221 lines
22 KiB
XML
221 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.262.3857" ID-GBIF-Dataset="25bc9c50-db7a-401b-9780-a3d7d8a6be7f" ID-PMC="PMC3591778" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-262-1" ID-PubMed="23653512" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-262-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 262" ModsDocTitle="Hymenopteran parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae)" checkinTime="1451247739898" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Korenko, Stanislav, Schmidt, Stefan, Schwarz, Martin, Gibson, Gary A. P. & Pekar, Stano" docDate="2013" docId="7EBFB6F9C03032BC7434CC65213F92B4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 262: 1-15" docOrigin="ZooKeys 262" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.262.3857" docTitle="Calymmochilus dispar Boucek & Andriescu 1967" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="0B2EFF81283591442B3AEB65FFB85B72" masterDocTitle="Hymenopteran parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668155204990" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Hymenopteran parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Korenko, Stanislav</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Stefan</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Schwarz, Martin</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Gibson, Gary A. P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Pekar, Stano</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>262</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>15</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.262.3857</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.262.3857</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-262-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3508027" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152039918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3508027" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7EBFB6F9C03032BC7434CC65213F92B4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7EBFB6F9C03032BC7434CC65213F92B4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Calymmochilus_dispar" authority="Boucek & Andriescu, 1967" authorityName="Boucek & Andriescu" authorityYear="1967" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus dispar" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">
|
||
Calymmochilus dispar
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Andriescu, 1967
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Figures 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D4A–J">A-D4A-J</normalizedToken>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus dispar" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Calymmochilus dispar</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Andriescu (1967): 233-238. Holotype female, Romania, Agigea, 28.vii.1964, A. Andriescu (not examined).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="recognition">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Recognition.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus dispar" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Calymmochilus dispar</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only one of four European species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Calymmochilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, JS" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" title="Universal Chalcidoidea database." url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/chalcidoids/" year="2003">Noyes 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with brachypterous females.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="233 - 238" title="Notizen ueber die Gattung Calymmochilus Masi, mit Beschreibung einer neuen Art aus Suedeuropa (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae)." volume="37" year="1967">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Andriescu (1967)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a detailed description of both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus dispar" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Calymmochilus dispar</taxonomicName>
|
||
in German, which are summarized below. The descriptions of the larval and pupal stages are new.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Female (Fig. 3 A, C). Length 3.0-4.6 mm. Body mostly brown to black, but partly with greenish or bluish metallic lustre, particularly frontovertex; antenna brown, clava yellowish-brown; legs brown with apices of tibiae and tarsi except for apices yellowish-brown. Head (Fig. 3C) slightly broader than mesosoma. Supraclypeal area (Fig. 3C: Sa) with about five transverse carinae and glabrous interspaces, strongly inclined from clypeus, hence clypeus below face level. Clypeus (Fig. 3 C: Cl) protruding over the mandibles, with a strongly elevated carina and a serrate margin. Lower face with a blunt crest extending from clypeus almost to ventral margin of eye (Fig. 3C: Cr). Mandible (Fig. 3C: Md) very slender, sickle-shaped. Antenna long and slender, all funicular segments longer than broad, anellus about 1.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as broad, clava as long as 3.5 apical funicular segments. Mesonotum dorsoventrally compressed, with alutaceous surface sculpture. Mesoscutum flat, on same level as scutellar-axillar complex. Axillae distinguished from scutellum by only slightly finer surface sculpture. Propodeum transverse, anteriorly with a distinct transverse carina connecting propodeal spiracles, with indistinct plicae and median carina; callar region strongly declining posteriorly. Prepectus slightly larger than tegula. Wings reduced, infuscate fore wing barely extending to base of metasoma (Fig. 3 A). Metasoma evenly tapered posteriorly, syntergum tapered with rounded apex, laterally curved over to conceal very slightly exserted ovipositor sheaths.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Male (Fig. 3B, D). Length 1.4-2.3 mm. Head and body very dark brown to black with blue metallic lustre, metasoma brown (Fig. 3B). Antenna brown. Legs brown with knees and tarsi except for apices yellowish-brown. Head (Fig. 3D) slightly broader than thorax, nearly triangular in frontal view. Structure of lower face, clypeus (Fig. 3: Cl), and mandibles (Fig. 3: Md) similar to female except crest extending from clypeus to compound eye indicated only by slight elevation. Antenna (Fig. 3B) long, each funicular segment at least twice as long as broad, anellus indistinct and hardly discernible, claval segments fused. Mesoscutum convex with distinct notauli. Wings fully developed. Scutellum strongly convex, almost parallel-sided, with strongly inclined
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">sides</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Metanotum almost vertical, dorsellum almost triangular with surrounding furrow, dorsally with sharp carina. Propodeum with distinct median carina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Larva (Fig. 4A, B, F). Brownish-yellow, female length about 2.5 mm (N = 1) and male length = 1.6 mm (N = 1). Mature larva with one pair of long, strong, dorsal setae (0.25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0.3×">-0.3x</normalizedToken>
|
||
maximal diameter of larva) on each body segment plus two pairs of smaller dorsal setae (0.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of longer setae), one pair between long dorsal setae of first and second segment and second pair between those of second and third segment; laterally with one pair of smaller lateral setae (0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0.6×">-0.6x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of dorsal setae) on each body segment and irregularly placed short setae. Larval head very weakly sclerotized (not easily discernible in photographs).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Pupa (Fig. 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–J">G-J</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Pupa brown, about 3 mm length for female (Fig. 4C) and 2.2 mm for male (Fig. 4G). Eyes and mandibles becoming dark brown (Fig. 4C, H) as part of sclerotization process after 3 days. Eyes and mandibles dark brownish-black and first dark spots appearing inside pupa (Fig. 4D, I) seven days after pupation; pupa completely dark brown (Fig. 4E, J) after nine days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="material">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
PORTUGAL, Faro district: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ Moncarapacho; rocky slope near road, in spider igloos under rocks (
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="37.083332">37°05'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-7.7833333">7°47'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Fig. 2, locality 7), penultimate larvae attached to spider abdomen, 31.iii.2009, S. Korenko leg., larvae pupated 7.iv.2009 (male) and 8.iv.2009 (female), adults emerged 22.iv.2009, (1 ♂, CNCI; 1 ♀, ZSM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Serbia, Spain, Yugoslavia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, JS" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" title="Universal Chalcidoidea database." url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/chalcidoids/" year="2003">Noyes 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Portugal (new record).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Host.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Zodarion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zodarion styliferum" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="styliferum">Zodarion styliferum</taxonomicName>
|
||
with prosoma length of 0.4-0.5 mm (N = 2) (new host record).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The two
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Zodarion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zodarion styliferum" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="styliferum">Zodarion styliferum</taxonomicName>
|
||
igloos from which
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus dispar" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Calymmochilus dispar</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reared were collected in an open, rocky habitat with sparse vegetation. When collected, a larva was attached to the abdomen of an immobilised juvenile inside the igloo. Exuviae of the previous moults were attached to the apex of the abdomen of the last instar. The larvae did not build any cocoon inside the igloo, being protected only by their long setae. The final instar and prepupal stage combined lasted 7 days for the male and 8 days for the female, after which the larvae pupated. The female emerged 15 days and the male 16 days after pupation at 23°C (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.5°C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Little is known about the biology and host associations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Calymmochilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
wasps. Previously,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus russoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="russoi">Calymmochilus russoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gibson, 1995 was reared from olive branches infested with
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Pheloeotribus" lsidName="Pheloeotribus scarabaeoides" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="scarabaeoides">Pheloeotribus scarabaeoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bernard, 1788) (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Coleoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coleoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Scolytidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="family">Scolytidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Russo, G" journalOrPublisher="Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria di Portici, Bollettino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 420" title="Contributo alla conoscenza dei Coleotteri Scolitidi. Fleotribo: Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bern.) Fauv. Parte seconda. Biografia, simbionti, danni e lotta." volume="2" year="1938">Russo 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus longbottomi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longbottomi">Calymmochilus longbottomi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gibson, 1998 was reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Garypidae" genus="Synsphyronus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synsphyronus lathrius" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lathrius">Synsphyronus lathrius</taxonomicName>
|
||
Harvey, 1987 (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Pseudoscorpionidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="family">Pseudoscorpionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Garypidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="family">Garypidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="329 - 350" title="Synopsis of Australian Calymmochilus Masi (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), description of a new Western Australian species associated with a pseudoscorpion, and review of pseudoscorpion parasites." url="10.1080/00222939800770171" volume="32" year="1998">Austin et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Zodarion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zodarion styliferum" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="styliferum">Zodarion styliferum</taxonomicName>
|
||
host was of a similar body size and created structurally similar igloos as the pseudoscorpion documented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="329 - 350" title="Synopsis of Australian Calymmochilus Masi (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), description of a new Western Australian species associated with a pseudoscorpion, and review of pseudoscorpion parasites." url="10.1080/00222939800770171" volume="32" year="1998">Austin et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus dispar" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Calymmochilus dispar</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not create a cocoon for pupation; rather they use the already built spider igloo to help protect the bare larvae, which is isolated from the inner surface of the igloo by their long dorsal setae. The larvae we reared from the two
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Zodarion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zodarion styliferum" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="styliferum">Zodarion styliferum</taxonomicName>
|
||
igloos were on the underside of a rock approximately
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">5</pageBreakToken>
|
||
cm apart from each other. The parasitized pseudoscorpions reared by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="329 - 350" title="Synopsis of Australian Calymmochilus Masi (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), description of a new Western Australian species associated with a pseudoscorpion, and review of pseudoscorpion parasites." url="10.1080/00222939800770171" volume="32" year="1998">Austin et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were also located under rocks, whereas the beetle larvae associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus russoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="russoi">Calymmochilus russoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
were under tree bark (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Russo, G" journalOrPublisher="Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria di Portici, Bollettino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 420" title="Contributo alla conoscenza dei Coleotteri Scolitidi. Fleotribo: Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bern.) Fauv. Parte seconda. Biografia, simbionti, danni e lotta." volume="2" year="1938">Russo 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These concealed habitats presumably provide additional shelter for the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Calymmochilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae and support
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. CAB International, Wallingford" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" title="Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." year="1988">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Calymmochilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are primarily associated with hosts in sheltered places, e.g. under bark or rocks. The unusual, protuberant clypeus that characterizes adults may be a structural adaptation to help the adults emerge and the female to access restricted spaces to parasitize new hosts. However, it remains to be shown whether
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calymmochilus dispar" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Calymmochilus dispar</taxonomicName>
|
||
is narrowly associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Zodarion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zodarion" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zodarion</taxonomicName>
|
||
species or parasitizes taxonomically more diverse hosts in similar niches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |