237 lines
38 KiB
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237 lines
38 KiB
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<document id="1C08BFC1D2BA6B4A0C3B787C5B1C445C" ID-CLB-Dataset="25258" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3479733" ID-GBIF-Dataset="15befca6-8842-4946-be45-d91935bb2001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479733" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,jeremy" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1570711512119" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Reims N, Schulp A, Bohnel M & Larson P" docDate="2016" docId="BA3D4333FF985E04FEB3F6440A30FC08" docLanguage="en" docName="Reimsetal2016CTscanTyrannosaurusABBYY.pdf" docOrigin="19 th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="46043B4BFF985E03FFF2FFAC0D31FFD0" masterDocTitle="An XXL-CT-scan of an XXL Tyrannosaurus rex skull" masterLastPageNumber="9" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698696311341" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9B51539E7915CBA6193A92EBFB411615">An XXL-CT-scan of an XXL Tyrannosaurus rex skull</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9B8ABB7CB5DD3C70A8C2AC69FF647355">Reims N</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED1574873BF30F4539DB0D295EBB1903">Schulp A</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0BDC597BCC657B4E830E371718FFD3A4">Bohnel M</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5723806B7380F0A1ECB8F3BBD08C7001">Larson P</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="78F37EE317455E3BC50F787C867D2E34">19 th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A859D8F998001EACE4454AAB7254E82E">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CA836709CAE558ED4132D3E26BC825BE">2016-06-13</mods:number>
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<treatment id="BA3D4333FF985E04FEB3F6440A30FC08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483201" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159690743" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483201" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA3D4333FF985E04FEB3F6440A30FC08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA3D4333FF985E04FEB3F6440A30FC08" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="7A8EA1AEFF985E03FEB3F64409DDF59E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF985E03FEB3F64409DDF59E" blockId="0.[317,2160,2535,3156]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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The 13 m long carnivorous dinosaur
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<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF985E03FB9EF64408DDF5C6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1132,1516,2536,2582]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
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is arguably the dinosaur best known by the general public (
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<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF985E03FC45F58C09E6F59E" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[951,1239,2592,2638]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 138" part="22: sup 4" refId="ref3387" refString="Brochu, C. A. (2003) Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22: sup 4, 1 - 138, DOI: 10.1080 / 02724634.2003.10010947" title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7A8EA1AEFF985E02FAF6F58C0AB5F8E6" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF985E02FAF6F58C0E35FB6E" blockId="0.[317,2160,2535,3156]" lastBlockId="1.[319,2162,306,1846]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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With a new dinosaur gallery scheduled to open in 2018, the national natural history museum of
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<materialsCitation id="82FCF878FF985E02F9CAF5F60FD5FD96" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396417301" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="RGM" formation="Hell Creek Formation" httpUri="https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RGM.792000" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" location="near Jordan" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" preparations="well-preserved skull, partial cervical and dorsal vertebral series, an almost-complete rib-cage, scapula-coracoid, furcula, a complete pelvis, the right leg, and about half of the tail" specimenCode="RGM 792000">
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the Netherlands, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, in Leiden, set out to acquire an original skeleton of this dinosaur. A skeleton of
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<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF985E03FDDCF5610E94F52B" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[558,933,2765,2811]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
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was discovered in Spring and excavated in the Fall of 2013, from a sandstone stream channel of the Hell Creek Formation near Jordan, Montana, USA. The excavation relied upon a close collaboration between Black Hills Institute and Naturalis (
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<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF985E03FDE7F4D50E94F477" author="Schulp, A. S. & D. Bastiaans & P. Kaskes & P. Manning & P. Larson" box="[533,933,2937,2983]" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting, Dallas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref3618" refString="Schulp, A. S., D. Bastiaans, P. Kaskes, P. Manning & P. Larson (2015): A New, Mature and Pathologic specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting, Dallas." title="A New, Mature and Pathologic specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="proceedings paper" year="2015">Schulp et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). Reasonably complete skeletons of Tyrannosaurus are few and far between, and so far only two skeletons substantially more than 50% complete have been found (
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<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF985E03FDC9F4400964F3CA" author="Larson, P. & K. Carpenter" bookContentInfo="435 pp." box="[571,1109,3052,3098]" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref3493" refString="Larson, P. & K. Carpenter (Eds.), 2008. Tyrannosaurus rex: The Tyrant King. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 435 pp." title="Tyrannosaurus rex: The Tyrant King" type="book" year="2008">Larson & Carpenter, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). At the moment of submission of the present paper (March 2016), the Naturalis
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<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF985E03FC45F38A090DF384" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[951,1084,3110,3156]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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skeleton is still being prepared, and is currently scheduled to go on public display in Leiden in September 2016, where it is registered under collection number RGM 792.000. The specimen comprises a well-preserved skull, partial cervical and dorsal vertebral series, an almost-complete rib-cage, scapula-coracoid, furcula, a complete pelvis, the right leg, and about half of the tail
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</materialsCitation>
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. Probably no other innovation has had a similarly profound impact on the study of fossil vertebrates in the last few decades than the increased accessibility and improvement in image quality of CT scanning (e.g., Leiggi & May, 2003). The nondestructive character of CT allows for features otherwise inaccessible, to be visualized, described, compared and analyzed (
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<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF995E02FBB7FD5108BCFCFB" author="Mallison, H." box="[1093,1421,765,811]" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="7 - 43" refId="ref3560" refString="Mallison, H. (2011). Digitizing Methods for Paleontology: Applications, Benefits and Limitations. In Computational Paleontology (pp. 7 - 43). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 16271 - 8 _ 2" title="Digitizing Methods for Paleontology: Applications, Benefits and Limitations" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Computational Paleontology" year="2011">Mallison, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF995E02FA42FD510A03FCFB" author="Abel, R. L. & Laurini, C. R. & Richter, M." box="[1456,1842,765,811]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref3306" refString="Abel, R. L., Laurini, C. R., & Richter, M. (2012). A palaeobiologist's guide to ' virtual' micro-CT preparation. Palaeontologia Electronica." title="A palaeobiologist's guide to ' virtual' micro-CT preparation" type="book" year="2012">Abel et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). Medical CTscanners, with a bore suited to fit most humans, and, occasionally, veterinary CT scanners with a larger bore, now routinely allow for scanning of human-sized objects; however, the specifications of those imaging systems are optimized for objects less dense than fossils, and the X-ray performance is dimensioned for X-ray exposures “as low as reasonably achievable” (the ALARA safety principle). This is not necessarily the specification set required for successful imaging of higher density objects such as large, heavily permineralized fossils.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF995E02FECDFB650AB5F8E6" blockId="1.[319,2162,306,1846]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Successful scans of extremely large paleontological objects can, therefore, be challenging. Scanning the skull of one of the largest carnivores ever to have walked the earth is certainly beyond the capabilities of a regular medical CT system. The skull of the remarkably complete
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<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF995E02FDF9FADA0FBAFA74" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[523,651,1398,1444]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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skeleton
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<materialsCitation id="82FCF878FF995E02FCA9FADA0996FA74" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2425474250" box="[859,1191,1398,1444]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
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, perhaps better known by its nickname “Sue” (now on display at the Field Museum in Chicago) was scanned -almost two decades agoat Rocketdyne Division of Boeing North America. This scan was completed in a Minatron 205 scanner, yielding 748 coronal slices, 2 mm in thickness (
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<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF995E02F9A8F98E0A4CF980" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1626,1917,1570,1616]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 138" part="22: sup 4" refId="ref3387" refString="Brochu, C. A. (2003) Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22: sup 4, 1 - 138, DOI: 10.1080 / 02724634.2003.10010947" title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). For many paleontological questions however, higher-resolution imaging than 2 mm voxel size is necessary. In this contribution, we elaborate on the technical challenges in scanning the skull of the Naturalis
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<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF995E02FD00F9630E40F92D" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[754,881,1743,1789]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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. A more detailed description of the morphology, partially based on the CT scan data discussed here, will be submitted for publication elsewhere.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="66EBA2ADFF9A5E01FD33FC370BDDFC10" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479737" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479737" box="[705,1772,922,960]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479737/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[705,764,923,960]" targetBox="[574,2068,332,868]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9A5E01FD33FC370BDDFC10" blockId="2.[705,1772,921,960]" box="[705,1772,922,960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9A5E01FD33FC370E32FC10" bold="true" box="[705,771,923,960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig.</emphasis>
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1. Linac bremsstrahlung spectra for 6 and 9 MeV electrons.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="66EBA2ADFF9A5E01FCCCF4390B41F46A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479739" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479739" box="[830,1648,2964,3002]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479739/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[642,1986,2110,2965]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9A5E01FCCCF4390B41F46A" blockId="2.[642,1986,2110,3002]" box="[830,1648,2964,3002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9A5E01FCCCF4390E9CF46A" bold="true" box="[830,941,2965,3002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
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Mechanical setup of the XXL-CT system.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="66EBA2ADFF9B5E00FC98F63B0BE6F66C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479741" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479741" box="[874,1751,2454,2492]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479741/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[874,934,2455,2492]" targetBox="[602,2028,1498,2448]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9B5E00FC98F63B0BE6F66C" blockId="3.[602,2028,1498,2492]" box="[874,1751,2454,2492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9B5E00FC98F63B0EE7F66C" bold="true" box="[874,982,2455,2492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
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Preparation of the skull at the excavation site.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="66EBA2ADFF9C5E07FE17FC800AC5FCAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479743" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479743/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[485,548,812,849]" targetBox="[984,1644,310,804]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9C5E07FE17FC800AC5FCAE" blockId="4.[442,2144,310,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9C5E07FE17FC800F1DFC81" bold="true" box="[485,556,812,849]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig.</emphasis>
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4. Top view of crate with skull included when scanning in natural orientation (left) and upright orientation (right). The arrow marks the estimated maximum penetration length for both setups.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="66EBA2ADFF9C5E07FCBCF6B60B6EF6EF" ID-Table-UUID="66EBA2ADFF9C5E07FCBCF6B60B6EF6EF" box="[846,1631,2329,2367]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/66EBA2ADFF9C5E07FCBCF6B60B6EF6EF" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[846,923,2330,2367]" targetBox="[319,1588,2403,2915]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9C5E07FCBCF6B60B6EF6EF" blockId="4.[295,2180,2329,2940]" box="[846,1631,2329,2367]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tab.1. Acquisition parameters for the CT scan.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9C5E07FECDF6CF0B05F4B2" blockId="4.[295,2180,2329,2940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<table id="40940085FF9CA1FCFECDF6CF0B05F4B3" box="[319,1588,2403,2915]" gridcols="2" gridrows="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<tr id="8CA4F067FF9CA1FCFECDF6CF0B05F659" box="[319,1588,2403,2441]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<th id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFECDF6CF0F59F659" box="[319,616,2403,2441]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">X-ray energy</th>
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<th id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFABEF6CF0B05F659" box="[1356,1588,2403,2441]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9 MeV</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="8CA4F067FF9CA1FCFECDF66D0B05F637" box="[319,1588,2497,2535]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFECDF66D0F59F637" box="[319,616,2497,2535]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scanning time</td>
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<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFABEF66D0B05F637" box="[1356,1588,2497,2535]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">~48 h</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="8CA4F067FF9CA1FCFECDF5B30B05F596" box="[319,1588,2591,2630]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFECDF5B30F59F596" box="[319,616,2591,2630]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Angles</td>
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<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFABEF5B30B05F596" box="[1356,1588,2591,2630]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1500</td>
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|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="8CA4F067FF9CA1FCFECDF5D20B05F575" box="[319,1588,2686,2725]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFECDF5D20F59F575" box="[319,616,2686,2725]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pixel size</td>
|
|
<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFABEF5D20B05F575" box="[1356,1588,2686,2725]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">0.4 mm</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="8CA4F067FF9CA1FCFECDF5710B05F4D4" box="[319,1588,2781,2820]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFECDF5710F59F4D4" box="[319,616,2781,2820]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vertical sampling</td>
|
|
<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFABEF5710B05F4D4" box="[1356,1588,2781,2820]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">0.5 mm</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="8CA4F067FF9CA1FCFECDF4900B05F4B3" box="[319,1588,2876,2915]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
|
<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFECDF4900F59F4B3" box="[319,616,2876,2915]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Voxel size</td>
|
|
<td id="CF75991BFF9CA1FCFABEF4900B05F4B3" box="[1356,1588,2876,2915]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1 x 1 x 1 mm3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7A8EA1AEFF9D5E06FECDFE9A0F50F542" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="322BF225FF9D5E06FECDFE9A0F26FEB3" blockId="5.[319,535,310,355]" box="[319,535,310,355]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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|
<heading id="69634549FF9D5E06FECDFE9A0F26FEB3" bold="true" box="[319,535,310,355]" fontSize="14" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9D5E06FECDFE9A0F26FEB3" bold="true" box="[319,535,310,355]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3. Results</emphasis>
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|
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9D5E06FECDFE040835FCB8" blockId="5.[319,2162,423,872]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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|
The CT reconstruction was performed on the whole dataset including the surrounding crate and support structure.
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|
<figureCitation id="AAAFEEA0FF9D5E06FCFCFE4C0E8CFDDE" box="[782,957,480,526]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[494,557,1761,1798]" captionTargetBox="[538,2098,902,1720]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. CT slice through the skull. The skull bones clearly stand out from the sandstone matrix and the supporting structures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479745/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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|
shows one slice through the dataset. Generally, the bones (light grey) can be clearly distinguished from the sandstone matrix (dark grey) due to its significant difference in density. Inside the bone, one can discern occasional high-intensity spots which represent pyrite concretions. Other materials involved in packing and crating have generally much lower X-ray absorption, except for the screws used in the wooden support frame. As can be seen in the upright corner of figure 5 even the polyurethane foam is visible by using a different grey value scaling.
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</paragraph>
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|
<caption id="66EBA2ADFF9D5E06FE1CF94D089AF8E3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479745/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[494,557,1761,1798]" targetBox="[538,2098,902,1720]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9D5E06FE1CF94D089AF8E3" blockId="5.[494,2134,1759,1845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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|
<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9D5E06FE1CF94D0F6FF8D6" bold="true" box="[494,606,1761,1798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
|
|
CT slice through the skull. The skull bones clearly stand out from the sandstone matrix and the supporting structures.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9D5E06FECDF8D60BEFF717" blockId="5.[319,2161,1914,2706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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|
<figureCitation id="AAAFEEA0FF9D5E06FECDF8D60CC3F878" box="[319,498,1914,1960]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionText="Fig. 6. 3D-rendering of the CT dataset with crate sideways removed (left). Cutting through the crate in lateral directions reveals the bone structures inside the sandstone matrix (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479747/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[486,2144,294,921]" targetPageId="6">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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|
(left) shows a 3D-rendering of the same dataset. To distinguish the different materials a false-color representation based on the different absorption values of the materials were used. The virtually removed sideways uncovers the wrapping around the skull and sandstone block as well as the additional wooden supporting structures.
|
|
<figureCitation id="AAAFEEA0FF9D5E06F837F78A055EF784" box="[1989,2159,2086,2132]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionText="Fig. 6. 3D-rendering of the CT dataset with crate sideways removed (left). Cutting through the crate in lateral directions reveals the bone structures inside the sandstone matrix (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479747/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[486,2144,294,921]" targetPageId="6">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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(right) cuts through the crate in lateral direction and shows the interior of the skull and sandstone block. The white colored structure marks the bone fragments.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9D5E06FECDF77E0F50F542" blockId="5.[319,2161,1914,2706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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|
The next step was to virtually excavate the skull. The good material contrast made it possible to mask out the bulk of the sandstone matrix and the supporting structures by setting appropriate thresholds. High absorption parts like the screws as well as noise particles had to be removed manually. The result of this segmentation can be seen in
|
|
<figureCitation id="AAAFEEA0FF9D5E06F80BF6D20C6FF636" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionText="Fig. 7. Virtual excavation of the skull by removing the sandstone matrix and support structures" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479749/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[812,1818,1110,1958]" targetPageId="6">figure 7</figureCitation>
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|
. At this stage the segmented skull is still represented by three dimensional pixels (Voxels) with a specific absorption value. To allow for further processing in CAD software e.g. for 3D-printing preparation the segmented skull was converted to a triangular surface mesh in the stl Format.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="66EBA2ADFF9E5E05FE13FC370AB1FC20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479747" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479747/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[481,540,923,960]" targetBox="[486,2144,294,921]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9E5E05FE13FC370AB1FC20" blockId="6.[481,2147,294,1008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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|
<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9E5E05FE13FC370F12FC10" bold="true" box="[481,547,923,960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig.</emphasis>
|
|
6. 3D-rendering of the CT dataset with crate sideways removed (left). Cutting through the crate in lateral directions reveals the bone structures inside the sandstone matrix (right).
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="66EBA2ADFF9E5E05FDF4F7AB0507F7FC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479749" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479749" box="[518,2102,2054,2092]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479749/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[518,577,2055,2092]" targetBox="[812,1818,1110,1958]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9E5E05FDF4F7AB0507F7FC" blockId="6.[518,2107,2053,2092]" box="[518,2102,2054,2092]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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|
<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9E5E05FDF4F7AB0F79F7FC" bold="true" box="[518,584,2055,2092]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig.</emphasis>
|
|
7. Virtual excavation of the skull by removing the sandstone matrix and support structures
|
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</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9E5E05F7C4F7AA050AF7FC" blockId="6.[518,2107,2053,2092]" box="[2102,2107,2054,2092]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7A8EA1AEFF9E5E05FECDF7310EEEF3B3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
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|
<paragraph id="322BF225FF9E5E05FECDF7310E46F71A" blockId="6.[319,887,2205,2250]" box="[319,887,2205,2250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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|
<emphasis id="00E02E37FF9E5E05FECDF7310E46F71A" bold="true" box="[319,887,2205,2250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4. Discussion and Outlook</emphasis>
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|
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9E5E05FECDF6BD0AB5F493" blockId="6.[319,2162,2320,3171]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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|
The scan has already allowed for much more efficient preparation work on the fossil, by showing which areas deserve particular attention. Many internal features are clearly visible, including pneumatic chambers and the portion of the skull that was originally occupied by the brain (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF9E5E05FDF9F6100920F63A" author="Witmer, L. M. & R. C. Ridgely" box="[523,1041,2492,2538]" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1266 - 1296" part="292" refId="ref3711" refString="Witmer, L. M., & R. C. Ridgely (2009). New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 292 (9), 1266 - 1296. http: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 20983" title="New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior" type="journal article" year="2009">Witmer & Ridgely, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Of particular interest are the morphology of the nerve channels, semicircular canals of the inner ear (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF9E5E05FB17F65A0BD9F5F4" author="Witmer, L. M. & R. C. Ridgely" box="[1253,1768,2550,2596]" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1266 - 1296" part="292" refId="ref3711" refString="Witmer, L. M., & R. C. Ridgely (2009). New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 292 (9), 1266 - 1296. http: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 20983" title="New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior" type="journal article" year="2009">Witmer & Ridgely, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), location and form of the stapes, the possibility of respiratory turbinates (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF9E5E05FA8AF5830BA9F58D" author="Witmer, L. M." bookContentInfo="75 pp." box="[1400,1688,2607,2653]" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" part="3" refId="ref3664" refString="Witmer, L. M. (1997). The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in softtissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 3: 75 pp." title="The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in softtissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity" type="book" year="1997">Witmer, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF9E5E05F95EF5830AF5F58D" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1708,1988,2607,2653]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 138" part="22: sup 4" refId="ref3387" refString="Brochu, C. A. (2003) Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22: sup 4, 1 - 138, DOI: 10.1080 / 02724634.2003.10010947" title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF9E5E05F82AF5830FADF547" author="Witmer, L. M. & R. C. Ridgely" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1266 - 1296" part="292" refId="ref3711" refString="Witmer, L. M., & R. C. Ridgely (2009). New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 292 (9), 1266 - 1296. http: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 20983" title="New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior" type="journal article" year="2009">Witmer & Ridgely, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
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), and the fact that this scan shows new fragile structures not visible with lower resolution CT scans - and which we suspect may have been obliterated by mechanical preparation of other specimens. We do hope that this scan, too, will contribute to a more informed reconstruction of soft tissues (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF9E5E05FAD6F4B90B72F493" author="Witmer, L. M." bookContentInfo="75 pp." box="[1316,1603,2837,2883]" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" part="3" refId="ref3664" refString="Witmer, L. M. (1997). The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in softtissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 3: 75 pp." title="The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in softtissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity" type="book" year="1997">Witmer, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF9E5E05F9A5F4B90A5EF493" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1623,1903,2837,2883]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 138" part="22: sup 4" refId="ref3387" refString="Brochu, C. A. (2003) Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22: sup 4, 1 - 138, DOI: 10.1080 / 02724634.2003.10010947" title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9E5E05FECDF4E30EEEF3B3" blockId="6.[319,2162,2320,3171]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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|
Part of the magic of X-ray imaging techniques is that the invisible becomes visible. The CT of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF9E5E05FE3AF4240F72F466" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[456,579,2952,2998]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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skull allowed for a virtual endocast of the brain cavity to be made (compare
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="56058FD4FF9E5E05FECDF4100E7DF43A" author="Witmer, L. M. & R. C. Ridgely" box="[319,844,3004,3050]" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1266 - 1296" part="292" refId="ref3711" refString="Witmer, L. M., & R. C. Ridgely (2009). New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 292 (9), 1266 - 1296. http: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 20983" title="New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior" type="journal article" year="2009">Witmer & Ridgely, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). A 3D-print of the “brain” of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF9E5E05F9ECF4100BAAF43A" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1566,1691,3004,3050]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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(see
|
|
<figureCitation id="AAAFEEA0FF9E5E05F8FCF4100A8DF43A" box="[1806,1980,3004,3050]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[617,679,2027,2064]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 8. Extraction of the brain segment (blue) for further processing to a 3D-printer ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3479751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3479751/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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) already played a role in lectures and (online) classes; the printed brain will also find a place in the upcoming exhibition at Naturalis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7A8EA1AEFF9F5E04FECDFE9F0A30FC08" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="322BF225FF9F5E04FECDFE9F0A30FC08" blockId="7.[319,2162,306,984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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|
The skull of the new
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF9F5E04FCF9FE9F0EBBFEB1" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[779,906,307,353]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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shows multiple pathologies, some of which are captured in detail in the CT scan. Pathologies include a rather large bone infection which has removed bone tissue in the anterior part of the right maxilla (=the front end of the upper jaw); this element however was discovered separate from the main skull block, and therefore was not part of the scan. The same applies for the posterior mandibular unit (= the rear part of the lower jaw), which is graced by a series of healed puncture wounds; considering the size and spacing of the wounds, in all likelihood this individual was bitten by another
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|
<taxonomicName id="F59489A6FF9F5E04F889FD260AC6FD68" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1915,2039,650,696]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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- and lived for the wounds to heal. Other pathologies on the skull include scratch marks on the left side of the skull. At Naturalis we plan to present the CT data of the skull in an interactive display, where a laser line projected on a scaled, moveable 3D-print of the skull acts as a pointer to the CT-imagery shown beside the skull. Interactive “hot zones” allow to connect explanatory text and video to the features highlighted in the scan.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |