treatments-xml/data/03/9C/2E/039C2E2FFFCFD55CFE05FACBFEB0FC39.xml
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<mods:title id="328C5300946AD9FA1C3FAFBA970F6120">A Review of the Pattonomys / Toromys Clade (Rodentia: Echimyidae), with Descriptions of a New Toromys Species and a New Genus</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFCFD563FE05FACBFC89FA82" blockId="31.[444,876,1327,1353]" box="[444,876,1327,1353]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="D0C22855FFCFD563FE05FACBFC89FA82" box="[444,876,1327,1353]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFCFD563FE05FACBFC89FA82" authority="(Hollister, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Hollister" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[444,876,1327,1353]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFCFD563FE05FACBFD40FA82" box="[444,677,1327,1353]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pattonomys flavidus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFCFD563FD0CFACBFC81FA82" author="Hollister, N." box="[693,868,1327,1353]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="141 - 144" refId="ref24214" refString="Hollister, N. 1914. Descriptions of four new mammals from tropical America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 27: 141 - 144." type="journal article" year="1914">Hollister, 1914</bibRefCitation>
)
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFCFD563FFD5FA8CFD16FA4B" blockId="31.[108,755,1384,1409]" box="[108,755,1384,1409]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB25B817FFCFD563FFD5FA8CFD16FA4B" box="[108,755,1384,1409]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitation id="0A94B928FFCFD563FFD5FA8CFE1AFA4A" author="Hollister, N." box="[108,511,1384,1409]" page="143" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1914">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFCFD563FFD5FA8CFE1AFA4A" authority="Hollister 1914: 143" authorityName="Hollister" authorityPageNumber="143" authorityYear="1914" box="[108,511,1384,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Loncheres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFCFD563FFD5FA8CFEC8FA4B" box="[108,301,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Loncheres flavidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFCFD563FE8DFA8CFE1AFA4A" author="Hollister, N." box="[308,511,1384,1409]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="141 - 144" refId="ref24214" refString="Hollister, N. 1914. Descriptions of four new mammals from tropical America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 27: 141 - 144." type="journal article" year="1914">Hollister 1914: 143</bibRefCitation>
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(original description).
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<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFCFD563FF24FA7BFBDBF9C8" blockId="31.[108,1214,1439,1764]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<materialsCitation id="3B5D9564FFCFD563FF24FA7BFBDFF9C8" collectingDate="1895-07-09" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="W. Robinson" country="Venezuela" location="El Valle" municipality="Margarita Island" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" specimenCode="USNM 63218" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta" typeStatus="holotype">
TYPE SPECIMEN AND TYPE LOCALITY: The
<typeStatus id="548E219BFFCFD563FD3DFA7BFD0FFA72" box="[644,746,1439,1465]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(by original designation,
<specimenCode id="DB933742FFCFD563FBAAFA7BFB51FA71" box="[1043,1204,1439,1466]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="Museum">USNM 63218</specimenCode>
) consists of the skin and skull of an adult male with shot damage to the head, collected by
<collectorName id="26C0FAEFFFCFD563FB24FA21FF3AF9C8" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">W. Robinson</collectorName>
on
<date id="FF8BB9F9FFCFD563FEB7FA0DFE74F9CF" box="[270,401,1513,1540]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1895-07-09">
<collectingDate id="EFCF4011FFCFD563FEB7FA0DFE74F9CF" box="[270,401,1513,1540]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1895-07-09">9 July 1895</collectingDate>
</date>
at “
<location id="8EEAC9E2FFCFD563FE79FA0DFDFAF9C8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039C2E2FFFCFD55CFE05FACBFEB0FC39:8EEAC9E2FFCFD563FE79FA0DFDFAF9C8" box="[448,543,1513,1539]" country="Venezuela" municipality="Margarita Island" name="El Valle" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta">El Valle</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BEE0543FFCFD563FD93FA0DFD0BF9C8" box="[554,750,1513,1539]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Margarita Island</collectingMunicipality>
,”
<collectingRegion id="49F151DBFFCFD563FCBDFA0EFC57F9CF" box="[772,946,1514,1540]" country="Venezuela" name="Nueva Esparta" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nueva Esparta</collectingRegion>
,
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.
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<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFCFD55CFF25F9EBFBBFFEE9" blockId="31.[108,1214,1439,1764]" lastBlockId="32.[108,1215,225,1010]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
DIAGNOSIS: Perhaps as large as
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFCFD563FDBAF9EBFD1BF9E3" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[515,766,1551,1576]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFCFD563FDBAF9EBFD1BF9E3" box="[515,766,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pattonomys punctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, cranium intermediate in size between
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFCFD563FFD5F9D1FF10F985" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[108,245,1589,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFCFD563FFD5F9D1FF10F985" box="[108,245,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">P. punctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFCFD563FE97F9D1FE4FF985" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1911" box="[302,426,1588,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Loncheres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFCFD563FE97F9D1FE4FF985" box="[302,426,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">P. carrikeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(based on one individual,
<tableCitation id="C6B7AA82FFCFD563FD67F9D0FCD3F984" box="[734,822,1588,1615]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="12.[108,182,224,248]" captionText="TABLE 5. External measurements (mm) of Leiuromys, Pattonomys, and Toromys.a" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">tables 5</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6B7AA82FFCFD563FCFAF9D0FCB1F984" box="[835,852,1588,1615]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="13.[109,175,238,259]" captionText="TABLE 6. Cranial measurements (mm) of Leiuromys, Pattonomys, and Toromys. Tabulated statistics include the sample mean and (in parentheses) the observed range and the sample size." pageId="31" pageNumber="32">6</tableCitation>
). Dorsal pelage grizzled ochraceous yellowish lined with black, slightly browner over the rump. White-tipped spines robust and confined to the rump. Underhairs ochraceous yellow. Head and neck grayish; underparts yellow-buff. The postauricular patches seem gray-white, but head skin badly damaged. Feet gray above. Cranium with zygomatic arches tapering anteriorly, not bowed outward; masticatory and buccinator foramina separate. Palatal notch V-shaped, with straight borders; bullae not inflated (9F, 10F). Mandible robust and deep below the toothrow (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFF0D55CFC13FEE3FC1CFEE9" box="[938,1017,263,290]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[108,150,1500,1521]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-7@17.[108,1212,224,1473]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 7. Crania and mandibles, lateral view. A, Toromys grandis AMNH 93601; B, T. rhipidurus BMNH 28.7.21.89 (holotype); C, T. sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype), D, Leiuromys occasius. AMNH 71897; E, Pattonomys punctatus BMNH 98.12.1.18 (holotype); F, P. flavidus USNM 63218 (holotype); G, P. carrikeri AMNH 130790; H, P. semivillosus USNM 280205. Black arrow in F indicates the deep mandible of P. flavidus relative to its congeners." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369724/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">fig. 7F</figureCitation>
: arrow).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32FCCB2FFF0D55CFF25FEC9FCD6FC6D" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFF0D55CFF25FEC9FDAFFD9B" blockId="32.[108,1215,225,1010]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
REMARKS: Based on the
<typeStatus id="548E219BFFF0D55CFE05FEC9FDC0FE8C" box="[444,549,301,327]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFF0D55CFD8BFECAFCFEFE8C" baseAuthorityName="Hollister" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[562,795,301,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFF0D55CFD8BFECAFCFEFE8C" box="[562,795,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pattonomys flavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not more clearly aligned in morphology with any one of the other three species. We failed to obtain good mitochondrial sequences for
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFF0D55CFEADFE9EFE6CFE58" baseAuthorityName="Hollister" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[276,393,377,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFF0D55CFEADFE9EFE6CFE58" box="[276,393,377,403]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. flavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, some 100 bp Illumina reads indicate a close relationship to its geographical neighbor
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFF0D55CFE1BFE44FDC4FE72" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1911" box="[418,545,415,441]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Loncheres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFF0D55CFE1BFE44FDC4FE72" box="[418,545,415,441]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. carrikeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sequences identical), but with insufficient data to place it definitively, so we provisionally maintain it as an independent lineage. This island endemic is apparently represented in collections only by the 1895 type specimen. Three recent specimens were karyotyped, but not preserved (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFF0D55CFDDFFDF4FCBCFDE0" author="Aguilera, M. &amp; N. Sangines &amp; A. Perez-Zapata" box="[614,857,528,555]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="181 - 187" refId="ref22701" refString="Aguilera, M., N. Sangines, and A. Perez-Zapata. 1998. Echimys semivillosus, a rodent species with a very high chromosomal number. Caryologia 51: 181 - 187." type="journal article" year="1998">Aguilera et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Nonetheless, they prove that the species was extant in the mid-1990s.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFF0D55CFF25FDB8FCD6FC6D" blockId="32.[108,1215,225,1010]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
GEOGRAPHIC RANGE AND HABITAT: The type locality is El Valle, on the eastern end of Margarita Island,
<collectingCountry id="F322DFA9FFF0D55CFEB0FD66FE65FD57" box="[265,384,642,668]" name="Venezuela" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, but recent specimens were from the Macanao Peninsula at the western end of that island (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFF0D55CFEF5FD4CFDDBFD09" author="Aguilera, M. &amp; N. Sangines &amp; A. Perez-Zapata" box="[332,574,680,707]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="181 - 187" refId="ref22701" refString="Aguilera, M., N. Sangines, and A. Perez-Zapata. 1998. Echimys semivillosus, a rodent species with a very high chromosomal number. Caryologia 51: 181 - 187." type="journal article" year="1998">Aguilera et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
). The lowlands of the island are largely deforested, but there is a forested protected area on the western side, where the recent specimens were captured, and the highlands of the eastern side, the provenance of the
<typeStatus id="548E219BFFF0D55CFC89FD10FC72FCC5" box="[816,919,756,782]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, remain patchily forested (Google Earth, 2017). This continental-shelf island is separated from the mainland by two shallow (&lt;
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deep), open-water channels (
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,
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) and it would have been connected to the mainland during glacial periods as recent as 8000 y.b.p. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFF0D55CFD48FC81FC1FFC4B" author="Guilderson, T. &amp; L. Burckle &amp; S. Hemming &amp; W. Peltier" box="[753,1018,869,896]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="2000" refId="ref24046" refString="Guilderson, T., L. Burckle, S. Hemming, and W. Peltier. 2000. Late Pleistocene sea level variations derived from the Argentine shelf. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 1: Paper number 2000 GC 000098." type="journal article" year="2000">Guilderson et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Two specimens were captured by hand from tree holes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFF0D55CFD83FC6FFCC2FC6D" author="Aguilera, M. &amp; N. Sangines &amp; A. Perez-Zapata" box="[570,807,907,934]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="181 - 187" refId="ref22701" refString="Aguilera, M., N. Sangines, and A. Perez-Zapata. 1998. Echimys semivillosus, a rodent species with a very high chromosomal number. Caryologia 51: 181 - 187." type="journal article" year="1998">Aguilera et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32FCCB2FFF0D55CFF25FC55FEB0FC39" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFF0D55CFF25FC55FEB0FC39" blockId="32.[108,1215,225,1010]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<materialsCitation id="3B5D9564FFF0D55CFF25FC55FEB4FC39" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="El Valle" country="Venezuela" location="Margarita Island" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" specimenCode="USNM 63218" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta" typeStatus="holotype">
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
<collectingCountry id="F322DFA9FFF0D55CFE0DFC56FDBAFC07" box="[436,607,946,972]" name="Venezuela" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
:
<emphasis id="B941432BFFF0D55CFDD4FC56FCF2FC00" box="[621,791,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<collectingRegion id="49F151DBFFF0D55CFDD4FC56FCF2FC00" box="[621,791,946,971]" country="Venezuela" name="Nueva Esparta" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nueva Esparta</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
,
<location id="8EEAC9E2FFF0D55CFC9EFC55FC0BFC00" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039C2E2FFFCFD55CFE05FACBFEB0FC39:8EEAC9E2FFF0D55CFC9EFC55FC0BFC00" box="[807,1006,945,971]" country="Venezuela" name="Margarita Island" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta">Margarita Island</location>
,
<collectorName id="26C0FAEFFFF0D55CFC43FC55FBB3FC00" box="[1018,1110,945,971]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">El Valle</collectorName>
(
<specimenCode id="DB933742FFF0D55CFBDEFC55FF50FC3A" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="Museum">USNM 63218</specimenCode>
* [
<typeStatus id="548E219BFFF0D55CFF69FC33FEA7FC39" box="[208,322,983,1010]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>