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<document id="A783E8AB3055905F313A9A2711D66DA6" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.13244025" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13244025" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722969810181" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ming, Leong Tzi" docDate="2004" docId="039C8C57FFC4FFCA06C38763EF3CB02A" docLanguage="en" docName="RafflesBZool.52.2.609-620.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:19380AF0FBA5B2F218DD253A34ABE57F.5:RafflesBZool.2003-2005.journal_article" docStyleId="19380AF0FBA5B2F218DD253A34ABE57F" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2003-2005.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Rhacophorus tunkui Kiew 1987" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="617" masterDocId="FFA5F42FFFC3FFC20639842CEB3BB152" masterDocTitle="Larval Descriptions Of Some Poorly Known Tadpoles From Peninsular Malaysia (Amphibia: Anura)" masterLastPageNumber="620" masterPageNumber="609" pageNumber="616" updateTime="1722973631586" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="045CE04C691D40792E9D4C0AF342C8FC">Larval Descriptions Of Some Poorly Known Tadpoles From Peninsular Malaysia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFC4FFC506C38763E953B235" blockId="7.[250,616,847,902]" box="[250,616,847,871]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">
<heading id="D0C28A2DFFC4FFC506C38763E953B235" bold="true" box="[250,616,847,871]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC506C38763E953B235" ID-CoL="4RXLJ" authority="Kiew, 1987" authorityName="Kiew" authorityYear="1987" box="[250,616,847,871]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tunkui">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC506C38763E953B235" bold="true" box="[250,616,847,871]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC506C38763EADBB235" bold="true" box="[250,480,847,871]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Rhacophorus tunkui</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA440B0FFC4FFC507D18763E953B235" author="Kiew, B" box="[488,616,847,871]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" pagination="413 - 423" refId="ref8429" refString="Kiew, B. H., 1987. An annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of Ulu Endau, Johore, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 41: 413 - 423." type="journal article" year="1987">Kiew, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32F6ECAFFC4FFC507798743EEBDB454" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFC4FFC507798743E91AB2D4" blockId="7.[250,616,847,902]" box="[320,545,879,902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">
(
<figureCitation id="130E21C4FFC4FFC507718743EA83B2D4" box="[328,440,879,902]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="7.[113,148,2009,2030]" captionStartId-1="7.[813,848,2062,2083]" captionStartId-2="8.[136,171,2032,2053]" captionStartId-3="8.[835,870,2062,2083]" captionTargetBox-0="[113,755,1183,1983]" captionTargetBox-1="[813,1456,1523,2025]" captionTargetBox-2="[136,777,1168,2007]" captionTargetBox-3="[835,1476,1594,2035]" captionTargetId-0="figure-395@7.[113,756,1183,1983]" captionTargetId-1="figure-396@7.[813,1456,1523,2025]" captionTargetId-2="figure-10@8.[136,776,1577,2007]" captionTargetId-3="figure-11@8.[835,1476,1594,2035]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="Fig. 8. In-situ ovophagy by a juvenile Xenochrophis trianguligerus (ZRC.2.5623, total length 28.2cm) on the freshly deposited ova (unpigmented) of Rhacophorus tunkui. Photographed by Andrew Tay (04 Jan.2003)." captionText-1="Fig. 9. Freshly hatched embryos of Rhacophorus tunkui dropping into receptacle of water provided for them below." captionText-2="Fig. 10. Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) aspects of Rhacophorus tunkui larva (Stage 37). Note presence of three distinct dark spots on midline of tail muscle, immediately posterior to body-tail junction." captionText-3="Fig. 11. Dorsal aspect of recent emergent of Rhacophorus tunkui (Stage 46)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244041" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244043" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244045" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244047" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13244041/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13244043/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13244045/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13244047/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Figs. 8-11</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6B708FAFFC4FFC507FF8743E922B2D4" box="[454,537,879,902]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="7.[113,168,193,214]" captionText="Table 6. Developmental changes in BL (body length) and TL (total length) of larval Rhacophorus tunkui (ZRC.1.10607-10722; n = 128, Stages 28-46)." pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Table 6</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFC4FFC506488783EEBDB454" blockId="7.[113,752,943,1126]" lastBlockId="7.[813,1452,847,1286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC506488783EA57B295" bold="true" box="[113,364,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Larval microhabitat. </emphasis>
A developmental series was reared from a freshly deposited clutch of ova (unpigmented), encountered on the night of
<date id="FF8B1B81FFC4FFC507AE87C3E932B554" box="[407,521,1007,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" value="2003-01-04">4 Jan.2003</date>
within lowland forest at the Gunong Panti foothills (
<geoCoordinate id="EE015B86FFC4FFC5078B8023E93AB574" box="[434,513,1039,1062]" degrees="1" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" precision="925" value="1.85">1 51N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE015B86FFC4FFC504328023E94FB574" box="[523,628,1039,1062]" degrees="103" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" precision="925" value="103.38333">103 23E</geoCoordinate>
), south east
<collectingRegion id="49F1F3A3FFC4FFC506488003EB97B514" box="[113,172,1071,1094]" country="Malaysia" name="Johor" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Johor</collectingRegion>
(coll. T. M. Leong et al.). The foam nest (ca. 8 x
<quantity id="4CCD90A4FFC4FFC504808003E9D2B514" box="[697,745,1071,1094]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" unit="cm" value="4.0">4cm</quantity>
) was attached to the underside of a leaf of a shrub in the middle of a flooded pool (ca. 5 x
<quantity id="4CCD90A4FFC4FFC502078763EF59B234" box="[1086,1122,847,870]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
,
<quantity id="4CCD90A4FFC4FFC502548763EF93B234" box="[1133,1192,847,870]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" unit="cm" value="80.0">80cm</quantity>
deep). At this site, adult males were seen and heard calling from vegetation overhanging the pool, of which voucher specimens were obtained (ZRC.1.10363-10374). Other anurans found here were
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC5055287E3EF6DB2B4" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[875,1110,975,998]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC5055287E3EF6DB2B4" box="[875,1110,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Polypedates macrotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC5025E87E3EE9EB2B4" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1127,1445,975,998]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="appendiculatus">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC5025E87E3EE9EB2B4" box="[1127,1445,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Rhacophorus appendiculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC5051487C3E8D0B554" baseAuthorityName="Muller in Van Oort &amp; Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[813,1003,1007,1030]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Kaloula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baleata">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC5051487C3E8D0B554" box="[813,1003,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Kaloula baleata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC505C687C3EFC4B554" authorityName="Parker" authorityYear="1928" box="[1023,1279,1007,1030]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Microhyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC505C687C3EFC4B554" box="[1023,1279,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Microhyla borneensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC5032A87C3EE98B554" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1897" box="[1299,1443,1007,1030]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Microhyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmipes">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC5032A87C3EE12B554" box="[1299,1321,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC5030587C3EE98B554" box="[1340,1443,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">palmipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Attention was initially drawn to the foam nest by the presence of a juvenile keelback snake (
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC502498003EE9FB514" baseAuthorityName="Boie" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1136,1444,1071,1094]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenochrophis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trianguligerus">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC502498003EE9FB514" box="[1136,1444,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Xenochrophis trianguligerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; ZRC.2.5623, total length
<quantity id="4CCD90A4FFC4FFC502008063EFB7B534" box="[1081,1164,1103,1126]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.82" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" unit="cm" value="28.2">28.2cm</quantity>
), which was observed to be probing for ova and feeding from the foam nest (
<figureCitation id="130E21C4FFC4FFC503178043EE55B5D4" box="[1326,1390,1135,1158]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[113,148,2009,2030]" captionTargetBox="[113,755,1183,1983]" captionTargetId="figure-395@7.[113,756,1183,1983]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 8. In-situ ovophagy by a juvenile Xenochrophis trianguligerus (ZRC.2.5623, total length 28.2cm) on the freshly deposited ova (unpigmented) of Rhacophorus tunkui. Photographed by Andrew Tay (04 Jan.2003)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13244041/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). The leaf was carefully removed to allow further embryological development ex-situ, with initial signs of hatching after ca. 36 hours. The hatching embryos were allowed to drop into a receptacle of water placed ca.
<quantity id="4CCD90A4FFC4FFC502B780C3EFF2B454" box="[1166,1225,1263,1286]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" unit="cm" value="30.0">30cm</quantity>
beneath (
<figureCitation id="130E21C4FFC4FFC5030C80C3EE42B454" box="[1333,1401,1263,1286]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[813,848,2062,2083]" captionTargetBox="[813,1456,1523,2025]" captionTargetId="figure-396@7.[813,1456,1523,2025]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 9. Freshly hatched embryos of Rhacophorus tunkui dropping into receptacle of water provided for them below." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13244043/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32F6ECAFFC4FFCA05148103EA24B319" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="617" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFC4FFC505148103EE11B494" blockId="7.[813,1452,1327,1478]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC505148103EF35B415" bold="true" box="[813,1038,1327,1351]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Larval diagnosis. </emphasis>
A small tadpole (maximum TL ca.
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); body and tail grayish green in life; tail muscle with two to three closely spaced, dark spots (actually ocelli when viewed under microscope) along midline immediately posterior to body-tail junction; LTRF 6(2-6)/3.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4A6DC9FFC4FFC5064883F5EA15B916" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244041" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13244041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13244041/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" startId="7.[113,148,2009,2030]" targetBox="[113,755,1183,1983]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFC4FFC5064883F5EA15B916" blockId="7.[113,752,2009,2116]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">
Fig. 8. In-situ ovophagy by a juvenile
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC507E583F5E9CBB6BC" baseAuthorityName="Boie" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[476,752,2009,2030]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenochrophis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trianguligerus">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC507E583F5E9CBB6BC" box="[476,752,2009,2030]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Xenochrophis trianguligerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZRC.2.5623, total length 28.2cm) on the freshly deposited ova (unpigmented) of
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC5071A8C3EEADCB975" authorityName="Kiew" authorityYear="1987" box="[291,487,2066,2087]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tunkui">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC5071A8C3EEADCB975" box="[291,487,2066,2087]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Rhacophorus tunkui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photographed by Andrew Tay (04 Jan.2003).
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFC4FFC505148C22EE1BB912" blockId="7.[813,1452,2062,2112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">
Fig. 9. Freshly hatched embryos of
<taxonomicName id="4C3546C2FFC4FFC502B38C22EE75B971" authorityName="Kiew" authorityYear="1987" box="[1162,1358,2062,2083]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="616" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tunkui">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFC4FFC502B38C22EE75B971" box="[1162,1358,2062,2083]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="616">Rhacophorus tunkui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dropping into receptacle of water provided for them below.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFCBFFCA06B184E8EA24B319" blockId="8.[136,775,196,587]" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFCBFFCA06B184E8EA4BB18E" bold="true" box="[136,368,196,220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">Larval morphology. </emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="130E21C4FFCBFFCA074484E8EAF3B189" box="[381,456,196,219]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[136,171,2032,2053]" captionTargetBox="[136,777,1168,2007]" captionTargetId="figure-10@8.[136,776,1577,2007]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 10. Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) aspects of Rhacophorus tunkui larva (Stage 37). Note presence of three distinct dark spots on midline of tail muscle, immediately posterior to body-tail junction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13244045/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) Body elliptical, BL 1.72-1.85 of BW, mildly depressed dorsoventrally, BH 0.75-0.81 of BW; snout rounded, nostril nearer to snout tip than eye; eyes dorsolateral, IOD 2.38-2.42 of IND; spiracle sinistral, continuous with body wall, oval opening directed upwards and backwards, spiracle visible from above and below, snout-spiracle 0.61-0.65 of BL; vent dextral, tubular, fused with ventral fin, opening directed towards posterior. Tail originating from body-tail junction, rising to slight convex at midpoint and gradually descending to rounded tip, dorsal fin slightly deeper than ventral fin, TAL 1.42-1.83 of BL, MTH 0.24-0.27 of TAL. Naso-lacrymal groove and lateral line pores present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32F6ECAFFCBFFCA06B1865DEF3CB02A" pageId="8" pageNumber="617" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFCBFFCA06B1865DE93AB394" blockId="8.[136,775,625,710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFCBFFCA06B1865DEA52B3DB" bold="true" box="[136,361,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">Colour/Markings. </emphasis>
In life, body and tail grayish green; greenish tinge increasingly pronounced in later stages; distinct spots (ocelli) on tail muscle black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFCBFFCA06B186C0EAABB2CE" blockId="8.[136,775,748,924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFCBFFCA06B186C0EA35B256" bold="true" box="[136,270,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">Oral Disc. </emphasis>
Marginal papillae on anterior labium confined to lateral corners, continuous row of marginal and single row of infra-marginal papillae on posterior labium; margin of upper jaw sheath curved, lower jaw sheath with V arch, both jaw sheaths keratinised and serrated at their margins; ODW 0.47-0.52 of BW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFCBFFCA06B187EEE96EB2AA" blockId="8.[136,775,962,1016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFCBFFCA06B187EEEBD0B288" bold="true" box="[136,235,962,986]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">LTRF. </emphasis>
6(2-6)/
<quantity id="4CCD90A4FFCBFFCA077A87EEEA54B28B" box="[323,367,962,985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="8" pageNumber="617" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
advanced larvae, 5(2-5)/
<quantity id="4CCD90A4FFCBFFCA04B387EEE98CB28B" box="[650,695,962,985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="8" pageNumber="617" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
earlier stages; size of labial teeth in P-3 smallest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A3D41FFCBFFCA06B18032EF3CB02A" blockId="8.[136,775,1054,1109]" lastBlockId="8.[835,1474,193,376]" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">
<emphasis id="B941E153FFCBFFCA06B18032EA9CB564" bold="true" box="[136,423,1054,1078]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">Developmental changes. </emphasis>
The diagnostic tail spots already show from an early stage but the full set of three only becomes obvious in later stages. In the emergent, the pale jade green colour is reminiscent of the adult colouration, and its flesh is translucent, enabling some of its limb bones to be seen (
<figureCitation id="130E21C4FFCBFFCA0572850DE8A7B06A" box="[843,924,289,312]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[835,870,2062,2083]" captionTargetBox="[835,1476,1594,2035]" captionTargetId="figure-11@8.[835,1476,1594,2035]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 11. Dorsal aspect of recent emergent of Rhacophorus tunkui (Stage 46)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13244047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13244047/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="617">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). The red markings on the webbing of its hindfeet are not developed as yet. The emergents did not exceed
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in SVL (
<tableCitation id="C6B708FAFFCBFFCA059A854DE8C1B02A" box="[931,1018,353,376]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="7.[113,168,193,214]" captionText="Table 6. Developmental changes in BL (body length) and TL (total length) of larval Rhacophorus tunkui (ZRC.1.10607-10722; n = 128, Stages 28-46)." pageId="8" pageNumber="617">Table 6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>