57D4F94B" author="Billard, A." box="[1269,1435,1680,1704]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="307 - 336" refId="ref10643" refString="Billard, A. (1909) Revision des especes types d'hydraires de la collection Lamouroux. Annales des Sciences naturelles, neuvieme serie, Zoologie, 9, 307 - 336." type="journal article" year="1909">Billard (1909)</bibRefCitation>
matches exactly the
<typeStatus id="54948856FFBCFFC459E7F92B53FBF92D" box="[387,436,1718,1742]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC45A35F92A518DF92D" authority="(Lamouroux, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[593,962,1718,1742]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC45A35F92A5098F92D" box="[593,727,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC45A82F92B51F4F92D" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[742,955,1718,1742]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="603 - 643" refId="ref11697" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1824) Description des polypiers flexibles. In: J. R. C. Quoy &amp; J. P. Gaimard, eds, Zoologie. pp. 603 - 643." type="book chapter" year="1824">Lamouroux, 1824</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Most of the other material is mentioned in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC458D0F9465319F910" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[180,342,1755,1779]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="173 - 243" refId="ref11973" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1957) The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 43, 173 - 243." type="journal article" year="1957">Millard (1957</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC45907F94653EFF910" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[355,416,1755,1779]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref12098" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFBCFFC358ADF89D51C2FE6C" blockId="11.[151,1436,1680,2003]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1439,151,1035]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">
The taxonomic history of this species and its possible identity with
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC45BBBF89C563DF8FB" authorityName="sensu Millard" authorityYear="1975" box="[991,1138,1792,1816]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC45BBBF89C563DF8FB" box="[991,1138,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC45CF8F89C575FF8FB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1180,1296,1793,1816]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC45CF8F89C575FF8FB" box="[1180,1296,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has already been outlined in the introduction. The South African
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC45B75F8BA51DFF8DD" box="[785,912,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">P. setacea-</emphasis>
like samples with a curved hydrothecal wall (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBCFFC458FBF8D652B7F880" box="[159,248,1867,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1740,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1394,195,1714]" captionTargetId="figure-96@14.[184,1402,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 12. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia gaimardi from South Africa. First row (A1–D1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2–D2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the hydrocladia. Third row (A3–D3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278269/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) were first assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC45A7AF8D150F9F880" authorityName="sensu Millard" authorityYear="1975" box="[542,694,1867,1891]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC45A7AF8D150F9F880" box="[542,694,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC45A8FF8D651C5F880" author="Broch, H." box="[747,906,1867,1891]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="19 - 50" refId="ref10787" refString="Broch, H. (1914) Hydrozoa benthonica. In: W. Michaelsen (Ed), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. Friedrichsen, Hamburg, pp. 19 - 50, plate 11." type="journal article" year="1914">Broch (1914)</bibRefCitation>
and subsequently by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC45CFCF8D6570FF880" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[1176,1344,1867,1891]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="173 - 243" refId="ref11973" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1957) The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 43, 173 - 243." type="journal article" year="1957">Millard (1957</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC45D36F8D657C0F880" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[1362,1423,1867,1891]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref12098" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
), although
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC4596DF8ED53FDF86B" author="Billard, A." box="[265,434,1904,1928]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="307 - 336" refId="ref10643" refString="Billard, A. (1909) Revision des especes types d'hydraires de la collection Lamouroux. Annales des Sciences naturelles, neuvieme serie, Zoologie, 9, 307 - 336." type="journal article" year="1909">Billard (1909)</bibRefCitation>
showed that the correct name for this South African morphotype is
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC45D75F8EC5335F84D" authority="(Lamouroux, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC45D75F8EC57D4F86B" box="[1297,1435,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC458FAF80B533DF84D" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[158,370,1942,1966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="603 - 643" refId="ref11697" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1824) Description des polypiers flexibles. In: J. R. C. Quoy &amp; J. P. Gaimard, eds, Zoologie. pp. 603 - 643." type="book chapter" year="1824">Lamouroux, 1824</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC459E2F80B5037F84D" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[390,632,1942,1966]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC459E2F80B5037F84D" box="[390,632,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">Plumularia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC45AD6F80A516BF84D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[690,804,1943,1966]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC45AD6F80A516BF84D" box="[690,804,1943,1966]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are clearly distinct species as both morphotypes occur sympatrically in the same environment (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBCFFC45AECF826517EF830" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[648,817,1979,2003]" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref12098" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; own material listed below).
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBCFFC45CC7F82657D4F830" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1187,1435,1979,2003]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="112" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBCFFC45CC7F82657D4F830" box="[1187,1435,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="112">Plumularia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC3597CFF0453FEFF53" authorityName="sensu Millard" authorityYear="1975" box="[280,433,152,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC3597CFF0453FEFF53" box="[280,433,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but both nominal species should be considered distinct.
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35CE6FF055735FF53" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1154,1402,152,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35CE6FF055735FF53" box="[1154,1402,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Plumularia gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguishable by the often recurved neck of the female gonotheca (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35BC6FF205643FF36" box="[930,1036,189,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1805,1828]" captionTargetBox="[162,1419,214,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-133@15.[151,1436,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 13. Variation of the gonothecae of Plumularia gaimardi, sex is indicated by symbols (♀ female, ♂ male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278273/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35C69FF205658FF36" box="[1037,1047,189,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1264,1287]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-322@1.[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plumularia lagenifera, living colony from Friday Harbor, San Juan Islands (USA, WA). The height of the plumes is about 2–3 cm (voucher specimen MHNG-INVE-78966). The yellow bulbs along the stem are female gonothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278229/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">1</figureCitation>
) and the thickened abcauline wall of the hydrotheca (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35910FF7F5385FF19" box="[372,458,226,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1740,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1394,195,1714]" captionTargetId="figure-96@14.[184,1402,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 12. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia gaimardi from South Africa. First row (A1–D1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2–D2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the hydrocladia. Third row (A3–D3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278269/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
, lower two rows). Measurements (table 1, summaries) allow a distinction using the variables
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35969FE94536BFEC3" box="[269,292,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">cs</emphasis>
(length of abcauline segments),
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35ADBFE955094FEC3" box="[703,731,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">ah</emphasis>
(position of apophysis), and
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35C29FE945629FEC3" box="[1101,1126,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">as</emphasis>
(length of ahydrothecate segments). The PC analysis clearly separated the South African material from Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35CCAFEB3570AFEA6" authorityName="sensu Millard" authorityYear="1975" box="[1198,1349,301,325]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35CCAFEB3570AFEA6" box="[1198,1349,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35DE3FEB352A2FE89" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35DE3FEB352A2FE89" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC3589BFECF531AFE89" box="[255,341,338,362]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,239,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-50@13.[151,1436,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Principal Components Analysis (component axis 1 and 2) of morphological variables of P. setacea, P. lagenifera, and P. gaimardi samples used for this study (see table 1). For details see text." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278265/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Preliminary molecular data (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBBFFC35ADFFECF51DEFE89" author="Moura, C. J. &amp; Cunha, M. R. &amp; Porteiro, F. M. &amp; Yesson, C. &amp; Rogers, A. D." box="[699,913,338,363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="79 - 96" refId="ref12130" refString="Moura, C. J., Cunha, M. R., Porteiro, F. M., Yesson, C. &amp; Rogers, A. D. (2011) Evolution of Nemertesia hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the shallow and deep waters of the NE Atlantic and western Mediterranean. Zoologica Scripta, 41, 79 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00503. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
Moura
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35B77FECE5101FE88" box="[787,846,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
) also indicates that samples of
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35D63FECE57D3FE88" authorityName="sensu Millard" authorityYear="1975" box="[1287,1436,339,363]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35D63FECE57D3FE88" box="[1287,1436,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the NE Pacific and
<collectingCountry id="F3387664FFBBFFC359D1FEEA5007FE6C" box="[437,584,375,399]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">South Africa</collectingCountry>
belong to separate lineages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFBBFFC358ADFE00510BFBE9" blockId="12.[151,1439,151,1035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
The South African
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC359C0FE035079FE56" authorityName="sensu Millard" authorityYear="1975" box="[420,566,413,437]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC359C0FE035079FE56" box="[420,566,413,437]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like hydroids and Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35B07FE0351BAFE56" authorityName="sensu Millard" authorityYear="1975" box="[867,1013,413,437]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35B07FE0351BAFE56" box="[867,1013,413,437]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are thus distinguishable and because of their widely disjunct occurrence they should be attributed to separate species. Here, I suggest that the name
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35DE3FE5E53A7FE1C" authority="(Lamouroux, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35DE3FE5E52B0FDE3" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBBFFC3596BFE7A53AFFE1C" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[271,480,487,511]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="603 - 643" refId="ref11697" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1824) Description des polypiers flexibles. In: J. R. C. Quoy &amp; J. P. Gaimard, eds, Zoologie. pp. 603 - 643." type="book chapter" year="1824">Lamouroux, 1824</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is used for South African
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35B7BFE7551FDFDE3" authorityName="sensu Millard" authorityYear="1975" box="[799,946,488,512]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35B7BFE7551FDFDE3" box="[799,946,488,512]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like hydroids. Although the
<typeStatus id="54948856FFBBFFC35D60FE75577AFDE3" box="[1284,1333,488,512]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">type</typeStatus>
material for
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC358A0FD935303FDC6" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[196,332,525,549]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC358A0FD935303FDC6" box="[196,332,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is lost (see above),
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBBFFC35A20FD9050A4FDC6" author="Billard, A." box="[580,747,525,549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="307 - 336" refId="ref10643" refString="Billard, A. (1909) Revision des especes types d'hydraires de la collection Lamouroux. Annales des Sciences naturelles, neuvieme serie, Zoologie, 9, 307 - 336." type="journal article" year="1909">Billard (1909)</bibRefCitation>
found it identical to a sample described and depicted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBBFFC358F3FDAF5308FDA9" author="Ritchie, J." box="[151,327,562,586]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="65 - 101" refId="ref12548" refString="Ritchie, J. (1909) Supplementary reports on the hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 47, 65 - 101. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0080456800011881" type="journal article" year="1909">Ritchie (1909)</bibRefCitation>
, which was included in the present analysis. It is identical with the form having shallow hydrothecae (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35956FDCA53C9FD8C" box="[306,390,599,623]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1740,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1394,195,1714]" captionTargetId="figure-96@14.[184,1402,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 12. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia gaimardi from South Africa. First row (A1–D1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2–D2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the hydrocladia. Third row (A3–D3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278269/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
, rows A and B).
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBBFFC35A21FDCA50A1FD8C" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[581,750,599,623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref12098" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard (1975)</bibRefCitation>
found that her samples comprised two rather distinct forms, although intermediate ones connected them. One is the form with shallow hydrotheca conforming with
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35DE3FDE352B0FD58" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35DE3FDE352B0FD58" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the other form has larger plumes and deep hydrothecae (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35BF0FD3F51A7FD59" box="[916,1000,674,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1740,1763]" captionTargetBox="[184,1394,195,1714]" captionTargetId="figure-96@14.[184,1402,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 12. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia gaimardi from South Africa. First row (A1–D1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2–D2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the hydrocladia. Third row (A3–D3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278269/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
, column D). It was interesting to note that where the substrate was still identifiable, the morphotype with shallow hydrotheca was always found on laminarian fronds, while the other forms occurred on a variety of other substrata (red algae, shells). There was also a notable difference in the male gonotheca. The morphotype with shallow hydrotheca had a broad, flattened male gonothecawith a distinct, recurved neck (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35AD6FCAA516BFCAC" box="[690,804,823,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1805,1828]" captionTargetBox="[162,1419,214,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-133@15.[151,1436,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 13. Variation of the gonothecae of Plumularia gaimardi, sex is indicated by symbols (♀ female, ♂ male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278273/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 13 G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35B41FCAA5118FCAC" box="[805,855,823,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1264,1287]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-322@1.[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plumularia lagenifera, living colony from Friday Harbor, San Juan Islands (USA, WA). The height of the plumes is about 2–3 cm (voucher specimen MHNG-INVE-78966). The yellow bulbs along the stem are female gonothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278229/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">1–G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35B33FCAA512BFCAC" box="[855,868,823,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,748,771]" captionTargetBox="[170,1421,229,724]" captionTargetId="figure-622@3.[151,1436,183,744]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphic illustration of measured values of the perisarc skeleton. (A) Single plume, ph = plume height. (B) Stem segments; cs = cauline segement length, cd = diameter of cauline segment in middle region, ah = origin of apophysis, al = apophysis length. (C) Repeated hydrocladial segments; as = length of ahydrothecate segment, hs = length of hydrothecate segment, td = depth of hydrotheca, nl = length of lateral nematotheca, tp = position of base of hydrotheca, np = position of infrathecal nematotheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278235/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">3</figureCitation>
), while the other morphotype had a more tubular form and often lacked a neck (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35A6DFCC05038FC96" box="[521,631,861,885]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1805,1828]" captionTargetBox="[162,1419,214,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-133@15.[151,1436,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 13. Variation of the gonothecae of Plumularia gaimardi, sex is indicated by symbols (♀ female, ♂ male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278273/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35A13FCC050CDFC96" box="[631,642,861,885]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1264,1287]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-322@1.[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plumularia lagenifera, living colony from Friday Harbor, San Juan Islands (USA, WA). The height of the plumes is about 2–3 cm (voucher specimen MHNG-INVE-78966). The yellow bulbs along the stem are female gonothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278229/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFBBFFC35AF6FCC0516DFC96" box="[658,802,861,885]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 13" captionStart-1="FIGURE 1" captionStart-10="FIGURE 10" captionStart-11="FIGURE 11" captionStart-12="FIGURE 12" captionStart-2="FIGURE 2" captionStart-3="FIGURE 3" captionStart-4="FIGURE 4" captionStart-5="FIGURE 5" captionStart-6="FIGURE 6" captionStart-7="FIGURE 7" captionStart-8="FIGURE 8" captionStart-9="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,1805,1828]" captionStartId-1="1.[151,250,1264,1287]" captionStartId-10="11.[151,250,1066,1089]" captionStartId-11="13.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionStartId-12="14.[151,250,1740,1763]" captionStartId-2="2.[151,250,1177,1200]" captionStartId-3="3.[151,250,748,771]" captionStartId-4="6.[151,250,1825,1848]" captionStartId-5="7.[151,250,1430,1453]" captionStartId-6="8.[151,250,1845,1868]" captionStartId-7="9.[151,250,852,875]" captionStartId-8="9.[151,250,1746,1769]" captionStartId-9="10.[151,250,1819,1842]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1419,214,1783]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetBox-10="[171,1421,204,1031]" captionTargetBox-11="[166,1425,239,1852]" captionTargetBox-12="[184,1394,195,1714]" captionTargetBox-2="[171,1434,207,1142]" captionTargetBox-3="[170,1421,229,724]" captionTargetBox-4="[155,1432,195,1788]" captionTargetBox-5="[170,1420,204,1381]" captionTargetBox-6="[236,1297,206,1823]" captionTargetBox-7="[185,1396,229,818]" captionTargetBox-8="[151,1408,990,1725]" captionTargetBox-9="[240,1341,202,1796]" captionTargetId-0="figure-133@15.[151,1436,193,1784]" captionTargetId-1="figure-322@1.[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetId-10="figure-346@11.[151,1436,193,1045]" captionTargetId-11="figure-50@13.[151,1436,193,1885]" captionTargetId-12="figure-96@14.[184,1402,193,1719]" captionTargetId-2="figure-344@2.[151,1436,195,1155]" captionTargetId-3="figure-622@3.[151,1436,183,744]" captionTargetId-4="figure-98@6.[151,1436,155,1805]" captionTargetId-5="figure-294@7.[151,1436,193,1409]" captionTargetId-6="figure-82@8.[217,1368,175,1830]" captionTargetId-7="figure-83@9.[165,1421,223,831]" captionTargetId-8="figure-88@9.[151,1436,986,1725]" captionTargetId-9="figure-96@10.[240,1345,193,1805]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="1" captionTargetPageId-10="11" captionTargetPageId-11="13" captionTargetPageId-12="14" captionTargetPageId-2="2" captionTargetPageId-3="3" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionTargetPageId-5="7" captionTargetPageId-6="8" captionTargetPageId-7="9" captionTargetPageId-8="9" captionTargetPageId-9="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 13. Variation of the gonothecae of Plumularia gaimardi, sex is indicated by symbols (♀ female, ♂ male)." captionText-1="FIGURE 1. Plumularia lagenifera, living colony from Friday Harbor, San Juan Islands (USA, WA). The height of the plumes is about 2–3 cm (voucher specimen MHNG-INVE-78966). The yellow bulbs along the stem are female gonothecae." captionText-10="FIGURE 10. Variation of the gonothecae of Plumularia lagenifera, sex is indicated by symbols (♀ female, ♂ male)." captionText-11="FIGURE 11. Principal Components Analysis (component axis 1 and 2) of morphological variables of P. setacea, P. lagenifera, and P. gaimardi samples used for this study (see table 1). For details see text." captionText-12="FIGURE 12. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia gaimardi from South Africa. First row (A1–D1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2–D2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the hydrocladia. Third row (A3–D3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." captionText-2="FIGURE 2. Comparison of colony silhouettes and variability. Scale bar valid for all sections. (A) Fertile Plumularia setacea from the intertidal region of Roscoff (Brittany, MHNG-INVE-79899). Note the small size of the plumes, likely due to the turbulent environment. (B) Plumularia setacea from a depth of at least 20 m collected in the Bay of Morlaix (Brittany, MHNG- INVE-36292). Note the large plumes, some of which are even branched. (C) Plumularia lagenifera, colony from Vancouver Island and identified by C. M. Fraser (BMHN1915.3.6.44). (D) Plumularia gaimardi, form on laminarians (MHNG-INVE- 34019). (E) Plumularia gaimardi, form with deep hydrothecae (SAM-H-1788)." captionText-3="FIGURE 3. Graphic illustration of measured values of the perisarc skeleton. (A) Single plume, ph = plume height. (B) Stem segments; cs = cauline segement length, cd = diameter of cauline segment in middle region, ah = origin of apophysis, al = apophysis length. (C) Repeated hydrocladial segments; as = length of ahydrothecate segment, hs = length of hydrothecate segment, td = depth of hydrotheca, nl = length of lateral nematotheca, tp = position of base of hydrotheca, np = position of infrathecal nematotheca." captionText-4="FIGURE 4. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Atlantic. First row (A1 to F1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to F2): hydrothecae and ahydrothecae segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to F3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." captionText-5="FIGURE 5. Variability of gonothcae of Plumularia setacea, sex is indicated by symbols (♀ female, ♂ male)." captionText-6="FIGURE 6. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Pacific. First row (A1 to C1): stem segment and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to C2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to C3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." captionText-7="FIGURE 7. Plumularia palmeri Nutting, 1900, microscopic details of the syntype specimens (USNM 018625) (A) Stem segment. (B) Hydrothecae and ahydrothecate segment from hydrocladium. (C–D) Abcauline walls of hydrothecae." captionText-8="FIGURE 8. Plumularia lagenifera Allman, 1885, microscopic details of the schizoholotype (BMNH 1959.10.21.1). (A) Stem segments. (B) Hydrothecae and ahydrothecate segment from hydrocladium. (C–D) Abcauline sides of hydrothecae. (E) Median inferior nematotheca. (F) Lateral nematotheca seen from inner side." captionText-9="FIGURE 9. Microscopic details of some Plumularia lagenifera samples from the NE Pacific. First row (A1 to D1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to D2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to D4): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278273" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278229" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278261" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278265" figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278269" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278233" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278235" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278239" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278243" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278245" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278249" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278253" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278257" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5278273/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5278229/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/5278261/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/5278265/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/5278269/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5278233/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5278235/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5278239/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5278243/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5278245/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5278249/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5278253/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5278257/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">13D1–13D2</figureCitation>
). Thus, in contradistinction to the opinion of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFBBFFC35D22FCC052AAFC79" author="Millard, N. A. H." pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref12098" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard (1975)</bibRefCitation>
, the South African material could nevertheless be composed of two distinct species, albeit with intergrading morphologies. However, not enough material, especially of the intermediate forms, has been analysed yet to allow a definitive conclusion. More detailed morphological, ecological and population genetic studies of the South African
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFBBFFC35984FC6E502CFBE8" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[480,611,1011,1035]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaimardi">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFBBFFC35984FC6E502CFBE8" box="[480,611,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">P. gaimardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are clearly needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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