140 lines
36 KiB
XML
140 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="D55C65798FEEB92BE12A81BF1B0649A4" ID-CLB-Dataset="46432" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.200834" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0d504835-4a24-4134-ae33-9448d9fb5884" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="200834" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460384737241" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Fonseca, Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos Da, Barbosa, Márcio Luís Leitão & Fernandez, Maria Fernanda Souza" docDate="2011" docId="E922B809FFF2FF9E66CBCDABFF49FA73" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03012p020.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3012" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Aulacocyclinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="151BC071FFF9FF92665CCA3FFF92FFC5" masterDocTitle="A hypothetical evolutionary history of passalid beetles narrated by the comparative anatomy of the hindgut (Coleoptera: Passalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698297348626" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A2186C92F7EE0F740B77177FF4F26186">A hypothetical evolutionary history of passalid beetles narrated by the comparative anatomy of the hindgut (Coleoptera: Passalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D9480DEF83636704F6F7B8D3A2B0C74A">Fonseca, Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos Da</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6AB2E294A980C38F8B637350B6280A91">Barbosa, Márcio Luís Leitão</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D64C82CE0E43F713F26217E9D4E163AC">Fernandez, Maria Fernanda Souza</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="07960661925918D5D86CF986212D08FF">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="5616C272DFC673A10FCD0B4E3A8BA7AB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="09EA68DAE9C3ABC7C78F5F031B5FAC77" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.200834</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E922B809FFF2FF9E66CBCDABFF49FA73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658205" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119415001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5658205" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E922B809FFF2FF9E66CBCDABFF49FA73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E922B809FFF2FF9E66CBCDABFF49FA73" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection id="29915A94FFF2FF9966CBCDABFE4EF86B" box="[151,476,1940,1966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF2FF9966CBCDABFE4EF86B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1940,2035]" box="[151,476,1940,1966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="3A7CBE73FFF2FF9966CBCDABFE4EF86B" bold="true" box="[151,476,1940,1966]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="53FFD50DFFF2FF9966CBCDABFE4EF86B" bold="true" box="[151,476,1940,1966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="A68B729CFFF2FF996743CDABFE4EF86B" ID-CoL="J78" box="[287,476,1940,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aulacocyclinae">Aulacocyclinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="29915A94FFF2FF9E669BCD88FF49FA73" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF2FF9E669BCD88FE2EFF11" blockId="11.[151,1436,1940,2035]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="A68B729CFFF2FF9966A1CD88FE39F80A" ID-CoL="J78" box="[253,427,1975,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aulacocyclinae">Aulacocyclinae</taxonomicName>
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forms a natural group recognized by the early authors of
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<taxonomicName id="A68B729CFFF2FF996200CD88FB43F80A" ID-CoL="626BW" box="[1116,1233,1975,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Passalidae</taxonomicName>
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taxonomy (
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<bibRefCitation id="051A74EEFFF2FF996301CD88FF40F836" author="Kaup" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1868) Podromus zu einer monographie der Passaliden. Coleopterologishe Hefte, 3, 4 - 32." type="journal article" year="1868">Kaup 1868</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="051A74EEFFF2FF9966BCCDE3FEEAF836" author="Kuwert" box="[224,376,2011,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Kuwert, A. (1891) Systematische Uebersicht der Passaliden-Arten und Gettungen. Deutsche Entomologishe Zeitschrift, 1, 161 - 192." type="journal article" year="1891">Kuwert 1891</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="051A74EEFFF2FF9967DACDE4FE53F836" author="Kuwert" box="[390,449,2011,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Kuwert, A. (1896) Die Passaliden Dichotomisch Bearbeitet. Novitates Zoologicae, 3, 209 - 235." type="journal article" year="1896">1896</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="051A74EEFFF2FF996793CDE4FD98F836" author="Kuwert" box="[463,522,2011,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Kuwert, A. (1897) Die Passaliden Dichotomisch Bearbeitet. Novitates Zoologicae, 4, 274 - 306." type="journal article" year="1897">1897</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="051A74EEFFF2FF996444CDE4FD25F836" author="Gravely" box="[536,695,2011,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1914) An account of the oriental Passalidae (Coleoptera), based primarily on the collection in the Indian Museum. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 3, 177 - 353." type="journal article" year="1914">Gravely 1914</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="051A74EEFFF2FF996499CDE4FC92F836" author="Gravely" box="[709,768,2011,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1918) A contribution towards the revision of the Passalidae of the world. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 1 - 143." type="journal article" year="1918">1918</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="051A74EEFFF2FF996552CDE4FC19F836" author="Dibb" box="[782,907,2011,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Dibb, J. R. (1933) Notes on the Aulacocyclinae (Col. Passalidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 69, 195 - 200." type="journal article" year="1933">Dibb 1933</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="051A74EEFFF2FF9965C5CDE4FB16F836" author="Reyes-Castillo" box="[921,1156,2011,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Reyes-Castillo, P. (1970) Coleoptera, Passalidae: Morfologia y division en grandes grupos: generos americanos. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 20 - 22, 3 - 240." type="book chapter" year="1970">Reyes-Castillo 1970</bibRefCitation>
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). In this analysis, it was possible to find three pairs of heterobatmy (levels of evolutionary development for parts of the body) to support the hypothesis of monophyly:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CAE0FC2BFED9" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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[Character 3] Long diverticula either not protruding (0) or protruding from the same level around the proximal region of the ileum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100) (
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<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E650ECB3BFC03FED9" box="[850,913,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1840,1863]" captionTargetBox="[185,1422,522,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,518,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Aulacocyclinae hindgut. A— Aulacocyclus edentulus (MacLeay), Australia; B— Comacupes cylindraceus (Perty), Philippines; C— Taeniocerus bicanthatus (Percheron), Borneo; D— Cylindrocaulus bucerus Fairmaire, Japan; E— Ceracupes fronticornis (Westwood), Taiwan." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200835/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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D).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CB18FD1EFEFA" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" box="[197,652,295,319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">This character state was synapomorphic.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CB73FE03FE42" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">[Character 4] Ileum without conspicuous segmentation (0), or with conspicuous segmentation (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; 100).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CBABFE5EFE31" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Although segmentation also occurred in Solenocyclinae (
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<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E6515CBABFC00FE69" box="[841,914,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[170,1422,687,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1424,687,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Trichostigmus thoreyi (Kaup), Philippines; B— Leptaulax dentatus (Fabricius), India; C— Stephanocephalus hostilis (Percheron), Madagascar; D— Didimus aberrans (Kuwert), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Pentalobus barbatus (Fabricius), Ivory Coast; F— Semicyclus grayi Kaup, Madagascar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200836/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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E, F), it was conspicuous only in
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<taxonomicName id="A68B729CFFF5FF9E6357CBABFF2CFE0A" ID-CoL="J78" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aulacocyclinae">Aulacocyclinae</taxonomicName>
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(i.e., there were strong, ring-like constrictions) (
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<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E64B3CB88FCA2FE0A" box="[751,816,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1840,1863]" captionTargetBox="[185,1422,522,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,518,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Aulacocyclinae hindgut. A— Aulacocyclus edentulus (MacLeay), Australia; B— Comacupes cylindraceus (Perty), Philippines; C— Taeniocerus bicanthatus (Percheron), Borneo; D— Cylindrocaulus bucerus Fairmaire, Japan; E— Ceracupes fronticornis (Westwood), Taiwan." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200835/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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D). Therefore, this state found in
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<taxonomicName id="A68B729CFFF5FF9E62E4CB88FAF4FE0A" ID-CoL="J78" box="[1208,1382,439,463]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aulacocyclinae">Aulacocyclinae</taxonomicName>
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was considered synapomorphic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CBC0FF40FDF9" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">[Character 6] Colon not striated (0); with longitudinal striate (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699C878FC44FD9A" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" box="[197,982,583,607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">This character state (1) was synapomorphic for this level of hierarchy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E66CBC8B2FE2EFD5D" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" box="[151,444,650,679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="53FFD50DFFF5FF9E66CBC8B2FE2EFD5D" bold="true" box="[151,444,650,679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Branch Solenocyclinae+</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E669BC88CFC0AFD0E" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" box="[199,920,688,715]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The branch Solenocyclinae+ is supported by one synapomorphy:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699C8E9FCA6FCD4" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">[Character 5] Ileum with a smooth external surface (0); with a series of protuberances covering the external surface (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699C923FAE0FC02" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Character state 1 was synapomorphic to this level of hierarchy. Even though the quantity of protuberances varied among the genera that composed these two branches, the presence of protuberances was constant, indicating that this character became an evolutionary novelty in the Solenocyclinae+ ancestor (
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<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E6212C959FB27FCBB" box="[1102,1205,870,894]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStart-5="FIGURE 7" captionStart-6="FIGURE 8" captionStart-7="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1301,1324]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1857,1880]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1790,1813]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionStartId-5="10.[151,250,1899,1922]" captionStartId-6="11.[151,250,1410,1433]" captionStartId-7="14.[151,250,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1422,687,1884]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1431,205,1278]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1418,198,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1429,196,1752]" captionTargetBox-4="[159,1432,198,1314]" captionTargetBox-5="[202,1411,197,1885]" captionTargetBox-6="[156,1431,196,1375]" captionTargetBox-7="[151,1432,208,1845]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[165,1424,687,1925]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1843]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId-5="figure@10.[199,1420,193,1891]" captionTargetId-6="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1389]" captionTargetId-7="figure@14.[151,1436,195,1858]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionTargetPageId-6="11" captionTargetPageId-7="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Trichostigmus thoreyi (Kaup), Philippines; B— Leptaulax dentatus (Fabricius), India; C— Stephanocephalus hostilis (Percheron), Madagascar; D— Didimus aberrans (Kuwert), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Pentalobus barbatus (Fabricius), Ivory Coast; F— Semicyclus grayi Kaup, Madagascar." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Solenocyclus exaratus Klug, Madagascar; B— Vitellinus approximatus (Klug), Madagascar; C— Ciceronius morbillosus (Klug), Madagascar; D— Erionomus planiceps (Eschscholtz), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Flaminius nonfriedi Kuwert, Madagascar." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Proculinae hindgut. A— Odontotaenius striatopunctatus (Percheron), Mexico; B— Spurius bicornis (Truqui), Costa Rica; C— Popilius marginatus (Percheron), Brazil; D— Pseudacanthus mexicanus (Truqui), Mexico; E— Vindex agnoscendus (Percheron), Mexico; F— Petrejoides tenuis Kuwert, Costa Rica; G— Heliscus tropicus (Percheron), Mexico; H— Chondrocephalus granulifrons (Bates), Mexico." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Proculinae hindgut. A— Verres corticicola (Truqui), Mexico; B— Veturius heydeni (Kaup), Venezuela; C— Proculejus truquii Kaup, Mexico; D— Ogyges laevissimus (Kaup), Guatemala; E— Undulifer incisus (Truqui), Mexico; F— Oileus rimator (Truqui), Mexico; G— Proculus goryi (Melly), Guatemala; H— Xylopassaloides pterocavis Reyes-Castillo, Fonseca & Castillo, Mexico." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Passalinae hindgut. A— Ptichopus angulatus (Percheron), Costa Rica; B— Passalus interruptus (Linnaeus), Brazil; C— Spasalus crenatus (MacLeay), Puerto Rico; D— Paxillus leachi MacLeay, Brazil; E— Passipassalus buhrnheimi Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo, Brazil (Fig. E from Fonseca & Reyes – Castillo 1993)." captionText-5="FIGURE 7. Macrolininae hindgut. A— Pleurarius pilipes Kaup, India; B— Ophrygonius inaequalis (Burmeister), India; C— Episphenus moorei Kaup, India; D— Aceraius grandis (Burmeister), Taiwan; E— Macrolinus latipennis (Percheron), Java; F— Pseudepisphenus perplexus Gravely, New Guinea; G— Protomocoelus australis (Boisduval), Solomon Islands; H— Labienus ptox (Kaup), New Guinea; I— Analaches puberilis Kuwert, New Guinea." captionText-6="FIGURE 8. Macrolininae hindgut. A— Mastochilus polyphyllus (MacLeay), Australia; B— Pharochilus dilatatus (Dalman), Australia; C— Cetejus virginalis (Kaup), New Guinea; D— Gonatas naviculator (Percheron), New Guinea; E— Plesthenus quadricornis (Kaup), Sulawesi; F— Pelopides gravidus (Kuwert), Sumatra." captionText-7="FIGURE 9. Cladogram showing the hypothetic genealogical relationships among the higher taxonomic groups of Passalidae. Numbers below black squares represent characters, other numbers represent non-parametric bootstrap values (above branches) and decay values (below branches). Length = 19, CI = 94, RI = 99." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/200836/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/200837/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/200838/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/200839/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/200840/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/200841/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/200842/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/200843/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 2–9</figureCitation>
|
||
). In Solenocyclinae, the protuberances can be restricted to just half of the distal of the ileum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E6598C9B6FB98FC64" box="[964,1034,905,929]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[170,1422,687,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1424,687,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Trichostigmus thoreyi (Kaup), Philippines; B— Leptaulax dentatus (Fabricius), India; C— Stephanocephalus hostilis (Percheron), Madagascar; D— Didimus aberrans (Kuwert), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Pentalobus barbatus (Fabricius), Ivory Coast; F— Semicyclus grayi Kaup, Madagascar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200836/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C–F, 3E) or, at most, covering three quarters of the surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E67FCC990FE71FC02" box="[416,483,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[170,1422,687,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1424,687,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Trichostigmus thoreyi (Kaup), Philippines; B— Leptaulax dentatus (Fabricius), India; C— Stephanocephalus hostilis (Percheron), Madagascar; D— Didimus aberrans (Kuwert), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Pentalobus barbatus (Fabricius), Ivory Coast; F— Semicyclus grayi Kaup, Madagascar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200836/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A), but never extending throughout the ileum as occurs in Proculinae+ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E62A3C990FAF4FC02" box="[1279,1382,943,967]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStart-4="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1857,1880]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1790,1813]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionStartId-3="10.[151,250,1899,1922]" captionStartId-4="11.[151,250,1410,1433]" captionTargetBox-0="[160,1418,198,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[153,1429,196,1752]" captionTargetBox-2="[159,1432,198,1314]" captionTargetBox-3="[202,1411,197,1885]" captionTargetBox-4="[156,1431,196,1375]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1843]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId-3="figure@10.[199,1420,193,1891]" captionTargetId-4="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1389]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Proculinae hindgut. A— Odontotaenius striatopunctatus (Percheron), Mexico; B— Spurius bicornis (Truqui), Costa Rica; C— Popilius marginatus (Percheron), Brazil; D— Pseudacanthus mexicanus (Truqui), Mexico; E— Vindex agnoscendus (Percheron), Mexico; F— Petrejoides tenuis Kuwert, Costa Rica; G— Heliscus tropicus (Percheron), Mexico; H— Chondrocephalus granulifrons (Bates), Mexico." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Proculinae hindgut. A— Verres corticicola (Truqui), Mexico; B— Veturius heydeni (Kaup), Venezuela; C— Proculejus truquii Kaup, Mexico; D— Ogyges laevissimus (Kaup), Guatemala; E— Undulifer incisus (Truqui), Mexico; F— Oileus rimator (Truqui), Mexico; G— Proculus goryi (Melly), Guatemala; H— Xylopassaloides pterocavis Reyes-Castillo, Fonseca & Castillo, Mexico." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Passalinae hindgut. A— Ptichopus angulatus (Percheron), Costa Rica; B— Passalus interruptus (Linnaeus), Brazil; C— Spasalus crenatus (MacLeay), Puerto Rico; D— Paxillus leachi MacLeay, Brazil; E— Passipassalus buhrnheimi Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo, Brazil (Fig. E from Fonseca & Reyes – Castillo 1993)." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Macrolininae hindgut. A— Pleurarius pilipes Kaup, India; B— Ophrygonius inaequalis (Burmeister), India; C— Episphenus moorei Kaup, India; D— Aceraius grandis (Burmeister), Taiwan; E— Macrolinus latipennis (Percheron), Java; F— Pseudepisphenus perplexus Gravely, New Guinea; G— Protomocoelus australis (Boisduval), Solomon Islands; H— Labienus ptox (Kaup), New Guinea; I— Analaches puberilis Kuwert, New Guinea." captionText-4="FIGURE 8. Macrolininae hindgut. A— Mastochilus polyphyllus (MacLeay), Australia; B— Pharochilus dilatatus (Dalman), Australia; C— Cetejus virginalis (Kaup), New Guinea; D— Gonatas naviculator (Percheron), New Guinea; E— Plesthenus quadricornis (Kaup), Sulawesi; F— Pelopides gravidus (Kuwert), Sumatra." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/200838/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/200839/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/200840/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/200841/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/200842/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 4–8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699C9EDFD3CFBC8" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">[Character 7] Proximal area of the ileum with more than one long diverticulum (0); with just one long diverticulum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CE26FDDAFB5F" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In Aulaclocyclinae, the diverticula are long, forming a ring on the proximal apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E623ECE27FB36FBF5" box="[1122,1188,1048,1072]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1840,1863]" captionTargetBox="[185,1422,522,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,518,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Aulacocyclinae hindgut. A— Aulacocyclus edentulus (MacLeay), Australia; B— Comacupes cylindraceus (Perty), Philippines; C— Taeniocerus bicanthatus (Percheron), Borneo; D— Cylindrocaulus bucerus Fairmaire, Japan; E— Ceracupes fronticornis (Westwood), Taiwan." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200835/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Here the diverticula were shorter and more protuberance-like, in contrast to Aulaclocyclinae, but there was always one longer diverticulum, the form and size of which differed from Solenocyclinae+ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E652DCE60FC45FBB2" box="[881,983,1119,1143]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStart-5="FIGURE 7" captionStart-6="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1301,1324]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1857,1880]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1790,1813]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionStartId-5="10.[151,250,1899,1922]" captionStartId-6="11.[151,250,1410,1433]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1422,687,1884]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1431,205,1278]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1418,198,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1429,196,1752]" captionTargetBox-4="[159,1432,198,1314]" captionTargetBox-5="[202,1411,197,1885]" captionTargetBox-6="[156,1431,196,1375]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[165,1424,687,1925]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1843]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId-5="figure@10.[199,1420,193,1891]" captionTargetId-6="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1389]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionTargetPageId-6="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Trichostigmus thoreyi (Kaup), Philippines; B— Leptaulax dentatus (Fabricius), India; C— Stephanocephalus hostilis (Percheron), Madagascar; D— Didimus aberrans (Kuwert), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Pentalobus barbatus (Fabricius), Ivory Coast; F— Semicyclus grayi Kaup, Madagascar." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Solenocyclus exaratus Klug, Madagascar; B— Vitellinus approximatus (Klug), Madagascar; C— Ciceronius morbillosus (Klug), Madagascar; D— Erionomus planiceps (Eschscholtz), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Flaminius nonfriedi Kuwert, Madagascar." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Proculinae hindgut. A— Odontotaenius striatopunctatus (Percheron), Mexico; B— Spurius bicornis (Truqui), Costa Rica; C— Popilius marginatus (Percheron), Brazil; D— Pseudacanthus mexicanus (Truqui), Mexico; E— Vindex agnoscendus (Percheron), Mexico; F— Petrejoides tenuis Kuwert, Costa Rica; G— Heliscus tropicus (Percheron), Mexico; H— Chondrocephalus granulifrons (Bates), Mexico." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Proculinae hindgut. A— Verres corticicola (Truqui), Mexico; B— Veturius heydeni (Kaup), Venezuela; C— Proculejus truquii Kaup, Mexico; D— Ogyges laevissimus (Kaup), Guatemala; E— Undulifer incisus (Truqui), Mexico; F— Oileus rimator (Truqui), Mexico; G— Proculus goryi (Melly), Guatemala; H— Xylopassaloides pterocavis Reyes-Castillo, Fonseca & Castillo, Mexico." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Passalinae hindgut. A— Ptichopus angulatus (Percheron), Costa Rica; B— Passalus interruptus (Linnaeus), Brazil; C— Spasalus crenatus (MacLeay), Puerto Rico; D— Paxillus leachi MacLeay, Brazil; E— Passipassalus buhrnheimi Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo, Brazil (Fig. E from Fonseca & Reyes – Castillo 1993)." captionText-5="FIGURE 7. Macrolininae hindgut. A— Pleurarius pilipes Kaup, India; B— Ophrygonius inaequalis (Burmeister), India; C— Episphenus moorei Kaup, India; D— Aceraius grandis (Burmeister), Taiwan; E— Macrolinus latipennis (Percheron), Java; F— Pseudepisphenus perplexus Gravely, New Guinea; G— Protomocoelus australis (Boisduval), Solomon Islands; H— Labienus ptox (Kaup), New Guinea; I— Analaches puberilis Kuwert, New Guinea." captionText-6="FIGURE 8. Macrolininae hindgut. A— Mastochilus polyphyllus (MacLeay), Australia; B— Pharochilus dilatatus (Dalman), Australia; C— Cetejus virginalis (Kaup), New Guinea; D— Gonatas naviculator (Percheron), New Guinea; E— Plesthenus quadricornis (Kaup), Sulawesi; F— Pelopides gravidus (Kuwert), Sumatra." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/200836/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/200837/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/200838/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/200839/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/200840/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/200841/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/200842/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 2–8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, the ileum in the outgroup was smooth, presenting no diverticula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CE9AFCBEFB25" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">[Character 8] Diverticula restricted to the proximal extremity of the ileum (0); covering at least the third proximal of the ileum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CED1FCC2FAC3" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" box="[197,848,1259,1286]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Character state 1 was synapomorphic for Solenocyclinae+.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CF2EFE92FA88" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">[Character 9] Colon without wrinkles (0); with longitudinal wrinkles (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6134091FFFF5FF9E6699CF66FF49FA73" blockId="12.[151,1436,650,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A68B729CFFF5FF9E66B8CF67FE07FAB5" ID-CoL="J78" box="[228,405,1368,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aulacocyclinae">Aulacocyclinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the colon of the intestine has longitudinal striations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E65AACF67FBABFAB5" box="[1014,1081,1368,1392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1840,1863]" captionTargetBox="[185,1422,522,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,518,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Aulacocyclinae hindgut. A— Aulacocyclus edentulus (MacLeay), Australia; B— Comacupes cylindraceus (Perty), Philippines; C— Taeniocerus bicanthatus (Percheron), Borneo; D— Cylindrocaulus bucerus Fairmaire, Japan; E— Ceracupes fronticornis (Westwood), Taiwan." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200835/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in the other taxa it was smooth. Additionally, the presence of longitudinal wrinkles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F9B0159AFFF5FF9E6563CF44FC36FA56" box="[831,932,1403,1427]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStart-5="FIGURE 7" captionStart-6="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1301,1324]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1857,1880]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1790,1813]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionStartId-5="10.[151,250,1899,1922]" captionStartId-6="11.[151,250,1410,1433]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1422,687,1884]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1431,205,1278]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1418,198,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1429,196,1752]" captionTargetBox-4="[159,1432,198,1314]" captionTargetBox-5="[202,1411,197,1885]" captionTargetBox-6="[156,1431,196,1375]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[165,1424,687,1925]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1843]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId-5="figure@10.[199,1420,193,1891]" captionTargetId-6="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1389]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionTargetPageId-6="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Trichostigmus thoreyi (Kaup), Philippines; B— Leptaulax dentatus (Fabricius), India; C— Stephanocephalus hostilis (Percheron), Madagascar; D— Didimus aberrans (Kuwert), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Pentalobus barbatus (Fabricius), Ivory Coast; F— Semicyclus grayi Kaup, Madagascar." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Solenocyclinae hindgut. A— Solenocyclus exaratus Klug, Madagascar; B— Vitellinus approximatus (Klug), Madagascar; C— Ciceronius morbillosus (Klug), Madagascar; D— Erionomus planiceps (Eschscholtz), Democratic Republic of the Congo; E— Flaminius nonfriedi Kuwert, Madagascar." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Proculinae hindgut. A— Odontotaenius striatopunctatus (Percheron), Mexico; B— Spurius bicornis (Truqui), Costa Rica; C— Popilius marginatus (Percheron), Brazil; D— Pseudacanthus mexicanus (Truqui), Mexico; E— Vindex agnoscendus (Percheron), Mexico; F— Petrejoides tenuis Kuwert, Costa Rica; G— Heliscus tropicus (Percheron), Mexico; H— Chondrocephalus granulifrons (Bates), Mexico." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Proculinae hindgut. A— Verres corticicola (Truqui), Mexico; B— Veturius heydeni (Kaup), Venezuela; C— Proculejus truquii Kaup, Mexico; D— Ogyges laevissimus (Kaup), Guatemala; E— Undulifer incisus (Truqui), Mexico; F— Oileus rimator (Truqui), Mexico; G— Proculus goryi (Melly), Guatemala; H— Xylopassaloides pterocavis Reyes-Castillo, Fonseca & Castillo, Mexico." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Passalinae hindgut. A— Ptichopus angulatus (Percheron), Costa Rica; B— Passalus interruptus (Linnaeus), Brazil; C— Spasalus crenatus (MacLeay), Puerto Rico; D— Paxillus leachi MacLeay, Brazil; E— Passipassalus buhrnheimi Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo, Brazil (Fig. E from Fonseca & Reyes – Castillo 1993)." captionText-5="FIGURE 7. Macrolininae hindgut. A— Pleurarius pilipes Kaup, India; B— Ophrygonius inaequalis (Burmeister), India; C— Episphenus moorei Kaup, India; D— Aceraius grandis (Burmeister), Taiwan; E— Macrolinus latipennis (Percheron), Java; F— Pseudepisphenus perplexus Gravely, New Guinea; G— Protomocoelus australis (Boisduval), Solomon Islands; H— Labienus ptox (Kaup), New Guinea; I— Analaches puberilis Kuwert, New Guinea." captionText-6="FIGURE 8. Macrolininae hindgut. A— Mastochilus polyphyllus (MacLeay), Australia; B— Pharochilus dilatatus (Dalman), Australia; C— Cetejus virginalis (Kaup), New Guinea; D— Gonatas naviculator (Percheron), New Guinea; E— Plesthenus quadricornis (Kaup), Sulawesi; F— Pelopides gravidus (Kuwert), Sumatra." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/200836/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/200837/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/200838/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/200839/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/200840/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/200841/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/200842/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 2–8</figureCitation>
|
||
) was an synapomorphy for this level of hierarchy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |