683 lines
86 KiB
XML
683 lines
86 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.379.5765" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58a4e649-51ee-43fa-9798-9126ebd5cfbd" ID-PMC="PMC3935229" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-379-93" ID-PubMed="24574858" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-379-93" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 379" ModsDocTitle="A new cryptic Sympistis from eastern North America revealed by novel larval phenotype and host plant association (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Oncocnemidinae)" checkinTime="1451246321907" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zacharczenko, Brigette, Wagner, David L. & Hatfield, Mary Jane" docDate="2014" docId="274F68490D8A3BA31278678B34CFEBDC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 379: 93-107" docOrigin="ZooKeys 379" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.379.5765" docTitle="Sympistis forbesi Zacharczenko & Wagner, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="104" masterDocId="40769E44FFDEFF85FF92624FAF24B830" masterDocTitle="A new cryptic Sympistis from eastern North America revealed by novel larval phenotype and host plant association (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Oncocnemidinae)" masterLastPageNumber="107" masterPageNumber="93" pageNumber="95" updateTime="1668157702336" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new cryptic Sympistis from eastern North America revealed by novel larval phenotype and host plant association (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Oncocnemidinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zacharczenko, Brigette</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wagner, David L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hatfield, Mary Jane</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>379</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>93</mods:start>
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<mods:end>107</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.379.5765</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.379.5765</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-379-93</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152050975" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:274F68490D8A3BA31278678B34CFEBDC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/274F68490D8A3BA31278678B34CFEBDC" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="2" pageNumber="95">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="95" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="95">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/A3005B5D-DCC6-42D1-B743-E1CD7A843763" authority="Zacharczenko & Wagner" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi Zacharczenko & Wagner</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="95">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18-32, 34-36
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="2" pageNumber="95" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="95">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="2" pageNumber="95">
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HOLOTYPE male (Fig. 1) IA: Boone Co., Little Bluestem Prairie [41°53'52N,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-93.869446">93°52'10"W</geoCoordinate>
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], [larva] 29 May 2010, Mary Jane Hatfield, 051B-B10, [adult emerged] 9 September 2010, host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="96" start="start">Triosteum</pageBreakToken>
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perfoliatum
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</taxonomicName>
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; Genitalia CNC slide # ♂ 16516; Barcodes of Life Project # CNCLEP 81921, leg removed, DNA extracted. Deposited at UCMS, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. Paratypes (adults). (22 males, 23 females) Iowa: Polk Co., Snyder Farm [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.773197">41°46'23.51"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.489265">93°29'21.38"W</geoCoordinate>
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] [larva] 316 May 2009, Mary Jane Hatfield; DLW Lot: 2010E96, emerg: 29 August 2010, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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, (1 ♂) (UCMS); Polk Co., Snyder Farm [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.773197">41°46'23.51"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.489265">93°29'21.38"W</geoCoordinate>
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] [larva] 30 May 2009, Mary Jane Hatfield, emerg: fall 2009, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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, (1 ♀) (UCMS); Polk Co., Snyder Farm [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.773197">41°46'23.51"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.489265">93°29'21.38"W</geoCoordinate>
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], 9 May 2010 [larva], 004-P10, Mary Jane Hatfield, [adult] found dead 9 September 2010, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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(1 ♂) (UCMS); Boone Co., Little Bluestem Prairie [41°53'52N,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-93.869446">93°52'10"W</geoCoordinate>
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], May 2010 [larva], Mary Jane Hatfield, 051-D-B10, emerged 19 September 2010, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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(1 ♀) (UCMS); Boone Co., Little Bluestem Prairie [41°53'52N,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-93.869446">93°52'10"W</geoCoordinate>
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], 29 May 2010 [larva], Mary Jane Hatfield, 051C-B10, 13 September 2010 [emerged], Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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(1 ♂) (UCMS); Boone Co., Little Bluestem Prairie [41°53'52N,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-93.869446">93°52'10"W</geoCoordinate>
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], 29 May 2009 [larva], Mary Jane Hatfield, 051B-B10, emerged 11 September 2010, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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; Barcodes of Life Project # CNCLEP 81922, leg removed, DNA extracted; Genitalia Slide CNC #16517 ♀ (UCMS); Boone Co., Little Bluestem Prairie,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.89829">41°53'53.83"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.86953">93°52'10.31"W</geoCoordinate>
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, Sept. 2011, MJ Hatfield coll. (3 ♂) (2 UCMS, 1 ISIC); Boone Co., Little Bluestem Prairie,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.89829">41°53'53.83"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.86953">93°52'10.31"W</geoCoordinate>
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, prairie remnant edge, larva May 5 2013, MJ Hatfield coll., 010E-B13 (3 ♀) (1 UCMS, 2 ISIC); Boone Co., Little Bluestem Prairie, 41°53'53.83", N,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.86953">93°52'10.31"W</geoCoordinate>
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, prairie remnant edge, larva May 5 2013, MJ Hatfield coll., 010C-1-13 (1 ♂) (ISIC); Kossuth Co., Algona, larva 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="May–">May-</normalizedToken>
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14 June 2013, emerged 5 Sept. 2013, Matt Kenne coll. (1 ♀) (UCMS); Kossuth Co., Algona, larva 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="May–">May-</normalizedToken>
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14 June 2013, emerged 10 Sept. 2013, Matt Kenne coll. (1 ♀) (UCMS); Kossuth Co., Algona, larva 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="May–">May-</normalizedToken>
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14 June 2013, emerged 30 August 2013, Matt Kenne coll. (2 ♀) (UCMS); Kossuth Co., Algona, larva 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="May–">May-</normalizedToken>
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14 June 2013, emerged 2 Sept. 2013, Matt Kenne coll. (1 ♂) (ISIC); Kossuth Co., Algona, larva 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="May–">May-</normalizedToken>
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14 June 2013, emerged 3 Sept. 2013, Matt Kenne coll. (1 ♂) (NDSU); Kossuth Co., Algona, larva 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="May–">May-</normalizedToken>
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14 June 2013, emerged 3 Sept. 2013, Matt Kenne coll. (1 ♀) (NDSU); Kossuth Co., Algona, larva 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="May–">May-</normalizedToken>
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14 June 2013, emerged 6 Sept. 2013, Matt Kenne coll. (1 ♀) (ISIC); Illinois: Champaign Co., Mahomet, reared ex larva, 9-14 Oct. 1976, 27 Aug. 1976, 13 Aug. 1981, G. Godfrey coll. (7 ♂, 5 ♀) (CUIC); Cook Co., Elk Grove, [adults] bred 20-24 Aug. 1941 and 26-28 Aug. 1942, A.K. Wyatt (1 ♂, 3 ♀) (CUIC); Minnesota: Houston Co.,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Perkin’s">Perkin's</normalizedToken>
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Bluff Prairie,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.78579">43°47'8.85"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.61629">91°36'58.63"W</geoCoordinate>
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, larva 11 May 2013, emerged 5 Sept. 2013, Mary Jane Hatfield coll. (3 ♀) (1 CNC, 1 CHC, 1 NMNH); Houston Co.,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Perkin’s">Perkin's</normalizedToken>
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Bluff Prairie,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.78579">43°47'8.85"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.61629">91°36'58.63"W</geoCoordinate>
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, larva 11 May 2013, emerged 5 Sept. 2013, Mary Jane Hatfield coll. (1 ♂) (NMNH); Houston Co.,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Perkin’s">Perkin's</normalizedToken>
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Bluff Prairie,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.78579">43°47'8.85"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.61629">91°36'58.63"W</geoCoordinate>
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, larva 11 May 2013, Mary Jane Hatfield coll. (4 ♂) (1 CNC, 1 CHC, 2 UCMS). Paratypes (larvae). Iowa: Polk Co., Snyder Farm [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.773197">41°46'23.51"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.489265">93°29'21.38"W</geoCoordinate>
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], Col: 29 March 2012 [larva], 9 May 2012 [preserved]; Mary Jane Hatfield, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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(UCMS); Story Co., Harker Savannah [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.90187">41°54'6.73"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.50867">93°30'31.21"W</geoCoordinate>
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], Col: 29 April 2012 [larva], 9 May 2012, [preserved] Mary Jane Hatfield, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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(UCMS); Story Co., Harker Savannah [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.90187">41°54'6.73"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.50867">93°30'31.21"W</geoCoordinate>
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], Col: 29 April 2012 [larva], 9 May 2012 [preserved]; Mary Jane Hatfield, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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(UCMS); Winneshiek Co., [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.464436">43°27'51.96"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.6377">91°38'15.73"W</geoCoordinate>
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], Col: 15 May 2012 [larva], 18 May 2012 [preserved], Mark Leoschke, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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(UCMS); Allamakee Co., [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.42129">43°25'16.65"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.281815">91°16'54.53"W</geoCoordinate>
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], Col: 23 May 2012 [larva], 24 May 2012 [preserved], Mark Leoschke, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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(UCMS); Boone Co., Danielle Wirth property (oak savannah) [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.8698">41°52'11.29"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.88197">93°52'55.10"W</geoCoordinate>
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], Col: 22 May 2010 [larva], 28 May 2010 [preserved], Mary Jane Hatfield, Host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
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[dissected] (UCMS).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="96">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="96">
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Figures 1-12. Adults of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
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. 1 ♂
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
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HOLOTYPE, IA: Boone Co., Little Blue Stem Prairie, ex larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
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(UCMS) 2 ♂
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
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, IL: Champaign Co., Mahomet, ex larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
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(CUIC) 3 ♂
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
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, NY: Tompkins Co., Ithaca, ex ova, reared on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
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(CUIC) 4 ♂
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
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, IA: Boone Co., Little Blue Stem Prairie, ex larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
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(UCMS) 5 ♂
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IL: Champaign Co., Mahomet, ex larva on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUIC) 6 ♂
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CT: Windham Co., Hampton, adult at light (UCMS) 7 ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IA: Boone Co., Little Blue Stem Prairie, ex larva on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UCMS) 8 ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IL: Champaign Co., Mahomet, ex larva on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUIC) 9 ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NY: Tompkins Co., Ithaca, ex ova, reared on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUIC) 10 ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IA: Polk Co., ex larva on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UCMS) 11 ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IL: Champaign Co., Mahomet, ex larva on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUIC) 12 ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CT: Windham Co., Pomfret, adult at light (UCMS).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Figures 13-18.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
genitalia 13
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
HOLOTYPE male, IOWA: Boone Co., Little Blue Stem Prairie, Genitalia CNC slide # 16516 ♂; scale = 1 mm 14 aedoeagus, same data 15
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, MANITOBA, Cartwright, Genitalia CNC slide # 16515 ♂ 16 aedoeagus, same data 17
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, SASKATCHEWAN, 8 mi NW Stewart, 1800', Genitalia CNC slide # 13192 ♀; scale = 1 mm 18
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype female, same data as male, Genitalia CNC slide # 16517 ♀.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="96" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="96">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="96">
|
||
We name the species after William T. Forbes, North
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="America’s">America's</normalizedToken>
|
||
premier lepidopterist over a 40-year period from 1920 to 1960.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Forbes’">Forbes'</normalizedToken>
|
||
understanding of the species and higher-level taxonomy of eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Macrolepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrolepidoptera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrolepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
was extraordinary, with the vast majority of his taxonomic decisions standing the test of time (and additional data). His four-volume treatise on the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lepidoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
of New York and Neighboring States remains the definitive work on eastern moths, especially for most
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Microlepidoptera" lsidName="Microlepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" rank="genus">Microlepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="96">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="3" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Adult.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="97" start="start">Sympistis</pageBreakToken>
|
||
forbesi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
averages slightly smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The scales over the thorax are smaller, more densely packed. In most individuals there are fewer white scales on the thorax and forewing: e.g., the costal margin, wing base, and orbicular and reniform spots have fewer white scales than most individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, the anal dash is often more J-shaped and the fringe is only faintly checkered, lacking the pure white scales seen in many
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the hindwing, there is a more distinctive terminal line and the apex tends to have more black scales extending onto the fringe. The rami of male antennae through the basal half of the antenna average 0.50-0.65 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 0.55-0.70 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Larva. The larva provides unambiguous morphological characters that allow recognition of this new species. The last instar is mostly green with a reddish dorsum (red coloration is added through mid to late instars); there are no black or brown markings as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in particular, the black subdorsal stripe characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent from all instars of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Body smaller, more elongate and modestly tapered at both ends, especially relative to the robust habitus of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Head width of ultimate instar of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
2.5-2.8 mm; head width of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
3.0-3.2 mm. Spiracular height consistently smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
- mean spiracular heights of A1-A6 are 0.30 and 0.36 mm, respectively. Mean crochet number of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
on A3-A6 and A10 are 17, 19, 20, 21, and 20; mean crochet number of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
on A3-A6 and A10 are 27, 28, 32, 32, and 33.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Description of adult.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Male. Forewing length: 14.5-16 mm (n=23, reared from wild larvae). Ground color warm gray. Head. Antenna biramous; rami approximately
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="98" start="start">0.50</pageBreakToken>
|
||
-0.65 mm through basal half of antenna. Forward-facing tuft of scales just above faint black line between eyes. Thorax. Gray, medial prothoracic tuft, edged with black, preceded by conspicuous transverse black line. Black edging of tuft continues laterad to wing base. Tegula steely gray, indistinct thick band of dark scales at back. Legs with mix of dark and light scales. Tarsi dark brown or black. Forewing. Thin, smoothly curved basal and antemedial lines. Thickened antemedial line tapering to inner margin. Orbicular spot gray centrally and pale gray peripherally, thinly edged with black. Medial line ill defined; field proximal to reniform spot with numerous dark scales, forming two dark fascia along costa above orbicular and reniform spots. Black line or open triangle in position of claviform spot. Postmedial line running parallel to medial line, connecting to base of reniform and looping around toward margin, finally connecting to dark fascia along costa. Anal dash usually crisp, occasionally absent, subtended by sharp or diffuse black spot basad, forming J-shape. Subterminal line forming black fascia at costa, but otherwise pale gray, weakly developed to nearly obsolescent. Fringe weakly checkered, without white scaling. Hindwing. Pearly white with thin, crisp terminal line except at apex where diffuse field of black scales extends through fringe. Postmedial line obsolescent in males. Abdomen. Mixture of light and dark scales and hairs. Whitish scales along posterior margin of pregenital abdominal terga. Male genitalia. Valves elongate, nearly parallel sided with flat-topped projection from apex; bulbous clasper with claw-like apex that curves mesad; corona of fine setae of variable lengths. Juxta poorly differentiated. Uncas curved, gradually tapering, apex drawn into fine, curved spine. Saccus V-shaped, drawn into point anteriorad. Aedeagus cylindrical, variously sclerotized with vesica bearing approximately one dozen spines on elbow-bend and numerous longer, narrower spines over bulbous subapical region; terminus armed with single stout spine nearly 1 mm in length (as large as uncus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Female. Forewing length: 14-16.5 mm (n=10, reared from wild larvae). Similar to male, but with substantially more fuscous scaling in submarginal region of hindwing; often with faint postmedial band. Antenna simple, without rami. Female genitalia. Posterior and anterior apophyses slender, elongate, ca. 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of sclerotized portion of A8; lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, winged anteriorally and posteriorally, with posterior part about ostium bursae cleft and thus appearing somewhat flipper-like; anterior end less flared, ca.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
width and only shallowly cleft, and more strongly sclerotized. Appendix bursae well developed; ovate corpus bursae ca. 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
size of appendix bursae with parallel thickenings most evident posteriorad.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="98">Description of pupa (Figs 28, 29). 16-19 mm long, 4.4-5.0 mm wide. Orange brown to deep chestnut brown, mostly smooth except for deeply pitted anterior portion of abdominal segments A4-A7. Primary setae extremely short, difficult to locate. Labial palpus visible, subequal to visible portion of profemur. Foreleg with cuminate apex, ending in abrupt spine. Proboscis extending just beyond antenna and midleg, nearly reaching end of wing. Labrum roughly shovel shaped with truncated apex. Eyepiece and frons ornamented with dense micro-ridging. Spiracular scars elongate, five times longer than wide. Cremaster ending in pair of minute thorn-like spines; cremaster deeply wrinkled and heavily sclerotized at base.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="99" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of living final instar (Figs 31, 32). Ground color sea to mint green with pink to red dorsum and pale longitudinal striping along sides of trunk; A8 modestly humped. Reddish dorsum composed of pink to pale red middorsal stripe flanked by darker red addorsal stripes; dorsal pinacula white. Mostly broken white pinstripe zigzags through D1 pinacula. Red dorsal area bounded by pale (green to white) subdorsal pinstripe. Two supraspiracular pinstripes edged below with darker green. Lateral stripe, greenish white, roughly equal to height of spiracles, extending along lower end of spiracles. Prolegs on A3 and A4 about half size of those on A5 and A6. Head pale to dark brown above, often with pink to reddish flush; labrum greenish white, shallowly rugose frons, gena with three whitish lines that anastamose about stemmata.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="99">Description of living early instars (Fig. 30). All instars elongate, smooth, with numerous stripes; A8 modestly humped. First and second instars reddish brown and white, shiny; middorsal white stripe enlarged over anterior half of A8. Subspiracular white stripe thickened, enlarged to include each spiracle along trunk. All pinacula distinct, raised, brown black. First instar head width 0.15-0.16 mm. Second instar head width 0.40-0.56 mm. Third instar green and white, with brown-black pinacula; head width 0.90-1.00 mm. Fourth instar with small white pinacula as in final instar; head width 1.50-1.80 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="7" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="100" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of preserved final instar (Figs 19-27). Head. Texture microtuberculate. Width 2.5-2.8 mm. Field of brown aggregated spots on vertex, especially between P setae and L1. Second group of spots caudad of S3. P1 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of P2. A1 longest seta on head (Figs 20, 21, 24). V-shaped medial cleft about 2/5 labral depth (Figs 22, 25). Spinneret short, subequal to labial palpus (Fig. 26). Mandibles simple, inner surface mostly smooth (Fig. 23). Body. Length 34-44 mm. Integument smooth; lightly sclerotized prothoracic shield and anal plate. Primary setae short, most approximately 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
height of spiracle on same segment (Fig. 19). Thorax. SV1 longest seta on thoracic segments, ca. 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
height of prothoracic spiracle and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="1½">11/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
height of SV2; spiracular height: 0.30-0.32 mm. Prothorax with SD1 and SD2 free from shield, positioned above spiracle. L1 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than L2 on T2 and T3. Meso- and metathorax with D and SD setae more or less vertically aligned (Fig. 19). Thoracic legs with apical and subapical blade-like setae proximal to claws (Fig. 27). Abdomen. Two SV on A1, three SV on A2. L1 directly behind spiracle on A1-A6 and A8, displaced ventrad on A7. D2 becoming increasingly procumbent towards caudal end of body (Fig. 19). D2 seta on A8 and A9 arising from slightly elevated and pigmented, rearward-facing wart. A10 with D and SD setae on rearward facing warts. Spiracular height of A1 through
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="101" start="start">A</pageBreakToken>
|
||
6 0.28-0.32 mm; height on A7 0.26-0.28 mm; height on A8 0.32-0.35 mm. Crochet numbers on A3-A6 and A10 as follows: 16-18, 17-22, 19-22, 20-23, and 20.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
|
||
Figures 19-23.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva. 19 chaetotaxy 20 head, lateral 21 head, frontal 22 labrum 23 mandible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
|
||
Figures 24-27.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
middle instar. 24 head, lateral, with adenosma extruded; scale = 250
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
25 labrum, mandibles, and oral cavity; scale = 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
26 hypophryngeal complex (center left) and maxilla (center right); scale = 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
27 prothoracic leg (note apical and subapical blade-like setae proximal to claws); scale = 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="101" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
|
||
We were unable to identify any consistent genitalic differences in either the male or female genitalia that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our type series is based on reared material, as we know of no definitive structural or patterning characters that will assure certain identification of light-collected adults. Hence, we caution that features discussed in the diagnosis and description may be attributes more typical of reared (unflown) specimens. For example the slightly smaller size and darker coloration that we note above for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be rearing artifacts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="101" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
|
||
Locally common in Midwest, especially prairies. Most commonly found in Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. Believed to be extirpated from eastern portion of range in New York and New Jersey. Given that the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs from southern Canada to Texas and eastward, it is probable that the range of the new species is more extensive than circumscribed here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="101" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
|
||
So far as known larvae are specialists on members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also known as horse-gentian or feverwort, of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Caprifoliaceae" lsidName="Caprifoliaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" rank="genus">Caprifoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nearly all our larval collections are from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(feverwort). We found a few larvae of what appeared to be the same species on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum aurantiacum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurantiacum">Triosteum aurantiacum</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Iowa. In the laboratory, larvae from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
readily accepted and matured on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum aurantiacum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurantiacum">Triosteum aurantiacum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In two separate instances, larvae were successfully reared to pupation on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well, a widely used host plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae grew more slowly on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and maintained their typical green and pink coloration (MJH unpublished data, M. Keene personal communication).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is univoltine with a single generation that emerges, flies, and mates in late summer, mostly in early September. Females presumably lay eggs on or near the stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Above-ground tissues of the host die and senesce over the winter. MJH has found first instars on unopened leaves that were just pushing forth from the ground in early March (in Iowa). Larvae complete their development by mid-June. Early instars feed exclusively on new leaves, principally of the apical meristem, before the leaves have had a chance to open and expand to full size. Where the moth is common and when collections are made through the first half the season, partially opened leaf fascicles often yield larvae that were not seen at the time of collection. Last instars also consume new leaves, but are content to feed on fully expanded leaves and flowers (Figs 34-36). All instars are cryptic in both color and habit. The late instars rest along a shoot head down, often near flowers, where their coloration is well matched to that of the stem and reddish-pink
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
petals and sepals. Densities can be high with more than a dozen larvae on a single shoot; on several occasions we noted cases where the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
severely damaged the apical portions of their host plant. Prepupae form a slight cocoon below ground; the summer months are passed as a pupa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" type="barcoding">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Barcoding.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
|
||
In a neighbor-joining tree based on J. D.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lafontaine’s">Lafontaine's</normalizedToken>
|
||
unpublished barcodes for 137 North American oncocnemidine noctuids (representing 687 individuals),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="102" start="start">Sympistis</pageBreakToken>
|
||
chionanthi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n=7; CT, Quebec, Ontario, Alberta) and the new species (n=2; both Iowa) grouped together in a
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“cluster”">"cluster"</normalizedToken>
|
||
separate from other North American
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sympistis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and each taxon was reciprocally
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“monophyletic,”">"monophyletic,"</normalizedToken>
|
||
although the two groups differed by less than 1% from one another. In a second analysis, focused on "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Adita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adita" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adita</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group"
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sympistis</taxonomicName>
|
||
that included 13 individuals from across North America, again the two
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeders grouped in their own cluster.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by J. E. Smith in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abbot, J" journalOrPublisher="London, England" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" title="The natural history of the rarer lepidopterous insects of Georgia: including their systematic characters, the particulars of their several metamorphoses, and the plants on which they feed." volumeTitle="Collected from the observation of Mr. John Abbot, many years resident in that country." year="1797">Abbot and Smith 1797</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on a painting of the adult, caterpillar, pupa, and the host
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Chionanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chionanthus virginica" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginica">Chionanthus virginica</taxonomicName>
|
||
Linn. (fringetree) (family
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Oleaceae" lsidName="Oleaceae" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" rank="genus">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by Abbot. As is the case for all of taxa drawn by Abbot, there is no type specimen for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The common name "Grey O Moth" was given for the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“O”">"O"</normalizedToken>
|
||
shaped orbicular spot on each forewing.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Abbot’s">Abbot's</normalizedToken>
|
||
rendering of the larva depicts a robust caterpillar that is pale brown laterally, shaded with darker brown dorsally, and bears a thick black subdorsal stripe, a slight stripe behind the head and a moderately humped A8 segment. His illustration is undoubtedly a match for the current-day
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
caterpillars from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 33). Despite not having any type material for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we are confident in our assessment that the original species description agrees with the current understanding of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a distinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as being very rare in Georgia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abbot, J" journalOrPublisher="London, England" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" title="The natural history of the rarer lepidopterous insects of Georgia: including their systematic characters, the particulars of their several metamorphoses, and the plants on which they feed." volumeTitle="Collected from the observation of Mr. John Abbot, many years resident in that country." year="1797">Abbot and Smith 1797</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are no recent reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
living in Georgia (J. Adams pers. comm.), and even in North Carolina it is an extremely rare mountain taxon (Bo Sullivan pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
|
||
Although the adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="103" start="start">Sympistis</pageBreakToken>
|
||
forbesi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are difficult (and sometimes impossible) to distinguish even upon dissection, their larvae are distinct in size, coloration, habitus, and life history. Presumably these coloration and morphological differences reflect, at least in part, the structural differences in their preferred hosts.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an herbaceous perennial that dies back to the ground each winter;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Chionanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chionanthus" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chionanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are trees. The brown, bark-like coloration of late instar
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is suggestive that larvae rest off of foliage by day and perhaps even near the ground along the trunk or off the host in leaf litter. We know of no brown noctuoid larvae that rest on foliage by day, and many, like
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Catocala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Catocala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Catocala</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schrank,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Melipotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melipotis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Melipotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zale" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zale</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
, may wander far from the foliage when not feeding. The coloration of last instar
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 32, 33) is reflective of its preferred resting site: the green stems of feverwort. Likewise, it is our guess that the less robust body, smaller prolegs, and reduced crochet hook number of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
reflect the fact that larvae rest adjacent to suitable foliage. By contrast, the caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
on a mature ash or fringetree may well have to traverse meters in search of suitable food each night. Surprisingly, no differences in mandible morphology of the two sister taxa were noted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Despite the differences between the hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the plants share secondary metabolites which may elucidate how the ancestral host plant switch was able to occur. Triosteum are members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Caprifoliaceae" lsidName="Caprifoliaceae" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">Caprifoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Chionanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chionanthus" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chionanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Troubridge, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 95" title="A generic realignment of the Oncocnemidini sensu Hodges (1983) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Oncocnemidinae), with description of a new genus and 50 new species." volume="1903" year="2008">Troubridge 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Robinson, GS" journalOrPublisher="Natural Products Sciences" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" title="HOSTS - a database of the hostplants of the world's Lepidoptera." url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/hostplants/" year="2012">Robinson et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are both
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Oleaceae" lsidName="Oleaceae" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both families are known to contain iridoid glycosides (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bowers, MD" editor="Rosenthal, G" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" pagination="297 - 321" title="The iridoid glycosides." url="10.1016/B978-0-12-597183-6.50013-9" volumeTitle="Herbivores: Their Interaction with Plant Secondary Metabolites" year="1991">Bowers 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seigler, DS" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" title="Plant Secondary Metabolism." url="10.1007/978-1-4615-4913-0" year="1998">Seigler 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jensen, SR" journalOrPublisher="Phytochemistry" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" pagination="213 - 231" title="Chemotaxonomy of the Oleaceae: iridoids as taxonomic markers." url="10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00102-4" volume="60" year="2002">Jensen et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lee, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Natural Products Sciences" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" pagination="32 - 38" title="Phytochemical studies on Lonicerae Flos-Isolation of iridoid glycosides and other constituents." volume="16" year="2010">Lee et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While larval hosts are known for only a small fraction of North American
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sympistis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Troubridge, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 95" title="A generic realignment of the Oncocnemidini sensu Hodges (1983) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Oncocnemidinae), with description of a new genus and 50 new species." volume="1903" year="2008">Troubridge 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), at least among the known hosts, plants with iridoid glycosides figure prominently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" title="Owlet Caterpillars of Eastern North America." year="2011">Wagner et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In western North America,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Penstemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Penstemon" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Penstemon</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in particular, well known to have iridoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stermitz, FR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Chemical Ecology" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" pagination="435 - 441" title="Iridoid glycoside sequestration by two aposematic Penstemon-feeding geometrid larvae." url="10.1007/BF01013895" volume="14" year="1988">Stermitz et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krull, RE" journalOrPublisher="Phytochemistry" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" pagination="2413 - 2415" title="Trans-fused iridoid glycosides from Penstemon mucronatus." url="10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00349-5" volume="49" year="1998">Krull and Stermitz 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), supports numerous
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sympistis</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (DLW unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Prior to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Troubridge, JT" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 95" title="A generic realignment of the Oncocnemidini sensu Hodges (1983) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Oncocnemidinae), with description of a new genus and 50 new species." volume="1903" year="2008">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Troubridge’s">Troubridge's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
oncocnemidine revision,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was classified in the monobasic genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Adita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adita" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adita</taxonomicName>
|
||
Grote, 1874. Troubridge synonymized the genus into
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sympistis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and regarded chionanthi to be a highly derived species within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sympistis</taxonomicName>
|
||
related to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis dentata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentata">Sympistis dentata</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. In addition to the species that we describe here, there may be additional cryptic species in collections sorted as "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Adita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adita chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Adita chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
." George Godfrey and Tim McCabe have beaten caterpillars of an "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Adita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adita" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adita</taxonomicName>
|
||
" group species from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Symphoricarpos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Symphoricarpos" order="Dipsacales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Symphoricarpos</taxonomicName>
|
||
Duhamel in the Upper Midwest. Images taken by Godfrey of these larvae closely approach those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differ in having more gray in the ground color and some brick red over the dorsum. Unfortunately, neither McCabe nor Godfrey reared adults or preserved larvae. John Franclemont collected a large series of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“chionanthi”">"chionanthi"</normalizedToken>
|
||
in Montana and reared an ex ova cohort on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on the number of pinned specimens, larval photographs, and genitalic dissections it seems likely that Franclemont believed the Montana populations might represent a new species. Adults average larger and brighter than material from eastern North America. Three individuals of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“chionanthi”">"chionanthi"</normalizedToken>
|
||
from nearby Alberta, also included in the barcoding dataset, clustered separately from the eastern individuals. Given the above, we caution that our figured male and female genitalic preparations (Figs 15-17) for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are from central Canada; without larval or genetic data, we cannot with certainty know that these are nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We were unable to find consistent differences in male or female genitalia in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(representing five states and provinces), or between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If our findings about the differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are indicative for other members of the species group, or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sympistis</taxonomicName>
|
||
more widely, larvae, life history data, and molecular data will be needed to tease apart the biological species in this complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="10" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Part of our interest in the new species derives from our desire to document instances where rates of phenotypic evolution in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lepidoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ markedly among life
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="104" start="start">stages</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. For example, in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Oschenehimer and some notodontid genera (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Datana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Datana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Datana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walker and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Schizura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schizura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schizura</taxonomicName>
|
||
Doubleday) larval phenotypes differ substantially among related species that are otherwise difficult to determine using external and genitalic features of the adults. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta hastulifera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hastulifera">Acronicta hastulifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(J. E. Smith) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta dactylina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dactylina">Acronicta dactylina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Grote are sometimes impossible to separate by eye or dissection, but each has a distinctive larva that readily distinguishes the second to final instars of both species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" title="Owlet Caterpillars of Eastern North America." year="2011">Wagner et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schmidt and Anweiler unpublished data). Conversely, plusiine caterpillars are remarkably undifferentiated relative to their adults, and often require microscopic examination even to make generic and tribal assignments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Crumb, SE" journalOrPublisher="USDA, Washington, DC" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" title="The larvae of the Phalaenidae." volumeTitle="USDA Technical Bulletin" year="1956">Crumb 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lafontaine, JD" editor="Dominick, RB" journalOrPublisher="Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC" pageId="12" pageNumber="105" title="The Moths of America North of Mexico" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are mixed in collections that we have examined (under the latter name). By contrast, their larvae, are immediately distinct, with the coloration of each approximating that of the stem-color of their primary hosts: feverwort (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Triosteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ash (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Chionanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chionanthus" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chionanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. With careful morphological analysis, it may be possible to quantify these differing rates of phenotypic evolution within and between species using newly developed phylogenetic techniques (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Adams, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" pagination="181 - 192" title="Comparing evolutionary rates for different phenotypic traits on a phylogeny using likelihood." url="10.1093/sysbio/sys083" volume="62" year="2013">Adams 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Figures 28-29.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa 28 ventral 29 lateral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Figures 30-33.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae. 30
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
second (upper) and third (lower) instars. IA: Boone Co., Little Blue Stem Prairie, May 2011, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
31
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
middle instar, same collection data 32
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature last instar, same collection data 33
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis chionanthi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionanthi">Sympistis chionanthi</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature last instar, NY: Albany Co., Albany, female fall 1995, ex ova reared on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus americana" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">Fraxinus americana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, DLW Lot: 1996F32.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Figures 34-36.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sympistis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sympistis forbesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forbesi">Sympistis forbesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
IA: Boone Co., Little Blue Stem Prairie, May 2011 on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
34 three larvae secreted in a leaf axil; note frass accumulation 35 larvae on new spring leaves; note two larvae on new leaf bundle and one on foreground leaf 36 last instar on a flower of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Triosteum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triosteum perfoliatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="11" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perfoliatum">Triosteum perfoliatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, matching the color of the flower and petioles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |