398 lines
50 KiB
XML
398 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="ABA2D48DA157E96062D47F0FDF406FF8" ID-CLB-Dataset="34369" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424" ID-GBIF-Dataset="beec7a7e-c7fc-4488-bf39-48f214ae117f" ID-PMC="PMC4109473" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-421-115" ID-PubMed="25061382" ID-ZooBank="B69FD062806F4AE78C681F8FD650D2A7" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-421-115" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 421" ModsDocTitle="Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)" checkinTime="1451245673723" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian, Wagner, David L., Zacharczenko, Brigette V., Zahiri, Reza & Anweiler, Gary G." docDate="2014" docId="BD672550C7CAD7072CAAEE9DD76FA93B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 421: 115-137" docOrigin="ZooKeys 421" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424" docTitle="Chloronycta Schmidt & Anweiler, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="D57F9ACB-5959-4966-BC64-E3D754B69BBE" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="127" masterDocId="3C40FFADFF84CF407423F8025046FFFE" masterDocTitle="Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)" masterLastPageNumber="137" masterPageNumber="115" pageNumber="124" updateTime="1732717080625" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6EEEB02D66868AD176A452E2CC0D8FBD">Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="47807F18554B22DA1294E00EE52FE409">Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6509131B3BF2A9B61039D72556DFE6CE">Wagner, David L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="E74BDE573B726C9FFA7ADAB5ACA9BC98" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="CCC797056116662C30CB3804E2E7B0A6">Zacharczenko, Brigette V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7831C855F8AD2DEA8D0F2B496A1C377B">Zahiri, Reza</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="69297C866088F4E07AB352432F01397C">Anweiler, Gary G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BF309357C5D41198829653D611692D17">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="074C29BD7E9221D704AC4B49A30D0163">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="56B742A4CA077299B01329E1037EE113" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4D97D615B3A0B695E82426694319B5F8">421</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="D2FF568E8DA2EAC37BAE81833BEC2E87">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="23B92F9574B4E7750595291CD551FEE3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="50A181B007528B5A13F984EB3E580517" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EFFF4B0EE054FA44A1798C317FE55938" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-421-115</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="BD672550C7CAD7072CAAEE9DD76FA93B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152053833" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D57F9ACB-5959-4966-BC64-E3D754B69BBE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD672550C7CAD7072CAAEE9DD76FA93B" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" scope_family="Noctuidae" scope_order="Lepidoptera">
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<subSubSection id="65DF6EA3A629781015C4AC7FE7190B42" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="5A19F91774B09B15DAC1870655722F4A" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">
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<pageBreakToken id="A5CCE2855B182250582CB125787B942E" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Lepidoptera Noctuidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CC2382744DF8CDDADDB5C3ECF7363306" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D4AA1BC4D86B658EAADD877B04A6AB02" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">
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<taxonomicName id="7DAFF0B351830563A8A4AB191C57B7F9" LSID="http://zoobank.org/D57F9ACB-5959-4966-BC64-E3D754B69BBE" authority="Schmidt & Anweiler" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" rank="genus">Chloronycta Schmidt & Anweiler</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F10A6230FBE7FE23215E8648479A2AA2" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FDC8DBD38FC38FBD6CA7215542A828CE" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" type="gender">
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<paragraph id="C16421AB3AB58DE49F6E38C7156F5705" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">Gender.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8D7FA500F589457B7D908B46AEF1E535" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">Feminine.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0CF145D18F09DD68675D2E384E7814F3" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="870C94F13D33243B031401A964AF4B82" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BC9629032F6849E082973D932023FE74" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">
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<taxonomicName id="337363474690B26AFA5115726A4547E2" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Moma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Moma tybo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tybo">Moma tybo</taxonomicName>
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Barnes, 1904.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0608413B582B4EF17E52AF2E59D42F2C" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B4C1810A15B2983FA98EA5D5FC1F35C" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6C9556F14EE5112DFB97B4D3B38BE411" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">
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Two species are included in
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<taxonomicName id="FE0EAD213F1D930EDBEFE98BC4049606" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="EEEF30EC62D1AD8E0C51F6DFB1958028" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
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and an undescribed Mexican species near
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<taxonomicName id="A658646C621DEA976AA2C91B16EE4E43" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
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, known to us from only one female specimen (Fig. 4) and therefore it is not formally described here. The only Nearctic species externally similar to
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<taxonomicName id="E1F435206A3BCDF2DD4DB65BA5307641" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
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is
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<taxonomicName id="6B3C535D4946C4A9A7C968C55887DCFB" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<taxonomicName id="F87C7E893CEA028F2D4F04124A3897A9" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
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lacks the black bar between the reniform and orbicular spots, has the reniform and orbicular stigma finely outlined in black, and has various black markings in the subterminal space, which is entirely green in
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<taxonomicName id="8E87A3351914FAC816D10371652816D5" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Agriopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agriopodes fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Agriopodes fallax</taxonomicName>
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. The two genera do not overlap in range, with
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<taxonomicName id="F81FE803AB89607411158CB281D047EF" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
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essentially a Mexican taxon reaching southeastern Arizona, and
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<taxonomicName id="280F0662817DDC6A980C35D4AEA87A70" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Agriopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agriopodes fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Agriopodes fallax</taxonomicName>
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restricted to deciduous forests of eastern North America. Genitalic structure of the two genera is very different (Figs 5, 8, 9, 12). The main diagnostic characters for
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<taxonomicName id="9B008C237412E4FF846179DEAA0B1594" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
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are 1) forewing ground colour pale bluish green and white, the green colouration not degrading to yellowish with exposure to moisture; 2) valve apex with flattened, corona-like setae; 3) vesica with a single long spine isolated at the base of the ductus ejaculatorius; 4) tympanal sclerite consisting of rounded, adjoining nodules, not flange- or scoop-like.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0DF8E2D9A0D964F250335A0BD2846BA1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="9" pageNumber="124" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1E973A15B3371E584809E850129937CC" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AA01B171A3CEF6AB1CF7B8308D0793A9" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="9" pageNumber="124">
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Head. Antenna of male simple-prismatic, such that ventral margin appears slightly serrate when viewed laterally, evenly ciliate laterally and ventrally; female antenna similar but with segments less produced ventrally; antenna with dorsal scales grey, grading to white scales over basal third, with scattered black scales; haustellum normal, approximately equal in length to that of thorax; eye smooth, round; labial palpus with 3rd segment 0.4
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<normalizedToken id="8D6C869A81E0A2368054F006626335EA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of 2nd segment; 1st segment clothed with black spatulate scales dorsally and longer, strap-like white scales ventrally; 2nd segment with short, spatulate white scales apically and basally and with black scales forming broad, dark band medially; 3rd segment with short spatulate white scales and scattered black scales; frons with short, appressed, spatulate scales and longer strap-like scales forming a medial crest near ventral margin; scales of frons white, except for a patch of black scales medio-laterally; occiput with longer spatulate white scales, with black scales forming a black medial crest-like line. Thorax. Prothoracic collar with pale bluish-green spatulate scales, bordered dorsally and along eye margin by narrower black scales; mesothorax, metathorax and tegula clothed in bluish-green spatulate scales, margin of tegula with longer hair-like scales; mesothorax with paired patch of subdorsal black scales at posterior margin; tympanal sclerite raised, rounded and spade-like; prothoracic leg with brown-black and white scaling, femur brown black dorsally and greyish white ventrally; tibia black, with a transverse medial and apical band of white scales; epiphysis 0.5
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<normalizedToken id="24FACFF6571BADF7EF58E989B357206A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of tibia; tarsal segments black scaled, with a distal band of white scales; scaling pattern of meso- and metathoracic legs similar to that of prothoracic leg; tibial spines white scaled, tibial spine formula
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<pageBreakToken id="FF7E5F7352CE98E88CFA72EC0E6F7134" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" start="start">0</pageBreakToken>
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-2-4. Abdomen. Clothed in a mix of brownish-grey and whitish scales, which are short, spatulate and closely appressed; A1 with a dorsal tuft of long spatulate, bluish-green scales; terminal scales white and hair-like; A8 sternites and tergites normal. Male genitalia (Fig. 8). Uncus rod-like, about 5-6
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<normalizedToken id="D990FEB3E92B8E638DC4DD90177873AD" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as wide, with a short, curved terminal spine; tegumen roughly rhomboid and broad, 2.3
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<normalizedToken id="C4EE072D61395E6D0D4E7C79E3C9DD4F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide; vinculum with saccus well developed, base slightly constricted, 2.5
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<normalizedToken id="133D4075185844B4B5541DAB1A638186" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than base width; valves relatively simple, straplike and parallel sided, about 4.5
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<normalizedToken id="DA8DB2DBE4EF36ACE2A661295958CB3C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide, evenly curved in a shallow arc; sacculus moderately developed, clasper well developed but thin, slightly curved with a sharp terminus, located 4/5 distance to valve apex, ampulla absent; area between clasper and terminus covered in long fine setae, setae on outer 2/3 thicker and flattened; setae near margin of apex more robust and lance-like, directed towards base of valve; juxta well sclerotized, spinose and rasp-like dorsolaterally, dorsal margin divided; aedeagus 4.5
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<normalizedToken id="8852E77295F61488B4018F94FDEBB48D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide, nearly straight, slightly decurved ventrally; basal half of vesica angled slightly downward, densely clothed with small but prominent spines, curving dorsad and expanding into a large medioventral diverticulum, this about as wide as long, with 15-20 long prominent spines and two to three massive, partially fused spines at base; vesica narrows abruptly beyond diverticulum, extending anteriorly, poorly differentiated from ductus ejaculatorius; a single prominent, elongate, curved spine arising from small narrow pouch near vesica terminus / base of ductus. Female genitalia (Fig. 12). Corpus bursae elongate globose, 1.25
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<normalizedToken id="0B0C80C7FC28661FB068056CAA9556E5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide, with invaginated sclerotized area dorsally at base of ductus bursae; appendix bursae dorsal and to to right of ductus bursae, small and indistinct, tapering abruptly to ductus seminalis; ductus bursae membranous, rugose, 1.5
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<normalizedToken id="D86DC8955E8CBCB7A3B92AD474BB80F6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide; ostium bursae moderately sclerotized, with v-shaped ventral notch; antevaginal plate somewhat sclerotized and covered with dense, minute setae, projecting caudad as a somewhat pointed scoop; apophyses short, posterior apophysis 0.8
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<normalizedToken id="7163CA5D284CFFD500DC54DD2D45C0F1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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and anterior apophysis 0.7
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<normalizedToken id="A7CBEF24BB0AFCD9BB1AEC2590FFA478" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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height of papillae; papillae anales densely setose, margin quadrangular with slightly protuberant ventrocaudal angle.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3BD0123DA23D1AC016850BF9897AE66F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" type="biology and distribution">
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<paragraph id="6237E71DF53891DBEC4552DE2271D78F" pageId="10" pageNumber="125">Biology and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="083515E43923C6379E15DF508F47CCBE" pageId="10" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName id="A8F68D1ADDCE6E912C2B94B4D11B007B" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
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occurs in the mountainous regions from Mexico to south-eastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, where it reaches the northern terminus of its core range in the Sierra Madre Occidental.
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<taxonomicName id="F57B3BFF618EA3EA797339EC8C27F37B" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
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occurs in canyons and mid-elevation wooded habitats, particularly riparian corridors where the larval host plant,
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<taxonomicName id="B66E2769564B791C5223E277832D1331" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus velutina" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">Fraxinus velutina</taxonomicName>
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, grows. The larva and host plant of
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<taxonomicName id="14B1A66E047FE3837B8425ECFB4C3FDF" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
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are described here for the first time. The larval description under
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<taxonomicName id="5D9A63E4113161BB81E762C30D553F3D" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Agriopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agriopodes tybo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tybo">Agriopodes tybo</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="97EF01B7CBD70D7439D88973298A68B5" author="Powell, JA" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley, California" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" title="Moths of Western North America." year="2009">Powell and Opler (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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, based on an account by J. A. Comstock, actually refers to
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<bibRefCitation id="7E867B12093A0554297D2CE652D81835" author="Comstock, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" pagination="42 - 47" title="Notes on the early stages of two western North American moths." volume="56" year="1957">
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<normalizedToken id="29CD9DBB1264849ACF6B032D51E56D10" originalValue="Comstock’s">Comstock's</normalizedToken>
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(1957)
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</bibRefCitation>
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description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5A6A25CB0415BF34F2ED53FD680B490" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Agriopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agriopodes viridata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridata">Agriopodes viridata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Harvey), now placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="501758065DBCF8EAFA40D1F5853A5677" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Bryolymnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bryolymnia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bryolymnia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8E65736C41B18F2AB000843B2C55D05" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Noctuinae">Noctuinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56DCB538AC1A5A1B2EEB7AE980EE7CDF" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="tribe" tribe="Elaphriini">Elaphriini</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7EAB70D2BB6281196E0E88443B0E16E8" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" pagination="187 - 204" title="A revision of the genus Bryolymnia Hampson in North America with descriptions of three new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Noctuinae: Elaphriini)." volume="39" year="2010">Lafontaine et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="88D0AE5E6624649A9EA41BB8C6F9E387" pageId="10" pageNumber="125">The first two larval instars (Fig. 17) are leaf skeletonizers that remove patches of leaf tissue from the lower leaf surface. Middle (Fig. 18) and late instars feed from a leaf edge, always from the underside of a blade.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A0247DC6B09BABC2D3E44F6F705D3F85" pageId="10" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E284747A58C4CA71D043B6E93A0A77B" pageId="10" pageNumber="125">
|
||
Figures 17-20.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89FF3C10A6B9F7F1A96CEEF7ED262ED8" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cave Creek Canyon, AZ) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F1E67B4FC46DE88A724D1499213FF75" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polygrammate" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygrammate hebraeicum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hebraeicum">Polygrammate hebraeicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cosby, TN) larvae. 17
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40B23F6C48107E51D06FE6ACD77C2EC7" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
early instar 18
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EB7CC32C1FB6308DDA1B6D4AD137599" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
penultimate instar 19
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91C6CCAF623608285023D197303B9761" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
ultimate instar 20
|
||
<taxonomicName id="52926BF75E6C48EC4BAE2EFB7C9E862B" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polygrammate" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygrammate hebraeicum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hebraeicum">Polygrammate hebraeicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
ultimate instar. In addition to overall resemblance, note similarities in dorsal pattern elements, as well as head allometry, colouration, and luster (particularly between penultimate instar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72216A229EF20B5972B7E791FF2E9011" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ultimate instar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AED3B610DF136EFB17022BD09C234D" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polygrammate" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygrammate hebraeicum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hebraeicum">Polygrammate hebraeicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="494EA4DEFA242B576FDA53E2DC41F5DD" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="10" pageNumber="125">
|
||
Ultimate instar larva (Fig. 19) (total length to 26 mm,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="5436F581B48A0DBBD550AF6DD8839DB8" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" start="start">n</pageBreakToken>
|
||
= 3) waxy green, integument translucent, body thickest through A3-A5, strongly tapered rearward. Broken middorsal stripe composed of single lines on T2, T3, and A9, and anterior and posterior lines on A1-A8; broad, creamy subdorsal stripe that gradually widens posteriorly, extending from T1 through to and including anal plate. D1 and D2 pinacula free on all segments. Primary setae only, these fine; D, SD, L, and SV group setae borne from cream-yellow, pimple-like pinacula embedded within a pale yellow spot; longest setae black. One additional yellow subventral spot on T1-T3; four additional yellow lateral spots on A1-A8. D2 on T2 extending well forward of head. D2 on all abdominal segments 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A0568014DBDACB811D11309C8FEC6DB0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than D1. SD1 and L2 very long on abdominal segments, circa 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="40C43D4B8ED1FF1301CCF120E6E33B4C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of an abdominal segment. D2 setae on A9 and A10 elongate, trailing behind body. Prolegs with 32-35 crochets. Spiracles tan yellow with brown peritreme. Entire integument microspinulose. Head immaculate pale green, shiny, translucent; labrum creamy. Prepupal larva flushed with red.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A9C98B2174B1BF222446E0D555A2E69E" pageId="11" pageNumber="126">Prepupae tunnel into punky wood when available to form a pupal crypt, largely free of silk, with the exception of that used to weave the frass-silk cover that renders the pupal chamber essentially invisible to the untrained eye.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="664AED9A01FA4366517C327768067274" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="F64A5BAA846BDC4256497858B2F2713A" pageId="11" pageNumber="126">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0FC93C55CD813DE9EF78DED2D8BC7D92" pageId="11" pageNumber="126">
|
||
Few acronictine groups have appreciable Neotropical representation (there are no confirmed South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="740BEA16C0FB66BF0752F992956BEADE" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The majority of species are temperate and cold temperate; one exception in the New World is the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F1DF4EDC29A071AFFE4CFEA08CE11EC" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta theodora" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="theodora">Acronicta theodora</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schaus group, which reaches Costa Rica. Acronictine genera are most diverse in temperate Asia but many genera, subgenera and species-groups are shared between the two realms (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A1638364DCDA61D5276E37CF50B693B" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Harrisimemna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harrisimemna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harrisimemna</taxonomicName>
|
||
Grote,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A50361601C5BF0A739316E2FF69A75D5" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Simyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simyra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ochsenheimer and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED8DC46B80F8DF5458015481FABEE1B9" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgenera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7539B48DAD7A09099A58929796544DB" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AF50CFF472873C9B5F8DF10378A6DB8" genus="Jocheara" lsidName="Jocheara" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" rank="genus">Jocheara</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="258CBF64E94C475979518B53F9FCC5F1" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0D199B6F58EE2A21669869896FF367E" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Hyboma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyboma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyboma</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8632ADF187C25468C7E826ED8CC83E7F" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C7EC881C48A054D0DA9B33EB8B533C8" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
|
||
may also be derived from an Asian ancestral group, although there are admittedly no obvious sister taxa-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DEE340D0AD5BEEE97912689F670C9EB" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Moma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Moma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Moma</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="15C3C85EF4F92A8ED5F833232519254D" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D4F531CB2B41F1316339D5878F375E0" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nacna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nacna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nacna</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fletcher are similar in facies, but neither belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C69999D80C3E5545C1295C74EFA056B5" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Wagner et al., in prep).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C9D2D0F4FB90E3A9BC0F5985AE8C449C" pageId="11" pageNumber="126">
|
||
Despite the very similar forewing colouration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E506BFA86804FDB3093BBD52B804028D" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CF7857C11463FF5CD9CBC5A768B5775" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
|
||
the two share no uniquely derived structural traits; DNA barcode sequence also does not support an association between with these taxa. Genitalic structure in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="397840EC2F752DF89ADC02BB2C461C02" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA86DFD683252330B4A830755CE389FB" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and no close relatives are evident. The simple valve structure, short saccular process along the ventral valve margin, and weakly-developed corona are shared by the Asian acronictine genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B0C36CCBA5DA400863522FCB6EE5A35" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Subleuconycta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Subleuconycta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Subleuconycta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kozhanchikov (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3664BC284F8D3BD9BCF7091B419C7E10" author="Kononenko, VS" editor="Park, K-T" journalOrPublisher="Junhaeng-Sa, Seoul, South Korea" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" title="Atlas Genitalia of Noctuidae in Korea (Lepidoptera)" volumeTitle="Insects of Korea" year="2007">Kononenko and Han 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larvae of this Old World genus are not known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="65838403476E5561BD8C7E35D40D8196" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="11" pageNumber="126">
|
||
As there are no unequivocal adult or larval autapomorphies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28DF59F772DCB9B867D529CD1AFCE320" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="126" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="340915B919A8A3D15F4FA06FB1E9ED9D" author="Kitching, IJ" editor="Kristensen, NP" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter, Berlin" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" pagination="355 - 401" title="The Noctuoidea." volumeTitle="Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies" year="1998">Kitching and Rawlins 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CFF68783335494D34C9782E414B2E25E" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="198 - 207" title="The larva of Cerma Huebner and its enigmatic linkages to the Acronictinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." volume="109" year="2007 a">Wagner 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4904995992CA56A2CD2018BC6EA57F85" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="407 - 419" title="Barking up a new tree: Ancient pupation behavior suggests Cerma Huebner is an acronictine noctuid (Lepidoptera)." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00378.x" volume="32" year="2007 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we also examined the possibility of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DA7821DAA07D967062AE32D8BFF2FFB" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="tybo">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="82DA2774CAB5D93D0FDBE54872E87205" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" start="start">Chloronycta</pageBreakToken>
|
||
tybo
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belonging to other basal trifine subfamilies, most notably the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13340B8708C078E6AD9D9E7E68DE4162" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amphipyrinae">Amphipyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDBD639223D93E9B08A2F47C698F920A" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Psaphidini">Psaphidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which share some similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="497134481CF01FED61A8895754332871" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
(elongate valve, flattened setae forming valve corona, green forewing colouration, elongate tegumen). As is the case for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0276910F5CA089BDEEE83B12544F5C71" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="660C5B098F9391425B3BC9744AF193B4" author="Beck, H" journalOrPublisher="Herbipoliana" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 859" title="Die Larven der Europaeischen Noctuidae - Revision der Systematik der Noctuidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)." volume="5" year="1999">Beck 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E22A1CF99DD5BB2A9B79DF313D6280C3" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="198 - 207" title="The larva of Cerma Huebner and its enigmatic linkages to the Acronictinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." volume="109" year="2007 a">Wagner 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FDD6E0F1621E05C90F02FB6D0E46739D" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="407 - 419" title="Barking up a new tree: Ancient pupation behavior suggests Cerma Huebner is an acronictine noctuid (Lepidoptera)." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00378.x" volume="32" year="2007 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the best diagnostic characters for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F2A1CE3061023642084F88A063448EC" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Psaphidini">Psaphidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are those of the immature stages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="641212F828681184DBF22D50F0C3C4C1" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="121 - 132" title="Early stages of Miracavira brillians (Barnes) and reassignment of the genus to the Amphipyrinae: Psaphidini: Feraliina (Noctuidae)." volume="62" year="2008">Wagner et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C2BB42C532227A682EAA656AD30765F6" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares a number of similarities with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6B8C84A7F948D87C6D62E358088FF0F" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Comachara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Comachara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Comachara</taxonomicName>
|
||
Franclemont and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDCC5D2427A3C23C6FF34DE93A3A1C4" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polygrammate" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygrammate" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polygrammate</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1E9F62802400262CD83AC8F1AC8311B2" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig. 20;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7C4359B41F806F6C2D2B2DF8E6CAA0C" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" title="Owlet Caterpillars of Eastern North America." year="2011">Wagner et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); all three genera share a similar ground colour; long, slender, darkened dorsal setae; proportionately large, pale green, smooth and unmarked head capsule; thickened subdorsal line and broken middorsal stripe represented by anterior and posterior fragments. Most significantly among the shared features, the first two sets of prolegs are somewhat reduced in size in all three genera. However, the absence of secondary setae immediately differentiates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4318C056DD91C9EEBA1C25C528FBF5CB" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all other North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C37E7580F80E32FE06F4CF53122B960C" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F47828AAF59D1087424BAEFA7DA86CE" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Cerma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerma</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Behavioral characters linking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B3C545D10656E7D0F0BA45706B8B3A6C" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
to many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47605A74E59F761095D36433388C0593" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the wood-tunneling habits of the prepupae; mature larvae excavate pupal chambers in punky wood, then seal the entrance with a sheeting of silk and frass in the same fashion as various acronictine genera. However, while tunneling into wood,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="605879F818451A97F39C288E8087B8CE" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae do not roll the frass shavings into balls as do some basal members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="853F50BE2979C57FDA823C8D1389F4A4" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e. g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C21A254482E627715985612387D054F" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Comachara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Comachara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Comachara</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D6C5A9195B1E921CB35DD361B1D5302" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Harrisimemna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harrisimemna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harrisimemna</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF7D688F842D808378BB430ED454B3C5" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polygrammate" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygrammate" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polygrammate</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0FED806F2A2DA290BEA3C5BC92152BE5" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="198 - 207" title="The larva of Cerma Huebner and its enigmatic linkages to the Acronictinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." volume="109" year="2007 a">Wagner 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0F8920F8B00C6CBC71AB9ED5A3A8E9F7" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="407 - 419" title="Barking up a new tree: Ancient pupation behavior suggests Cerma Huebner is an acronictine noctuid (Lepidoptera)." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00378.x" volume="32" year="2007 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26087A0A3C5A8AAFA643D91F6F668B71" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
|
||
turns reddish as a prepupa, as do nearly all wood-tunneling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E26A10DE04346805AB2F4A9C96F0F6D6" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3D133F236495962228536FEDCED75874" pageId="12" pageNumber="127">
|
||
The following adult characters associate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C098E9E829939320D6BE260C2EB00EBA" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE3B0D6168975EC886E27F55FEAE931E" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1) a black
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E4B8A1271192B4A0E5569FAAA9940FCF" originalValue="‘eye-stripe,’">'eye-stripe,'</normalizedToken>
|
||
which in the natural resting position of the moth is formed by black scaling on the middle of labial palpus segment 2, on the prothoracic collar behind the eye, and extending into the basal dash of the forewing; 2) dorsal tuft of scales on A1 (occurring also in unrelated subfamilies such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E325FA7492868AA96A0430E3479BAC9B" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Plusiinae">Plusiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C34C632BA2DDB238D3DC5546AA5878BC" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Psaphidini">Psaphidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 3) legs strongly banded in black and white, shared with other acronictines including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F0D92EB90C3880EE96E818943C11847" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polygrammate" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygrammate" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polygrammate</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68806F856711E536F213698AA2130C6F" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Harrisimemna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harrisimemna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harrisimemna</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D7A201DA847878B3FB690AE10B891A3" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Cerma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerma</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB4576E3E3796C32E348C3DDBF9784EB" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="198 - 207" title="The larva of Cerma Huebner and its enigmatic linkages to the Acronictinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." volume="109" year="2007 a">Wagner 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="31117A9E9F38F322A26859E18AC7A0DF" author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="407 - 419" title="Barking up a new tree: Ancient pupation behavior suggests Cerma Huebner is an acronictine noctuid (Lepidoptera)." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00378.x" volume="32" year="2007 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but absent in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="360BAD0CFF5C38C0E337770867C41F2C" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amphipyrinae">Amphipyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="483CEB1BCAD752948370D12ABD0E0BB3" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Psaphidini">Psaphidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F90903EDB66D5C0FCFA0B0FA2946D635" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Feralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Feralia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Feralia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C7363B9196780610FA42DA87EB2EF99" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Miracavira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miracavira" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Miracavira</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 4) flattened, dome-shaped eggs; and 5)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70086F7871376E695D4FDFE4F8447FC4" genus="Oleaceae" lsidName="Oleaceae" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="genus">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a larval host plant family. The use of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E876E6B5914E3BABA4C8926ED078105" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very rare among noctuids, only six other North American species (none acronictines) are known to do so (Wagner 2007; Wagner, in prep.). Yet, a number of Asian acronictine genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5331E77DA853BA99A2B6C548709CE13" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Craniophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craniophora" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Craniophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
Snellen,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FEA504E3BE32F8055AD54B742B7EFA2" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80DA2870B1CD34B53C3B88493BAAB68B" genus="Plataplecta" lsidName="Plataplecta" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="genus">Plataplecta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Butler,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8FCE2039895263E389422518BEFEF88" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Thalatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thalatha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thalatha</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walker,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B63C30771A9925F93DB2935542B8BD83" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Thalathoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thalathoides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thalathoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
Holloway) specialize on this family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DC539D076897E321F0DD4365B78A677B" author="Holloway, JD" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Nature Journal" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" pagination="57 - 226" title="The Moths of Borneo: Family Noctuidae, trifine subfamilies: Noctuinae, Heliothinae, Handeninae, Acronictinae, Amphipyrinae, Agaristinae." volume="42" year="1989">Holloway 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting and ancient link between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D587D09E8F3B2E145F993B13EE0A6FA" genus="Chloronycta" lsidName="Chloronycta" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the diverse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="97055E1102EB27F20301BC7B8538C421" genus="Oleaceae" lsidName="Oleaceae" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="genus">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
-feeding genera of eastern Asia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C9B004EB6ACC16535FBA4459159E0C4B" pageId="12" pageNumber="127">
|
||
The discovery of a weakly-developed valval corona is noteworthy as all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DF45C68140D3013369C0DCBD0A8703C" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were previously thought to lack this structure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE15F0FE2E69A82A7BE8382758E256EE" author="Fibiger, M" journalOrPublisher="Esperiana" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" pagination="7 - 92" title="A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna." volume="11" year="2005">Fibiger and Lafontaine 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C814D63FD2E48873EFFA50D7B9B4F1E8" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" pagination="610 - 635" title="Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera)." url="10.4039/n06-012" volume="138" year="2006">Lafontaine and Fibiger 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If placed correctly in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DD73131D45CCA7AC41CA91ECCDBAA031" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Asian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95B8F20DF2A86C9116A12B04298C2CD1" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Subleuconycta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Subleuconycta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Subleuconycta</taxonomicName>
|
||
would provide a further example of a corona (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F899D1F5871DCB09AC05D1898FFFF5ED" author="Kononenko, VS" editor="Park, K-T" journalOrPublisher="Junhaeng-Sa, Seoul, South Korea" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" title="Atlas Genitalia of Noctuidae in Korea (Lepidoptera)" volumeTitle="Insects of Korea" year="2007">Kononenko and Han 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in the dagger subfamily. The confirmed presence of this male genitalic trait considerably strengthens the hypothesis that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64DE54EDD1CB286C08D8153734DB496E" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are related to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="490209DE4A1413D3F2A7360B52FD8445" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amphipyrinae">Amphipyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group of noctuid subfamilies, and that the presence of secondary larval setae, shared with the more basal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7274EDEE65E6FF851C34786CDAF7C13B" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pantheinae">Pantheinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineages, is homoplasious (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="08A262BB22666876422E34C33F1D245E" author="Zahiri, R" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" pagination="488 - 507" title="Relationships of the basal lineages of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) based on eight gene regions." url="10.1111/zsc.12022" volume="42" year="2013 b">Zahiri et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |