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102 lines
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<mods:title id="7CF302314B4E86C59132772D669606AF">Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of Politolana Bruce, 1981 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="59AA82809858764D5E336FFE1DF394FF">Riseman, Sarah F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EAAF07EA41B82D3A56F1BBB20E11978E">University of Charleston, Grice Marine Biological Laboratory, 205 Fort Johnson, Charleston, SC 29412, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FB4904098973E2B86314EAA35B603EE6">Brusca, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="951517BBBE4BA72DBFAAE0794733C5E6">Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ 85743, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4E6D340CEE290624986F26D58A6CF9A7" type="email">rbrusca@desertmuseum.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="993DF5F75254FA1C40A8EF29E84870C8">2002</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B121A760747ABCF560EA312DA834F914">2002-01-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F3FA0D38CD916787D4BE4905BC65CFBD">134</mods:number>
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<treatment id="D54B225541568273CCF0FD9DFE1EFE62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14056535" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14056535" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D54B225541568273CCF0FD9DFE1EFE62" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D54B225541568273CCF0FD9DFE1EFE62" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">
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<subSubSection id="15F8C0C841568270CCF0FD9DFA8BFDD2" box="[899,1362,525,549]" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5D5D934341568270CCF0FD9DFA8BFDD2" blockId="73.[899,1362,525,549]" box="[899,1362,525,549]" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">
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<heading id="0615242F41568270CCF0FD9DFA8BFDD2" box="[899,1362,525,549]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" reason="2">
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SYMPATRY AMONG
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<taxonomicName id="9AE2E8C041568270CB2EFD9DFB35FDD4" authority="Bruce, 1981" box="[1117,1260,525,549]" class="Malacostraca" family="Cirolanidae" genus="Politolana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
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<emphasis id="6F964F5141568270CB2EFD9DFB35FDD4" box="[1117,1260,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">POLITOLANA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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SPECIES
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<paragraph id="5D5D934341568270CC44FDA5FC38FB41" blockId="73.[823,1443,565,1906]" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">
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A dominant pattern in the distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="9AE2E8C041568270CA5AFDA5FA46FDBB" box="[1321,1439,565,586]" class="Malacostraca" family="Cirolanidae" genus="Politolana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="6F964F5141568270CA5AFDA5FA46FDBB" box="[1321,1439,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">Politolana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species is sympatry, especially among sister species. All terminal couplets in the phylogeny, with the exception of the northern amphi-Atlantic couplet, contain sister species that occur sympatrically in at least a portion of their ranges. Despite the large amount of sympatry, few samples include more than one species. Much of the material used for this study was collected by Bureau of Land Management-funded investigations during a 1976–77 survey of the eastern
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<collectingCountry id="25F5D3D341568270CA23FCD9FCA6FC8C" name="United States of America" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">United States</collectingCountry>
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continental shelf and slope. Sample sites on Georges Bank at the same depth and in relatively close proximity yielded the same species at different sampling times throughout the year, suggesting that these species are sorting themselves. In general, sibling species have been found to have different and distinct preferences for substrate, salinity, exposure, hosts, etc. (Knowlton, 1993;
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<bibRefCitation id="3973EEB241568270CBFAFBAFFA4AFBA5" author="Staton JL & Felder DL" box="[1161,1427,1086,1108]" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" pagination="495 - 508" refId="ref33738" refString="Staton JL, Felder DL. 1995. Genetic variation in populations of the ghost shrimp genus Callichirus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinoidea) in the Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 56: 495 - 508." type="journal article" year="1995">Staton & Felder, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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). While such distinctions probably exist between sympatric
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<taxonomicName id="9AE2E8C041568270CCF3FBECFC2FFB60" box="[896,1014,1148,1169]" class="Malacostraca" family="Cirolanidae" genus="Politolana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6F964F5141568270CCF3FBECFC2FFB60" box="[896,1014,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">Politolana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, they are not evident from the available data.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5D5D934341568273CC23FB29FE1EFE62" blockId="73.[823,1443,565,1906]" lastBlockId="74.[145,761,197,403]" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">
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The variety of distributional patterns in this genus, summarized in
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<figureCitation id="C5D98FC641568270CC9CFB48FBE7FB1F" box="[1007,1086,1240,1262]" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="72.[145,224,1421,1442]" captionTargetBox="[357,1208,198,1387]" captionTargetId="figure-231@72.[322,1232,169,1417]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 51. Taxon-area cladogram based on Politolana sensu stricto portion of the strict consensus tree with the various biogeographical phenomenon discussed in the text shown on the appropriate clades." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5433490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5433490/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
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, is intriguing. The latitudinal distinction of the two main clades, the absence of species in the tropics, the slight to marked depth segregation of sympatric species, and the evidence of latitudinal submergence in at least one species (
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<taxonomicName id="9AE2E8C041568270CAF8FAC3FC6CFA77" authorityName=": G. O. Sars" authorityYear="1885" class="Malacostraca" family="Cirolanidae" genus="Cirolana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concharum">
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<emphasis id="6F964F5141568270CAF8FAC3FC6CFA77" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="130">P. concharum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) all indicate that temperature has been, and may continue to be, an important delimiting factor of this genus. While ecological factors influence distribution they do not suffice as historical explanations of distributional origins (
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<bibRefCitation id="3973EEB241568270CB4DFA7CFB6EF9F3" author="Ball IR" box="[1086,1207,1516,1538]" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" pagination="407 - 430" refId="ref31491" refString="Ball IR. 1975. Nature and the formulation of biogeographical hypotheses. Systematic Zoology 24: 407 - 430." type="journal article" year="1975">Ball, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="3973EEB241568270CBB6FA7CFAB9F9F3" author="Harold AS" box="[1221,1376,1516,1538]" pageId="73" pageNumber="130" pagination="142 - 148" refId="ref32501" refString="Harold AS. 1998. Areas of endemism and historical inference in biogeography. IOC Workshop Report 142: 142 - 148." type="proceedings paper" year="1998">Harold, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). Climatic/oceanographic events may have been important historical factors in the evolution of this genus. The recurrent pattern of sympatry and partial depth segregation of sister species suggests that a single event, or several similar events, led to speciation at these terminal nodes in the phylogeny with subsequent range expansion establishing modern patterns of sympatry. Perhaps during the numerous climatic cycles of the Neogene there were various episodes of species dispersal (range extension), vicariance and speciation. If mid-Miocene warming of the tropics was involved in the formation of the antitropical lineages and acted as the vicariant event hypothesized by
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<bibRefCitation id="3973EEB241558273CD24FF55FD2DFF2A" author="White BN" box="[599,756,197,219]" pageId="74" pageNumber="131" pagination="176 - 194" refId="ref34309" refString="White BN. 1986. The isthmian link, antitropicality and American biogeography: distributional history of the Atherinopsinae (Pisces: Antherinidae). Systematic Zoology 35 (2): 176 - 194." type="journal article" year="1986">White (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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, then more recent events, such as sea level, temperature and habitat changes during the recent Plio-Pleistocene climate cycles, may have been involved in the speciation and distribution patterns of the terminal sympatric couplets, and the
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<emphasis id="6F964F5141558273CD38FECFFD5EFE85" box="[587,647,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="131">trans</emphasis>
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-Floridian distribution of
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<emphasis id="6F964F5141558273CE4EFEEEFE1EFE62" box="[317,455,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="131">
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<taxonomicName id="9AE2E8C041558273CE4EFEEEFE1AFE62" box="[317,451,382,403]" class="Malacostraca" family="Cirolanidae" genus="Politolana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="74" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressa">P. impressa</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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