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<document id="0C5210A334B16AAAD2A0C6E005DBF4BF" ID-CLB-Dataset="305511" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fe088605-d1fa-4ca2-b5d9-751eb51051d5" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14224750" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8494E122-DA15-4996-AECC-FC363F294B2E" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1732636130726" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Freschi, Alessandro, Morigi, Alessia, Cau, Simone, Persico, Davide, Garbasi, Francesco, Fontana, Filippo &amp; Cau, Andrea" docDate="2023" docId="03D00807A921FF96D99E61D0FDD2F925" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.22.9.143-157.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (9)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a9" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Ichthyosauria de Blainville 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="149" masterDocId="FFE9707FA926FF9FDA566544FFE0FFE9" masterDocTitle="First biostratigraphic dating for a Cretaceous ichthyosaur from the Apennine Chain (Italy)" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="143" pageNumber="148" updateTime="1732751111836" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="CF841559DCE0E318209167843088622C">First biostratigraphic dating for a Cretaceous ichthyosaur from the Apennine Chain (Italy)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E4772F2AAAEB44D2D3EE16AEC3F5365B">Freschi, Alessandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ABF22FC37E41B6A58103B70EBE065DF9">Morigi, Alessia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F5985CEF9A301A0CA4D00920E90BFAF2">SFERA Programme - Inter Amnes Project, Dipartimento di Discipline Umanistiche Sociali e delle Imprese Culturali, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via M. D'Azeglio 85, 43125, Parma (Italia)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="43772C6A2074AEFAEA1E9BB4F079546E" type="email">alessia.morigi@unipr.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DED25ACA776C1B9275AAA75ECAC6121F">Cau, Simone</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="276D38D7EEB7B2DE673DB5F0CEFD1656">Via Azzolini, 12, 43037, Lesignano de Bagni (Italia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2BDC5C2A66782015E1CBCD84C20D6EC4">Persico, Davide</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="93382A2EA457D21072BC81CFDED3624B">Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 157 / A, 43125, Parma (Italia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="49E2823B53119180A814B1A5AEBB8766">Garbasi, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="18ED2ED65C14082FB776841A028CE749">Fontana, Filippo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FAF86D5C8D2F923C81BD5F9F6DC874A7">SFERA Programme - Inter Amnes Project, Dipartimento di Discipline Umanistiche Sociali e delle Imprese Culturali, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via M. D'Azeglio 85, 43125, Parma (Italia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6E786F859F6D0413EFA8FE2D9344B28B">Cau, Andrea</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4B8AB8E33E0AA69146B7420546410FEA">Strada M. R. Imbriani 64, 43125, Parma (Italia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="53674824D67021E5EBE76FDF82BE8487">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="21F51716BCC440D9483B0C9CADC5CD43">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D00807A921FF96D99E61D0FDD2F925" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14232133" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247601255" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14232133" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D00807A921FF96D99E61D0FDD2F925" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D00807A921FF96D99E61D0FDD2F925" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" scope_order="Ichthyosauria">
<subSubSection id="C363EA9AA921FF98D99E61D0FAF5FB47" box="[968,1301,1172,1199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC6B911A921FF98D99E61D0FAF5FB47" blockId="7.[968,1301,1172,1230]" box="[968,1301,1172,1199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
<heading id="D08E0E7DA921FF98D99E61D0FAF5FB47" box="[968,1301,1172,1199]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" reason="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A921FF98D99E61D0FBBAFB47" authority="de Blainville, 1835" authorityName="de Blainville" authorityYear="1835" box="[968,1114,1172,1198]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ichthyosauria</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. indet.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C363EA9AA921FF98DE1061F0FB76FB27" box="[1094,1174,1204,1230]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC6B911A921FF98DE1061F0FB76FB27" blockId="7.[968,1301,1172,1230]" box="[1094,1174,1204,1230]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
(
<figureCitation id="1342A594A921FF98DE1861F0FB6DFB27" box="[1102,1165,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1204,1221]" captionTargetBox="[148,1455,234,1160]" captionTargetId="figure-201@11.[736,1313,238,792]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 4. — Caudal vertebrae 001-Pad2, 3 and 5 and hypothetical total body size of the Paderna ichthyosaur: A, the internal section of one of the centra showing the typical distinct amphicoelous appearance; B, E, 001-Pad5, the block containing most posterior three centra, in left lateral view (B) and dorsal view (E); C, F, 001-Pad2-3, the longest and proximal block containing five centra in anatomical connection in left lateral view (C) and in dorsal view (F), crossed by a fracture; D, G, anterior (D) and posterior (G) views of the centra; H, generalized thunnosaurian body silhouette showing the approximate body size of the animal compatible with the Paderna vertebrae (see McGowan &amp; Motani 2003: fig. 68G). Abbreviations: ap, apophysis; ir, intercentral facet rim; m, sediment matrix; ns, neuroapophysis pedicel facet scar; pe, eroded margin of periosteum. Scale bars: A-G, 5 cm; H, 50 cm." pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C363EA9AA921FF98D97B61AAFA8CFA76" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC6B911A921FF98D97B61AAFC24FAD3" blockId="7.[813,1456,1261,1338]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
<smallCapsWord id="8D202FCDA921FF98D97B61AAFC72FAED" baselines="1279,1280" box="[813,914,1262,1285]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Material" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
. —
<materialsCitation id="3B11B34CA921FF98D99561A9FC24FAD3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4985322301" collectionCode="PAD" county="Paderna" location="Termina" municipality="Neviano degli Arduini" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" specimenCode="001-Pad1, 001-Pad2, 001-Pad3, 001-Pad4, 001- Pad5" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Parma Province">
<specimenCode id="DBDF116AA921FF98D99561A9FBC5FAEC" box="[963,1061,1261,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">001-Pad1</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DBDF116AA921FF98DE6461A9FB75FAEC" box="[1074,1173,1261,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">001-Pad2</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DBDF116AA921FF98DEF461A9FAE5FAEC" box="[1186,1285,1261,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">001-Pad3</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DBDF116AA921FF98DF4761A9FA95FAEC" box="[1297,1397,1261,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">001-Pad4</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DBDF116AA921FF98DFD761A9FC80FAC9" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">001- Pad5</specimenCode>
:
<specimenCount id="9D7F7298A921FF98D93D604CFC76FAC9" box="[875,918,1288,1312]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">nine</specimenCount>
articulated anterior caudal centra and an isolated centrum fragment.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC6B911A921FF98D97B6016FA8CFA76" blockId="7.[811,1455,1362,1439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
<smallCapsWord id="8D202FCDA921FF98D97B6016FC6CFA81" baselines="1379,1380" box="[813,908,1362,1385]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D202FCDA921FF98D9C46013FC5CFA81" baselines="1380" box="[914,956,1367,1384]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">AND</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D202FCDA921FF98D9976013FBFCFA81" baselines="1380" box="[961,1052,1367,1384]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="horizon" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">HORIZON</smallCapsWord>
. —
<collectingCounty id="62A7C19DA921FF98DE1F6016FB77FA83" box="[1097,1175,1362,1386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Paderna</collectingCounty>
(
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA2236BA921FF98DEF26016FA60FA83" box="[1188,1408,1362,1386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Neviano degli Arduini</collectingMunicipality>
municipality,
<collectingRegion id="49BD77F3A921FF98D9C76029FBCEFA6D" box="[913,1070,1388,1412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Parma Province</collectingRegion>
),
<location id="8EA6EFCAA921FF98DE6A6028FB6EFA6D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D00807A921FF96D99E61D0FDD2F925:8EA6EFCAA921FF98DE6A6028FB6EFA6D" box="[1084,1166,1388,1412]" county="Paderna" municipality="Neviano degli Arduini" name="Termina" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" stateProvince="Parma Province">Termina</location>
valley; “
<emphasis id="B90D6503A921FF98DEB66028FC49FA77" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
<location id="8EA6EFCAA921FF98DEB66028FC49FA77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D00807A921FF96D99E61D0FDD2F925:8EA6EFCAA921FF98DEB66028FC49FA77" county="Paderna" municipality="Neviano degli Arduini" name="Argille Varicolori della Val Samoggia" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" stateProvince="Parma Province">Argille Varicolori della Val Samoggia</location>
</emphasis>
” Formation (AVS); lower
<location id="8EA6EFCAA921FF98DEF860C3FB10FA76" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D00807A921FF96D99E61D0FDD2F925:8EA6EFCAA921FF98DEF860C3FB10FA76" box="[1198,1264,1415,1439]" county="Paderna" municipality="Neviano degli Arduini" name="Aptian" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" stateProvince="Parma Province">Aptian</location>
(this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C363EA9AA921FF96D97B6090FDD2F925" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" type="description">
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC6B911A921FF97D97B60B7FAEBF865" blockId="7.[812,1457,1492,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[811,1456,1651,2028]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
The specimen is represented by a series of vertebral centra ranging
<quantity id="4C8114F4A921FF98D9DE6357FC1DF9C7" box="[904,1021,1555,1582]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="35.0" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="32.0">32-38 mm</quantity>
in length and
<quantity id="4C8114F4A921FF98DECB6357FAF2F9C7" box="[1181,1298,1555,1582]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" metricValueMax="9.7" metricValueMin="9.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="94.0" valueMax="97.0" valueMin="91.0">91-97 mm</quantity>
in both width and height (
<figureCitation id="1342A594A921FF98D9EE6377FC1AF9A4" box="[952,1018,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1204,1221]" captionTargetBox="[148,1455,234,1160]" captionTargetId="figure-201@11.[736,1313,238,792]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 4. — Caudal vertebrae 001-Pad2, 3 and 5 and hypothetical total body size of the Paderna ichthyosaur: A, the internal section of one of the centra showing the typical distinct amphicoelous appearance; B, E, 001-Pad5, the block containing most posterior three centra, in left lateral view (B) and dorsal view (E); C, F, 001-Pad2-3, the longest and proximal block containing five centra in anatomical connection in left lateral view (C) and in dorsal view (F), crossed by a fracture; D, G, anterior (D) and posterior (G) views of the centra; H, generalized thunnosaurian body silhouette showing the approximate body size of the animal compatible with the Paderna vertebrae (see McGowan &amp; Motani 2003: fig. 68G). Abbreviations: ap, apophysis; ir, intercentral facet rim; m, sediment matrix; ns, neuroapophysis pedicel facet scar; pe, eroded margin of periosteum. Scale bars: A-G, 5 cm; H, 50 cm." pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). No neural arches or ribs were found in association with the centra. The centra are very closely spaced (i.e., only a relatively thin fine-sediment matrix fills the intervertebral space) and aligned along their anteroposterior axes, a pattern which likely represents their original anatomical connection. The centra are divided into two blocks. The largest block (
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long) contains six centra and is crossed by a fracture. The first centrum is the most fragmentary, preserving only the right dorsal part of the bone, while the others are almost complete. The second block (
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long) is composed of three centra, one of which is missing its left ventral part. A single incomplete centrum was found in the same area but isolated from the two blocks. All centra appear slightly tilted to one side and shifted relative to each other. The left surfaces of the centra are better preserved than their right counterparts, a preservation artifact which might indicate that the vertebrae were partially exposed and suffered some degree of erosion prior to their discovery. As a consequence, only the left apophyses are preserved. The centra are anteroposteriorly short, displaying a distinct amphicoelous appearance. A synapophysis is present and placed in the lateroventral surface. Most centra show a distinct suture for the neurocentral pedicels on their dorsal surface, crossed longitudinally by the floor of the neural canal. The neurocentral pedicel facets appear narrower and longer in the anterior vertebrae and become more oval in the posterior ones. No subcentral foramina or haemal arch facets are present. The centrum height (
<collectingCountry id="F36EF981A92EFF97DF2563D7FA41F944" box="[1395,1441,1683,1709]" name="Switzerland" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">CH</collectingCountry>
), centrum length (CL) and centrum width (CW) of the vertebrae decrease moderately along the anteroposterior direction of the articulated series (
<figureCitation id="1342A594A92EFF97DE7863B6FB8AF8E5" box="[1070,1130,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1204,1221]" captionTargetBox="[148,1455,234,1160]" captionTargetId="figure-201@11.[736,1313,238,792]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 4. — Caudal vertebrae 001-Pad2, 3 and 5 and hypothetical total body size of the Paderna ichthyosaur: A, the internal section of one of the centra showing the typical distinct amphicoelous appearance; B, E, 001-Pad5, the block containing most posterior three centra, in left lateral view (B) and dorsal view (E); C, F, 001-Pad2-3, the longest and proximal block containing five centra in anatomical connection in left lateral view (C) and in dorsal view (F), crossed by a fracture; D, G, anterior (D) and posterior (G) views of the centra; H, generalized thunnosaurian body silhouette showing the approximate body size of the animal compatible with the Paderna vertebrae (see McGowan &amp; Motani 2003: fig. 68G). Abbreviations: ap, apophysis; ir, intercentral facet rim; m, sediment matrix; ns, neuroapophysis pedicel facet scar; pe, eroded margin of periosteum. Scale bars: A-G, 5 cm; H, 50 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6FB8CAAA92EFF97DE2363B6FB23F8E5" box="[1141,1219,1778,1804]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[133,144,1073,1090]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements of vertebral elements (mm) of the Paderna specimen. Abbreviations: CH, centrum height; CL, centrum length; CW, centrum width." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF06E999A92FFF96DAD36175FA50FBAB" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" tableUuid="DF06E999A92FFF96DAD36175FA50FBAB">Table 3</tableCitation>
). The general shape of the articular surfaces is subcircular with the height to width ratio (
<collectingCountry id="F36EF981A92EFF97D9396276FC79F8A5" box="[879,921,1842,1868]" name="Switzerland" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">CH</collectingCountry>
/CW) around
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DE166277FBB1F8A5" box="[1088,1105,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">c.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C8114F4A92EFF97DE0E6276FB7AF8A5" box="[1112,1178,1842,1868]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" unit="in" value="0.9">0.9 in</quantity>
all centra. The vertebrae are much shorter in length than dorsoventrally tall, with a
<collectingCountry id="F36EF981A92EFF97D97B6236FCB6F865" box="[813,854,1906,1932]" name="Switzerland" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">CH</collectingCountry>
/CL ratio ranging between 2.6 and 2.9.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF06E999A92EFF97DAD2608CFD3DF9DD" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" startId="8.[132,143,1480,1497]" targetBox="[187,1395,215,1438]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC6B911A92EFF97DAD2608CFD3DF9DD" blockId="8.[132,1457,1480,1588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">
<smallCapsWord id="8D202FCDA92EFF97DAD2608CFF7DFA31" baselines="1493,1493" box="[132,157,1480,1497]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 2. — Photomicrographs of selected calcareous nannofossil taxa from the vertebrae sample; the photos are at crossed nicols and at 1250
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DF7F608DFAD4FA30" box="[1321,1332,1481,1497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">×</emphasis>
magnification:
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DAD2609BFF71FA19" bold="true" box="[132,145,1503,1520]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">A</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97DACD609BFD63FA19" authority="(Black, 1971) Applegate &amp; Bergen, 1988" authorityName="Applegate &amp; Bergen" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Black" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[155,643,1503,1520]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Eiffellithaceae" genus="Eiffellithus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eiffellithales" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DACD609BFED1FA19" box="[155,305,1503,1520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Eiffellithus striatus</emphasis>
(Black, 1971) Applegate &amp; Bergen, 1988
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D8DD609BFD78FA19" bold="true" box="[651,664,1503,1520]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">B</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97D8F4609BFB94FA19" authority="(Stradner, 1963) Reinhardt, 1971" authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Stradner" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[674,1140,1503,1520]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhagodiscaceae" genus="Rhagodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eiffellithales" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="angustus">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D8F4609BFCBEFA19" box="[674,862,1503,1520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Rhagodiscus angustus</emphasis>
(Stradner, 1963) Reinhardt, 1971
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DE2A609BFB7DFA19" bold="true" box="[1148,1181,1503,1520]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">C -E</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97DEF1609BFA4CFA19" authority="Worsley, 1971" authorityName="Worsley" authorityYear="1971" box="[1191,1452,1503,1520]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Cretarhabdaceae" genus="Helenea" kingdom="Chromista" order="Podorhabdales" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="chiastia">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DEF1609BFACEFA19" box="[1191,1326,1503,1520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Helenea chiastia</emphasis>
Worsley, 1971
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DAD260B1FF45F9EF" bold="true" box="[132,165,1525,1542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">F -H</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97DAE660B1FDA9F9EF" authority="Bramlette &amp; Martini, 1964" authorityName="Bramlette &amp; Martini" authorityYear="1964" box="[176,585,1525,1542]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Cretarhabdaceae" genus="Cretarhabdus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Podorhabdales" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="conicus">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DAE660B1FE89F9EF" box="[176,361,1525,1542]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Cretarhabdus conicus</emphasis>
Bramlette &amp; Martini, 1964
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D80460B1FDB8F9EF" bold="true" box="[594,600,1525,1542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">I</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D83260B1FD8EF9EF" bold="true" box="[612,622,1525,1542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">J</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97D82C60B1FBBAF9EF" authority="(Deflandre, 1953) Verbeek, 1977" authorityName="Verbeek" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Deflandre" baseAuthorityYear="1953" box="[634,1114,1525,1542]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhagodiscaceae" genus="Rhagodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eiffellithales" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="splendens">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D82C60B1FCA1F9EF" box="[634,833,1525,1542]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Rhagodiscus splendens</emphasis>
(Deflandre, 1953) Verbeek, 1977
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DE3560B1FB90F9EF" bold="true" box="[1123,1136,1525,1542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">K</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97DE2A60B1FF18F9F4" authority="Rood, Hay &amp; Barnard 1971" authorityName="Rood, Hay &amp; Barnard" authorityYear="1971" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Chiastozygaceae" genus="Zeugrhabdotus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eiffellithales" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="noeliae">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DE2A60B1FADCF9EF" box="[1148,1340,1525,1542]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Zeugrhabdotus noeliae</emphasis>
Rood, Hay &amp; Barnard 1971
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DB566348FEEBF9F4" bold="true" box="[256,267,1548,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">L</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97DB436348FDC5F9F4" authority="Black, 1971" authorityName="Black" authorityYear="1971" box="[277,549,1548,1565]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Chiastozygaceae" genus="Chiastozygus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eiffellithales" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DB436348FE5BF9F4" box="[277,443,1548,1565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Chiastozygus tenuis</emphasis>
Black, 1971
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D87A6348FDDDF9F4" bold="true" box="[556,573,1548,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">M</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D8116348FDB5F9F4" bold="true" box="[583,597,1548,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">N</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97D8366348FC22F9F4" authority="Deflandre, 1963" authorityName="Deflandre" authorityYear="1963" box="[608,962,1548,1565]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Microrhabdulaceae" genus="Lithraphidites" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="carniolensis">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D8366348FCD7F9F4" box="[608,823,1548,1565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Lithraphidites carniolensis</emphasis>
Deflandre, 1963
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D99C6348FC39F9F4" bold="true" box="[970,985,1548,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97D9B56348FF00F9DD" authority="(Manivit, 1966) Varol &amp; Bowman, 2019" authorityName="Varol &amp; Bowman" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Manivit" baseAuthorityYear="1966" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Braarudosphaeraceae" genus="Micrantholithus" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="imbricatus">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97D9B56348FB5EF9F4" box="[995,1214,1548,1565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Micrantholithus imbricatus</emphasis>
(Manivit, 1966) Varol &amp; Bowman, 2019
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DAB16367FF13F9DD" bold="true" box="[231,243,1571,1588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">P</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C79C292A92EFF97DAA86367FDA2F9DD" authority="Black, 1973" authorityName="Black" authorityYear="1973" box="[254,578,1571,1588]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Braarudosphaeraceae" genus="Braarudosphaera" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="B90D6503A92EFF97DAA86367FE39F9DD" box="[254,473,1571,1588]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Braarudosphaera regularis</emphasis>
Black, 1973
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars: 5 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC6B911A92EFF96D91562D6FDD2F925" blockId="8.[811,1456,1651,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[132,775,1523,1740]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">
We report three small elongate and sub-cylindrical elements, about
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in diameter each, found inside the sedimentary matrix infilling the intervertebral space between two consecutive vertebral centra (
<figureCitation id="1342A594A92FFF96DB6B60B7FE9CF9E7" box="[317,380,1523,1550]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,906,923]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,862]" captionTargetId="figure-54@12.[698,1267,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Small elongate and sub-cylindrical elements found inside the sedimentary matrix infilling the intervertebral space. Arrows indicate eroded tip of three elements. Scale bar: 20 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). These structures are oriented radially relative to the center of the adjacent intervertebral facet (
<figureCitation id="1342A594A92FFF96DADB6377FF00F9A4" box="[141,224,1587,1614]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,906,923]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,862]" captionTargetId="figure-54@12.[698,1267,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Small elongate and sub-cylindrical elements found inside the sedimentary matrix infilling the intervertebral space. Arrows indicate eroded tip of three elements. Scale bar: 20 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
), and distally they reach the rim of the intercentral facet. Internally, each structure appears as a sedimentary infilling (
<figureCitation id="1342A594A92FFF96DAEE6337FEEAF964" box="[184,266,1651,1678]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,906,923]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,862]" captionTargetId="figure-54@12.[698,1267,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Small elongate and sub-cylindrical elements found inside the sedimentary matrix infilling the intervertebral space. Arrows indicate eroded tip of three elements. Scale bar: 20 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). We suggest that these elements are biological in origin, and interpret them as ichnological traces left by a limnivorous/saprophagous invertebrate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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