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<document id="7C91E46823CD1E99FF45A48AB0DB322B" ID-CLB-Dataset="30562" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4392.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dbcec4ac-cf8f-4215-a445-a63e65e0f02f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1195409" ID-ZooBank="C1A8F758-D41A-404C-A5C4-6CBC476EA324" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1520684441588" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Okanishi, Masanori &amp; Fujita, Toshihiko" docDate="2018" docId="2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.43922.2.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4392 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Astrodendrum spinulosum Okanishi &amp; Fujita 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="301" masterDocId="D91FD24BFF984177D955EC4FFFEAD327" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic review of the genus Astrodendrum (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida, Gorgonocephalidae) with description of a new species from Japan" masterLastPageNumber="310" masterPageNumber="289" pageNumber="291" updateTime="1698529305170" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="8C12BB1F1D6699B081E3BC1D64F55186" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="8BD10E1C3E87E7D0532BC2378BA2A38A">
<mods:title id="872C208C486F8CDE5D6CDD0A9C0F0141">A taxonomic review of the genus Astrodendrum (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida, Gorgonocephalidae) with description of a new species from Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F111C0EBAB41AF01CA5B2DBE5DDEA147" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EE063F8DBAD4422729C9C5BF0E8BB3BC">Okanishi, Masanori</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D27058C4D4B257CD6595365613C891F9">Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C7482F8D77EF5465C45B4C759BFF30F2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B6276A43B13AB4986012B120A9317340">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F8DB010F2DDC17D941226F8B3B94BCBA">2018-03-09</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F4759A1C947078B7BBF1D447495C4C6D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E0BEA954DE260EB29DE0D003E1C0B037" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4392.2.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5998498" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142212003" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5998498" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="301" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9A4175D9C2EFB8FEE1D714" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9A4175D9C2EFB8FDD4D735" blockId="2.[151,711,1015,1111]" box="[151,574,1015,1042]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<heading id="F678AC49FF9A4175D9C2EFB8FDD4D735" bold="true" box="[151,574,1015,1042]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D9C2EFB8FDD4D735" bold="true" box="[151,574,1015,1042]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9A4175D9C2EFB8FE33D736" ID-CoL="9922K" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,473,1015,1041]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D9C2EFB8FE33D736" bold="true" box="[151,473,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF9A4175D8B5EFB7FDD4D735" box="[480,574,1016,1042]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9A4175D9C2E855FEE1D714" blockId="2.[151,711,1015,1111]" box="[151,267,1050,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9A4175D9CAE855FEE8D714" box="[159,258,1050,1075]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStart-5="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1915,1937]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionStartId-5="10.[151,250,1914,1936]" captionTargetBox-0="[196,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetBox-1="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetBox-3="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetBox-4="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetBox-5="[202,1396,212,1901]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[169,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetId-5="figure@10.[187,1411,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov. holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral view; B, oral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." captionText-5="FIGURE 7. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–C, vertebrae in the middle portion of the arms, distal view (A), lateral view (B), oral view (C); D–H, vertebrae on the distal portion of the arm, basal view (D), distal view (E), distal branching view (F), lateral view (G), oral view (H). Orientations: dis, distal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1195413/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/1195423/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Figs 2–7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9A4175D9C2E870FD2DD770" box="[151,711,1086,1111]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="description">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9A4175D9C2E870FD2DD770" blockId="2.[151,711,1015,1111]" box="[151,711,1086,1111]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">[Japanese Name: Toge-Tsuruboso-Tezurumozuru]</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9A4175D9C2E8C9FE1CD79C" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9A4175D9C2E8C9FE1CD79C" blockId="2.[151,1436,1158,1211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9A4175D9C2E8C9FE4BD7BA" ID-CoL="J48D" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[151,417,1158,1181]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D9C2E8C9FE4BD7BA" box="[151,417,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Astrodendrum sagaminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF9A4175D8EEE8C9FDA3D7BB" box="[443,585,1158,1180]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" refId="ref9327" refString="Irimura, S. (1982) The Brittle-stars of Sagami Bay. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 95 pp." type="book">Irimura, 1982</bibRefCitation>
. 79, text fig. 4, pl. 2, figs 4–5. (Non
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9A4175DAE3E8C9FA87D7BB" ID-CoL="J48D" authority="Doderlein, 1911" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1911" box="[950,1389,1158,1181]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175DAE3E8C9FB2BD7BA" box="[950,1217,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Astrodendrum sagaminum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF9A4175DD93E8C9FA87D7BB" box="[1222,1389,1158,1180]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" refId="ref9257" refString="Doderlein, L. (1911) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Uber japanische und andere Euryalae. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, II. Suppl. - Bd., 5, 1 - 123." type="journal article">Döderlein, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 38– 39, pl. 2 figs 3–5, pl. 7, fig. 8)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9A4175D9C2E8A8FCEDD5DF" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9A4175D9C2E8A8FB7ED6FF" blockId="2.[151,1437,1255,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175D9C2E8A8FB4ED602" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834883972" collectingDate="2008-05-09" collectionCode="NSMT" country="Japan" elevation="75" location="Taku-Maru" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Iwate Prefecture" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D9C2E8A8FEB9D627" bold="true" box="[151,339,1255,1280]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9A4175D9C2E8A8FF38D627" box="[151,210,1255,1280]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Type</typeStatus>
materials.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="CB9E83E0FF9A4175D809E8A7FE40D627" box="[348,426,1256,1280]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">NSMT</collectionCode>
E-6237,
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9A4175DB4DE8A8FD97D627" box="[536,637,1255,1280]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, collected by fishery boat
<location id="A8504DFEFF9A4175DAE6E8A8FBC4D627" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB:A8504DFEFF9A4175DAE6E8A8FBC4D627" box="[947,1070,1255,1280]" country="Japan" name="Taku-Maru" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" stateProvince="Iwate Prefecture">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175DAE6E8A8FBC4D627" box="[947,1070,1255,1280]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Taku-Maru</emphasis>
</location>
, off Ohakozaki, Otsuchi,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DC0BE8A7FEE7D602" country="Japan" name="Iwate" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Iwate Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, northeastern
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175D8FEE942FE04D603" box="[427,494,1293,1316]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 39˚21.N, 142˚00.E,
<elevation id="26A2FC16FF9A4175DB8EE943FCFFD603" box="[731,789,1292,1317]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="75.0">
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175DB8EE943FCFFD603" box="[731,789,1292,1317]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="75.0">75 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175DA3CE943FC18D603" box="[873,1010,1292,1317]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="2008-05-09">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175DA3CE943FC18D603" box="[873,1010,1292,1317]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="2008-05-09">9 May 2008</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9A4175DD57E943FBD6D603" box="[1026,1084,1292,1316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Type</typeStatus>
locality)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175DDFAE943FD63D64A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834883976" collectingDate="2016-10-12" collectionCode="NSMT" collectorName="S Seisui-Maru" country="Japan" elevation="111" location="Mie Prefecture" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mie Prefecture" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="CB9E83E0FF9A4175DDFAE943FB17D603" box="[1199,1277,1292,1316]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">NSMT</collectionCode>
E-10715, one
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9A4175D9C2E97FFF10D66F" box="[151,250,1328,1352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, collected by T/
<collectorName id="007A7EF3FF9A4175D89EE97FFD9ED660" box="[459,628,1328,1352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
S
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D8BFE97FFD9ED660" box="[490,628,1328,1351]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Seisui-Maru</emphasis>
</collectorName>
, off Shima Peninsula,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DACDE960FBA6D66F" box="[920,1100,1327,1352]" country="Japan" name="Mie" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Mie Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175DDE8E97FFAEAD660" box="[1213,1280,1328,1351]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 34˚11.42’N, 136˚41.54’E,
<elevation id="26A2FC16FF9A4175D864E91BFE9CD64B" box="[305,374,1364,1388]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="111.0">
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175D864E91BFE9CD64B" box="[305,374,1364,1388]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="111.0">111 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175D89CE91BFD63D64A" box="[457,649,1364,1389]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="2016-10-12">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175D89CE91BFD63D64A" box="[457,649,1364,1389]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="2016-10-12">12 October 2016</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175DBC6E91BFAA9D6B7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834884061" collectingDate="2009-04-28" collectionCode="NSMT" collectorName="V Yayoi" country="Japan" elevation="78" location="Iwate Prefecture" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Iwate Prefecture" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="CB9E83E0FF9A4175DBC6E91BFD0BD64B" box="[659,737,1364,1388]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">NSMT</collectionCode>
E-6905, one
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9A4175DA22E91AFC30D64A" box="[887,986,1365,1389]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, collected by R/
<collectorName id="007A7EF3FF9A4175DDDAE91BFB0ED64B" box="[1167,1252,1364,1388]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
V
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175DDFFE91AFB0ED64B" box="[1194,1252,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Yayoi</emphasis>
</collectorName>
, off Ohakozaki, off Otsuchi,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175D870E937FE08D6B7" box="[293,482,1399,1424]" country="Japan" name="Iwate" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Iwate Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, northeastern
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175DBD5E937FD29D6A8" box="[640,707,1400,1423]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 39˚25.48’N, 135˚58.44’E,
<elevation id="26A2FC16FF9A4175DAA9E937FBA1D6A8" box="[1020,1099,1400,1424]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.82" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="78.2">
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175DAA9E937FBA1D6A8" box="[1020,1099,1400,1424]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.82" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="78.2">78.2 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175DDF5E937FAA9D6B7" box="[1184,1347,1399,1424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="2009-04-28">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175DDF5E937FAA9D6B7" box="[1184,1347,1399,1424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="2009-04-28">28 April 2009</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175DC1BE937FB7ED6FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834884060" collectingDate="2016-06-27" collectionCode="NSMT" collectorName="V Yayoi" country="Japan" elevation="80" location="Iwate Prefecture" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Iwate Prefecture" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="CB9E83E0FF9A4175DC1BE937FA76D6B7" box="[1358,1436,1400,1424]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">NSMT</collectionCode>
E-10716, one
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9A4175D868E9D2FE4AD692" box="[317,416,1437,1461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, collected by R/
<collectorName id="007A7EF3FF9A4175DB36E9D3FD54D693" box="[611,702,1436,1460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
V
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175DBD4E9D2FD54D693" box="[641,702,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Yayoi</emphasis>
</collectorName>
, off Ohakozaki, Otsuchi,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DAA4E9D2FB5AD692" box="[1009,1200,1436,1461]" country="Japan" name="Iwate" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Iwate Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, northeastern
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175DC00E9D2FA72D693" box="[1365,1432,1437,1460]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 39˚21.32’N, 142˚00.23’E-39˚21.28’N, 142˚00.28’E,
<elevation id="26A2FC16FF9A4175DBB2E9F0FCA0D6F0" box="[743,842,1471,1496]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="86.0" valueMin="73.0">
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175DBB2E9F0FCA0D6F0" box="[743,842,1471,1496]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="86.0" valueMin="73.0">73–86 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175DAC8E98FFBD9D6FF" box="[925,1075,1471,1496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="2016-06-27">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175DAC8E98FFBD9D6FF" box="[925,1075,1471,1496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="2016-06-27">27 June 2016</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9A4175DD17E9F0FB69D6FF" box="[1090,1155,1471,1496]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[273,1322,208,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[194,1390,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., A. capense, A. elingamita, A. galapagense, A. laevigatum and A. sagaminum. Red symbols indicate type localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195411/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9A4175D992E9ABFCEDD5DF" blockId="2.[151,1437,1255,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175D992E9ABFD45D507" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834883971" collectingDate="1922-11" country="Japan" county="Sagami Bay" elevation="99" location="Other" municipality="Hayama" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D992E9ABFE6ED6DA" bold="true" box="[199,388,1508,1533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<location id="A8504DFEFF9A4175D992E9ABFEE5D6DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB:A8504DFEFF9A4175D992E9ABFEE5D6DA" box="[199,271,1508,1533]" country="Japan" county="Sagami Bay" municipality="Hayama" name="Other" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">Other</location>
material.
</emphasis>
NSMT-Oph R: 22, one specimen, off
<collectingMunicipality id="4D54815FFF9A4175DA11E9AAFC4ED6DA" box="[836,932,1509,1533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Hayama</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="445163A9FF9A4175DAE7E9ABFBD4D6DA" box="[946,1086,1508,1533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Sagami Bay</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DD19E9AAFAA8D6DA" box="[1100,1346,1508,1533]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175D9C2EA47FF30D538" box="[151,218,1544,1567]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<elevation id="26A2FC16FF9A4175D9BEEA47FE88D538" box="[235,354,1544,1568]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" metricValueMax="10.8" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="99.0" valueMax="108.0" valueMin="90.0">
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175D9BEEA47FE88D538" box="[235,354,1544,1568]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" metricValueMax="10.8" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="99.0" valueMax="108.0" valueMin="90.0">90–108 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175D894EA47FD88D507" box="[449,610,1543,1568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1922-11">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175D894EA47FD88D507" box="[449,610,1543,1568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1922-11">22 November</date>
</collectingDate>
, 1930
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175DBEAEA48FA72D562" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834883973" collectingDate="1935-08-11" country="Japan" elevation="144" location="south Enoshima Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">
NSMT-Oph R: 25, one specimen and NSMT-Oph R: 26, one specimen,
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175D845EA63FEB5D562" box="[272,351,1580,1605]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="km" value="3.2">3.2 km</quantity>
off
<location id="A8504DFEFF9A4175D8DAEA63FD79D562" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB:A8504DFEFF9A4175D8DAEA63FD79D562" box="[399,659,1580,1605]" country="Japan" name="south Enoshima Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">south Enoshima Island</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DBF5EA62FC7ED562" box="[672,916,1580,1605]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175DAA0EA62FBD2D563" box="[1013,1080,1581,1604]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<elevation id="26A2FC16FF9A4175DD16EA63FB66D563" box="[1091,1164,1580,1604]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="144.0">
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175DD16EA63FB66D563" box="[1091,1164,1580,1604]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="144.0">144 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175DDB4EA63FA72D562" box="[1249,1432,1580,1605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1935-08-11">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175DDB4EA63FA72D562" box="[1249,1432,1580,1605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1935-08-11">11 August 1935</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175D9C2EA00FE71D5AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834883969" collectingDate="1935-08-27" country="Japan" elevation="200" location="Minami Amadaiba" municipality="Sagami Bay" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">
NSMT-Oph R: 27, one specimen,
<location id="A8504DFEFF9A4175DB70EA00FD14D54F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB:A8504DFEFF9A4175DB70EA00FD14D54F" box="[549,766,1615,1640]" country="Japan" municipality="Sagami Bay" name="Minami Amadaiba" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">Minami Amadaiba</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="4D54815FFF9A4175DA59EA00FC72D54F" box="[780,920,1615,1640]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Sagami Bay</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DAF2EA1FFB77D54F" box="[935,1181,1615,1640]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175DC54EA1FFAAED540" box="[1281,1348,1616,1639]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<elevation id="26A2FC16FF9A4175DC07EA1FFA76D540" box="[1362,1436,1616,1640]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="200.0">
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175DC07EA1FFA76D540" box="[1362,1436,1616,1640]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175D9B1EA3BFE71D5AA" box="[228,411,1652,1677]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1935-08-27">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175D9B1EA3BFE71D5AA" box="[228,411,1652,1677]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1935-08-27">27 August 1935</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175D8F3EA3BFD98D597" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834884059" collectingDate="1950-02-14" country="Japan" location="Hayama" municipality="Sagami Bay" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">
NSMT-Oph R: 43, one specimen, off
<location id="A8504DFEFF9A4175DA1AEA3AFC45D5AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB:A8504DFEFF9A4175DA1AEA3AFC45D5AA" box="[847,943,1653,1677]" country="Japan" municipality="Sagami Bay" name="Hayama" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">Hayama</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="4D54815FFF9A4175DAEEEA3BFBAFD5AA" box="[955,1093,1652,1677]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Sagami Bay</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DD04EA3AFAAED5AA" box="[1105,1348,1652,1677]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175D9C2EAD7FF30D588" box="[151,218,1688,1711]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
, depth unknown,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175D8F0EAD7FD98D597" box="[421,626,1687,1712]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1950-02-14">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175D8F0EAD7FD98D597" box="[421,626,1687,1712]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1950-02-14">14 February 1950</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175DB2BEAD8FD51D5F2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834884058" collectingDate="1957-12-06" country="Japan" location="Kodane" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">
NSMT-Oph R: 73, one specimen, near
<location id="A8504DFEFF9A4175DD68EAD8FB7DD597" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB:A8504DFEFF9A4175DD68EAD8FB7DD597" box="[1085,1175,1687,1712]" country="Japan" name="Kodane" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kodane</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DDF6EAD7FA72D597" box="[1187,1432,1687,1712]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175D9BFEAF2FEC7D5F3" box="[234,301,1725,1748]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
, depth unknown,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175D8A4EAF3FD51D5F2" box="[497,699,1724,1749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1957-12-06">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175D8A4EAF3FD51D5F2" box="[497,699,1724,1749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1957-12-06">6 December 1957</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1DE71178FF9A4175DB90EAF3FCEDD5DF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1834883975" collectingDate="1958-01-21" country="Japan" location="Goromba" municipality="Sagami Bay" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">
NSMT-Oph R: 75,
<location id="A8504DFEFF9A4175DACEEAF3FBE2D5F2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2526AA33FF9A417BD9C2EFB8FDDCD6BB:A8504DFEFF9A4175DACEEAF3FBE2D5F2" box="[923,1032,1724,1749]" country="Japan" municipality="Sagami Bay" name="Goromba" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" stateProvince="Kanagawa Prefecture">Goromba</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="4D54815FFF9A4175DD47EAF3FB71D5F2" box="[1042,1179,1724,1749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Sagami Bay</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9A4175DDF0EAF2FA72D5F2" box="[1189,1432,1724,1749]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9A4175D9BFEAAFFEC7D5D0" box="[234,301,1760,1783]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 100–110 depth,
<collectingDate id="C975C40DFF9A4175D8B9EAAFFD4FD5DF" box="[492,677,1759,1784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1958-01-21">
<date id="D9313DE5FF9A4175D8B9EAAFFD4FD5DF" box="[492,677,1759,1784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" value="1958-01-21">21 January 1958</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9A4175DBE1EA90FD1CD5DF" box="[692,758,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[273,1322,208,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[194,1390,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., A. capense, A. elingamita, A. galapagense, A. laevigatum and A. sagaminum. Red symbols indicate type localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195411/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9A4175D992EB4BFDF8D4AF" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9A4175D992EB4BFDF8D4AF" blockId="2.[151,1437,1255,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D992EB4BFEABD43A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1796,1821]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
External ossicles on aboral and interradial lateral disc conical, separated; external ossicles on oral disc plate-shaped, fully in contact; bulges on lateral edges of proximal portion of the arm; terminal projection on each arm spine on proximal portion of the arm single or lacking; 0 to 3 secondary teeth on each hook-shaped arm spine on distal portion of the arm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9A4170D992EBDBFB81D546" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="description">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9A4174D992EBDBFF2FD033" blockId="2.[151,1437,1255,2037]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,2033]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="292" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D992EBDBFE0DD48A" bold="true" box="[199,487,1940,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">
Description of
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9A4175D82CEBDBFE08D48A" box="[377,482,1940,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9A4175D8BAEBDAFDC0D48B" box="[495,554,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Disc.</emphasis>
Disc five-lobed with notched interradial edges,
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9A4175DD05EBDBFB4AD48B" box="[1104,1184,1940,1965]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="291" unit="mm" value="53.0">53 mm</quantity>
in disc diameter (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9A4175DC3AEBDBFF42D4F7" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1915,1937]" captionTargetBox="[196,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[169,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov. holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral view; B, oral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195413/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Radial shields and surrounding plates tumid (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9A4175DB9DEBF7FCC2D4F7" box="[712,808,1976,2001]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1915,1937]" captionTargetBox="[196,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[169,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov. holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral view; B, oral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195413/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9A4175DA63EBF7FCB1D4F7" box="[822,859,1976,2000]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">3A</figureCitation>
). Aboral disc covered by conical external ossicles (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9A4175D9CAEB93FEF7D4D3" box="[159,285,2012,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="291">Fig. 3A–C</figureCitation>
). At periphery of the disc, ossicles separated and scattered, approximately 200 µm in length and 250 µm in height on radial shield (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D8A0ECD8FDA4D397" box="[501,590,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), approximately 100–200 µm in length and 200 µm in height in interradii (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D9CAECF3FF13D3F3" box="[159,249,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), and approximately 200 µm in length and 150–200 µm in height at center of disc (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DDEBECF3FAD7D3F3" box="[1214,1341,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3A, C</figureCitation>
). Radial shields completely concealed by external ossicles, bar-like, approximately
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DAAAECAFFBB8D3D0" box="[1023,1106,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DD83EC90FADAD3D0" box="[1238,1328,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
in width proximally and the width gradually increasing to
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DB94ED4BFCE8D23B" box="[705,770,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
distally, but shields do not reach disc center (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DC57ED4BFAB7D23B" box="[1282,1373,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). The oral surface of disc covered by polygonal plate-shaped external ossicles, fully in contact, approximately 200–250 µm in length. Oral shields, adoral shields, oral plates and ventral arm plates completely concealed by external ossicles (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D9A8ED20FEB9D2AF" box="[253,339,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). Teeth uniformly spiniform, situated on the top of dental plates and edges of oral plates (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DC63ED20FA65D2AF" box="[1334,1423,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
). Teeth arranged in 1 or 2 transverse rows on oral plates,
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DA50EDDBFC85D28A" box="[773,879,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="in" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8 to 10 in</quantity>
number (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA8EEDDBFBDBD28B" box="[987,1073,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
), in a cluster covering oral-most part of dental plate,
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174D8D7EDF7FE1FD2F7" box="[386,501,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.159" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="1.778" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="in" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7 to 10 in</quantity>
number (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DB33EDF8FD55D2F7" box="[614,703,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
), and in a vertical line, on other part of dental plates, 3 or
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DC3AEDF7FA76D2F7" box="[1391,1436,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
number. Teeth varying in position and in size, approximately
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DA10ED93FC4BD2D3" box="[837,929,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DD4DED93FB84D2D3" box="[1048,1134,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
in greatest width on dental plates, and
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174D843EE4FFEBDD130" box="[278,343,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174D89BEDB0FDBFD130" box="[462,597,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.499999999999999" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="0.6499999999999999" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.7 mm</quantity>
in width on oral plates (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA33EDB0FC57D13F" box="[870,957,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). Interradial surface of lateral disc covered by conical external ossicles and skin (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DB2EEE6BFD0BD11B" box="[635,737,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1915,1937]" captionTargetBox="[196,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[169,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov. holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral view; B, oral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195413/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
; 3H). Conical external ossicles, separated and scattered, approximately 100 µm in length and height (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DBDEEE08FD0FD147" box="[651,741,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
). Ossicles increasing their height toward aboral side, reaching 500 µm (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D9ABEE23FEB0D1A3" box="[254,346,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
). Ossicles fully in contact, approximately 200 µm in length and
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DD63EE23FB40D1A3" box="[1078,1194,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 mm</quantity>
in height on adradial edge of interradial lateral disc (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D8ABEEC0FDB0D18F" box="[510,602,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
). Two genital slits (
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DA6AEEDFFC68D180" box="[831,898,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DAA2EEDFFBD0D180" box="[1015,1082,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide) in each interradius (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DC3AEEC0FF56D1EB" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
). Spinule ossicles along the adradial edge of genital slits, 200 µm in length and 500 µm in height (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DC54EEFBFAB0D1EB" box="[1281,1370,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
). One large, elliptical madreporite situated on oral interradius, approximately
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DAE8EE98FBFED1C8" box="[957,1044,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
in width and
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DDE7EE97FB19D1C8" box="[1202,1267,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in length (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DC3AEE98FF52D033" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9B4174D992EF6FFE74D083" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9B4174D992EF6FFEE0D010" box="[199,266,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Arms.</emphasis>
Arms branching. On the proximal portion of arm, before first branch, arm 11.0 mm wide and
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DC10EF50FA76D010" box="[1349,1436,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
high, with an arched aboral surface and flattened oral surface. Between first branch and second branch, arm width and height abruptly decreasing to
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DB49EF28FD9ED058" box="[540,628,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
in width and
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9B4174DA40EF28FC87D058" box="[789,877,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
in height. Subsequently, arms tapering gradually toward arm tip (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D81EEFC3FE7AD083" box="[331,400,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9B4174D992EFFFFD6AD504" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">
On aboral and lateral surface, each arm segment covered by single annular row of large oblong plates, approximately 600–700 µm in transverse length (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DB9EEF9CFCCDD0CB" box="[715,807,979,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). Before third branch, each plate separated by granular external ossicles. Plates fully in contact from fourth branch and subsequent distal segments (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DDF8EFB9FAECD728" box="[1197,1286,1014,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). Before first branch, plates bearing no hooklets (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DB76E855FD91D714" box="[547,635,1050,1075]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
), after second branch, plates bearing hooklets (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DDD2E855FB34D714" box="[1159,1246,1050,1075]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). With exception of hooklet-bearing plates, aboral and lateral surface of arm completely covered by domed and polygonal granular external ossicles, fully in contact, approximately 200 µm in length (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DAE7E82EFBFBD75D" box="[946,1041,1121,1146]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). Before first branch, oral surface covered by polygonal and plate-shaped external ossicles, similar to those on oral disc. After first branch, granular external ossicles, slightly in contact, approximately 100 µm in length (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DAEEE8E7FBFDD7E7" box="[955,1047,1192,1217]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). In middle portion of arm, aboral and lateral surface covered by domed and round granular external ossicles, slightly in contact, approximately 170– 200 µm in length (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D8D1E8A0FE0ED620" box="[388,484,1263,1288]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). Oral surface covered in round granular external ossicles, slightly in contact, approximately 70–80 µm in length (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DB79E95DFD6CD60C" box="[556,646,1298,1323]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). Distally, aboral and lateral surface of arm covered by round granular external ossicles, slightly in contact, approximately 60–70 µm in length (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA92E979FBC8D668" box="[967,1058,1334,1359]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Oral surface covered by flat and round plate-shaped external ossicles, slightly in contact or separated, approximately 50–60 µm in length. Lateral arm plates and ventral arm plates completely concealed by skin and external ossicles on entire arm (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DDA3E932FA65D6B2" box="[1270,1423,1405,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4A, C, E</figureCitation>
). First to sixth tentacle pore with single arm spine; seventh pores occasionally with 1 arm spine, eighth and subsequent pore with 2 or 3 spines (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DB7EE98BFD4CD6FB" box="[555,678,1476,1501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4A, C</figureCitation>
). Distally, the number of arm spines decrease gradually to 2 toward arm tip (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D9ADE9A8FEBAD527" box="[248,336,1511,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Arm spines approximately one-third to one-fourth of length of corresponding arm segment, and covered by thin integument (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D88CEA44FD9ED504" box="[473,628,1547,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 4A, C, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9B4174D992EA61FBAED54D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9B4174D992EA61FEE7D560" box="[199,269,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Color.</emphasis>
Oral surface of arms and aboral disc dark brown, while radial shields and remaining areas pale brown (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D9CAEA1EFF0FD54D" box="[159,229,1617,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1915,1937]" captionTargetBox="[196,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[169,1387,196,1880]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov. holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral view; B, oral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195413/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Darker spots present on midline of proximal position of the arms (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA8AEA1EFBDCD54D" box="[991,1078,1617,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9B4170D992EA3AFB81D546" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2033]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,1393,1958]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9B4174D992EA3AFD96D5A9" box="[199,636,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">
Ossicle morphology of the
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9B4174DB49EA3AFD96D5A9" box="[540,636,1653,1678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="292" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. External ossicles on aboral periphery of radial shields conical, approximately 150 µm in length and 200 µm in height (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA41EAD7FC7BD596" box="[788,913,1688,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
). Hooklet-bearing plates with 5 or 6 tubercleshaped articulations for hooklets in proximal portion of the arm (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA3FEAF3FC2BD5F2" box="[874,961,1724,1749]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
), approximately 15 articulations in middle portion (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D9ADEA90FEA4D5DF" box="[248,334,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
) and 8 articulations in distal portion (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DBABEA90FCB3D5DF" box="[766,857,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
); articulations forming 2 parallel rows (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DC4BEA90FF45D43C" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 5C, E, H</figureCitation>
). Each hooklet with single inner tooth and reticular structure (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA2EEB4CFBE4D43C" box="[891,1038,1795,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 5D, F, I</figureCitation>
). Lateral arm plates long, bar-like, with straight distal edge and concave proximal edge (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DBBAEB69FC8CD419" box="[751,870,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Figs 5J, K</figureCitation>
; 6A, B, D, E). On proximal portion of arm, lateral arm plates with perforations on aboral side and pairs of simple nerve and muscle openings on oral-external side (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D9CAEB22FF1AD4A1" box="[159,240,1901,1926]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 5J</figureCitation>
) and on middle to distal portion of arms, two nerve openings beside dorsal lobe and 3 articulations for hooklets on oral surfaces (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174D8E8EBDEFD90D48E" box="[445,634,1937,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 6A, B, D, E</figureCitation>
). Arm spines in proximal portion of arm ovoid, with a small projection, approximately one-seventh length of the height of spine (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA13EBFBFC48D4EA" box="[838,930,1972,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 5L</figureCitation>
). In middle and distal portion, arm spines transformed into hooks with 2 or 3 inner teeth, respectively (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9B4174DA6BEB97FC5ED4D7" box="[830,948,2008,2033]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="292">Fig. 6C, F</figureCitation>
). Hook-shaped arm spines distinguished from hooklets on aboral and lateral surface of arm by lack of reticular structure (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DD1BE93EFAE6D6AE" box="[1102,1292,1393,1418]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Figs 5D, F, I, L</figureCitation>
; 6C, F). All vertebrae with hourglass-shaped streptospondylous articulations (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DADEE9DAFBEED689" box="[907,1028,1429,1454]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Figs 6G–I</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DD40E9DAFB52D689" box="[1045,1208,1429,1454]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1914,1936]" captionTargetBox="[202,1396,212,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[187,1411,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–C, vertebrae in the middle portion of the arms, distal view (A), lateral view (B), oral view (C); D–H, vertebrae on the distal portion of the arm, basal view (D), distal view (E), distal branching view (F), lateral view (G), oral view (H). Orientations: dis, distal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195423/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Fig. 7A, D–F</figureCitation>
), and distal side of branching vertebra slightly wider than in non-branching vertebra and with 2 articulation surfaces (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DC5CE9F6FAB5D6F5" box="[1289,1375,1465,1490]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
Figs
<date id="D9313DE5FF9F4170DC10E9F6FAB5D6F5" box="[1349,1375,1465,1490]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">6I</date>
</figureCitation>
; 7F). Surfaces of lateral furrows smooth, with no special ornamentations (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DAE7E992FBE0D6D1" box="[946,1034,1501,1526]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Figs 6J</figureCitation>
; 7B, G). Depressions for tube feet openings in distal part of oral-lateral side of vertebrae (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DBABEA4EFC9FD53E" box="[766,885,1537,1562]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Figs 6J, K</figureCitation>
; 7C, H). A pair of radial water canals opening on lateral side of vertebrae, near depression of tube feet in the proximal to middle position of arms (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DD8DEA6AFADDD519" box="[1240,1335,1573,1598]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Figs 6K</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DC17EA69FA8ED519" box="[1346,1380,1574,1598]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1914,1936]" captionTargetBox="[202,1396,212,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[187,1411,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–C, vertebrae in the middle portion of the arms, distal view (A), lateral view (B), oral view (C); D–H, vertebrae on the distal portion of the arm, basal view (D), distal view (E), distal branching view (F), lateral view (G), oral view (H). Orientations: dis, distal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195423/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">7C</figureCitation>
) and opening in distal part of the oral groove of vertebrae in distal portion of arms (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF9F4170DD51EA06FBB4D546" box="[1028,1118,1609,1634]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1914,1936]" captionTargetBox="[202,1396,212,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[187,1411,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–C, vertebrae in the middle portion of the arms, distal view (A), lateral view (B), oral view (C); D–H, vertebrae on the distal portion of the arm, basal view (D), distal view (E), distal branching view (F), lateral view (G), oral view (H). Orientations: dis, distal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195423/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="F9F04BADFF9C4173D9C2EBE0FD43D4C4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195411/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="293" startId="4.[151,250,1967,1989]" targetBox="[273,1322,208,1919]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9C4173D9C2EBE0FD43D4C4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1967,2020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9C4173D9C2EBE0FEF9D4E3" bold="true" box="[151,275,1967,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9C4173D8E2EBE0FD2BD4E2" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[439,705,1967,1989]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="4" pageNumber="293" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9C4173D8E2EBE0FD2BD4E2" box="[439,705,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF9C4173DB9CEBE0FCF3D4E3" box="[713,793,1967,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="293" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9C4173DB9CEBE0FCF3D4E3" bold="true" box="[713,793,1967,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9C4173DA72EBFFFC7FD4E2" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[807,917,1968,1989]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="4" pageNumber="293" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9C4173DA72EBFFFC7FD4E2" box="[807,917,1968,1989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">A. capense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9C4173DAF6EBFFFBC6D4E2" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1974" box="[931,1068,1967,1989]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="4" pageNumber="293" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9C4173DAF6EBFFFBC6D4E2" box="[931,1068,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">A. elingamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9C4173DD6CEBFFFB3CD4E2" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[1081,1238,1967,1989]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="4" pageNumber="293" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="galapagense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9C4173DD6CEBFFFB3CD4E2" box="[1081,1238,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">A. galapagense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9C4173DDB6EBFFFA9AD4E2" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1251,1392,1967,1989]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="4" pageNumber="293" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevigatum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9C4173DDB6EBFFFA9AD4E2" box="[1251,1392,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">A. laevigatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9C4173D9C2EB81FEC5D4C3" box="[151,303,1998,2020]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="293">
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9C4173D9C2EB81FEC1D4C3" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,299,1998,2020]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="4" pageNumber="293" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">A. sagaminum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Red symbols indicate type localities.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9F04BADFF9D4172D9C2EB34FB53D4B6" box="[151,1209,1915,1937]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195413/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="294" startId="5.[151,250,1915,1937]" targetBox="[196,1387,196,1880]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9D4172D9C2EB34FB53D4B6" blockId="5.[151,1209,1915,1937]" box="[151,1209,1915,1937]" pageId="5" pageNumber="294">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9D4172D9C2EB34FEF8D4B7" bold="true" box="[151,274,1915,1937]" pageId="5" pageNumber="294">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9D4172D84CEB34FDC8D4B6" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[281,546,1915,1937]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="5" pageNumber="294" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9D4172D84CEB34FDC8D4B6" box="[281,546,1915,1937]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="294">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9D4172DB7CEB34FD93D4B7" bold="true" box="[553,633,1915,1936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="294">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF9D4172DB7CEB34FD93D4B7" box="[553,633,1915,1936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="294" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral view; B, oral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9F04BADFF9E4171D9C2EB1EFD46D4C5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" startId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" targetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9E4171D9C2EB1EFD46D4C5" blockId="6.[151,1437,1873,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9E4171D9C2EB1EFEFCD441" bold="true" box="[151,278,1873,1895]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9E4171D875EB1EFDC4D440" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[288,558,1873,1895]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9E4171D875EB1EFDC4D440" box="[288,558,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF9E4171DB6DEB1EFD66D441" box="[568,652,1873,1894]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9E4171DB6DEB1EFD66D441" bold="true" box="[568,652,1873,1894]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9F04BADFF9F4170D9C2E89DFDABD663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" startId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" targetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9F4170D9C2E89DFDABD663" blockId="7.[151,1437,1234,1348]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170D9C2E89DFEFED7C0" bold="true" box="[151,276,1234,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9F4170D848E89DFDC3D7CF" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[285,553,1234,1256]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170D848E89DFDC3D7CF" box="[285,553,1234,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF9F4170DB64E89CFD69D7CF" box="[561,643,1235,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170DB64E89CFD69D7CF" bold="true" box="[561,643,1235,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9F4170D992EA22FF0FD58E" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9F4170D992EA22FF0FD58E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1393,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170D992EA22FE8AD5A1" bold="true" box="[199,352,1645,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9F4170D83DEA21FE2AD5A1" box="[360,448,1646,1670]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
. Off
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9F4170D8AEEA21FDD3D5A2" box="[507,569,1646,1669]" country="Japan" name="Iwate" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Iwate</collectingRegion>
(
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF9F4170DB1CEA21FD91D5A1" box="[585,635,1646,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">type</typeStatus>
locality), Sagami Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF9F4170DADCEA22FBC0D5A1" box="[905,1066,1645,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" refId="ref9327" refString="Irimura, S. (1982) The Brittle-stars of Sagami Bay. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 95 pp." type="book">Irimura, 1982</bibRefCitation>
), and off
<collectingRegion id="6F4BD5C7FF9F4170DDC2EA22FB22D5A1" box="[1175,1224,1645,1670]" country="Japan" name="Mie" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Mie</collectingRegion>
. Depth ranges
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF9F4170DC27EA22FF0BD58E" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" unit="m" value="137.5" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="75.0">
75–
<specimenCount id="BB89D0ACFF9F4170D9C2EADEFF0BD58E" box="[151,225,1681,1705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" type="generic">200 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9F4170D992EAFAFE1ED5D5" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9F4170D992EAFAFE1ED5D5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1393,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170D992EAFAFEA4D5E9" bold="true" box="[199,334,1717,1742]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name is latin for “spinulose”, referring to numerous conical external ossicles on aboral disc of this new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E59548AEFF9F417BD992EAB2FDDCD6BB" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="301" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF9F417CD992EAB2F91ED1A3" blockId="7.[151,1436,1393,1958]" lastBlockId="11.[147,1780,623,644]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="300" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170D992EAB2FED1D431" bold="true" box="[199,315,1789,1814]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF9F4170D811EAB2FE07D431" box="[324,493,1789,1814]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" refId="ref9327" refString="Irimura, S. (1982) The Brittle-stars of Sagami Bay. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 95 pp." type="book">Irimura (1982)</bibRefCitation>
referred to nine specimens of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9F4170DA01EAB2FC19D431" box="[852,1011,1789,1814]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170DA01EAB2FC19D431" box="[852,1011,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Astrodendrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in the Sagami Sea, central
<collectingCountry id="D5985BB5FF9F4170D9C2EB6DFF3DD41E" box="[151,215,1826,1849]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Japan</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9F4170D85DEB6EFCE5D41E" authority="(Doderlein, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[264,783,1825,1850]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170D85DEB6EFDDFD41E" box="[264,565,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Astrodendrum sagaminum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF9F4170DB1FEB6EFCEDD41E" box="[586,775,1825,1850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" refId="ref9257" refString="Doderlein, L. (1911) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Uber japanische und andere Euryalae. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, II. Suppl. - Bd., 5, 1 - 123." type="journal article">Döderlein, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
which is known from the Indo-West Pacific (see also “Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF9F4170D80FEB0AFD6CD47A" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[346,646,1861,1886]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF9F4170D80FEB0AFD6CD47A" box="[346,646,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Astrodendrum sagaminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” below).
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF9F4170DBAAEB0AFC43D479" box="[767,937,1861,1886]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" refId="ref9327" refString="Irimura, S. (1982) The Brittle-stars of Sagami Bay. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 95 pp." type="book">Irimura (1982)</bibRefCitation>
described external ossicles on the disc as “granules” and failed to mention detailed morphology of the oral surface of the proximal portion of the arms and of each arm spine (
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF9F4170D837EBC2FDE8D481" box="[354,514,1933,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" refId="ref9327" refString="Irimura, S. (1982) The Brittle-stars of Sagami Bay. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 95 pp." type="book">Irimura, 1982</bibRefCitation>
). We re-examined seven (NSMT-Oph R: 22, 25, 26, 27, 43, 73, 75) of the nine
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CD9C6EE20FF1BD1A3" bold="true" box="[147,241,623,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Tabular characters key to the species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF93417CDBF8EE20FCC3D1A3" box="[685,809,623,644]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CDBF8EE20FCC3D1A3" box="[685,809,623,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Astrodendrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Characters of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF93417CDAFBEE20FBCDD1A3" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[942,1063,623,644]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevigatum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CDAFBEE20FBCDD1A3" box="[942,1063,623,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">A. laevigatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are referređ to from the original đescription by
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF93417CDC9CEE20F9ADD1A3" box="[1481,1607,623,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" refId="ref9420" refString="Koehler, R. (1897) Echinodermes recueillis par &quot; l'Investigator &quot; dans l'Ocean Indien. I. Les Ophiures de mer profonde. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, Series 8, 4, 277 - 372." type="journal article">Koehler, 1897</bibRefCitation>
. &quot;-̏ means no đata.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F9F04BADFF90417FD9C2EB4FFBA1D4CA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" startId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" targetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF90417FD9C2EB4FFBA1D4CA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1792,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF90417FD9C2EB4FFEFDD432" bold="true" box="[151,279,1792,1814]" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF90417FD876EB4FFDD8D431" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[291,562,1792,1814]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF90417FD876EB4FFDD8D431" box="[291,562,1792,1814]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF90417FDB68EB4FFD79D432" box="[573,659,1792,1813]" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF90417FDB68EB4FFD79D432" bold="true" box="[573,659,1792,1813]" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9F04BADFF91417ED9C2EB51FD83D4CB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="298" startId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" targetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF91417ED9C2EB51FD83D4CB" blockId="9.[151,1436,1822,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF91417ED9C2EB51FEFFD414" bold="true" box="[151,277,1822,1844]" pageId="9" pageNumber="298">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF91417ED84BEB51FDC3D413" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[286,553,1822,1844]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="9" pageNumber="298" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF91417ED84BEB51FDC3D413" box="[286,553,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="298">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF91417EDB67EB50FD6FD413" box="[562,645,1823,1844]" pageId="9" pageNumber="298" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF91417EDB67EB50FD6FD413" bold="true" box="[562,645,1823,1844]" pageId="9" pageNumber="298">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9F04BADFF92417DD9C2EB35FB01D4CB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195423/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="299" startId="10.[151,250,1914,1936]" targetBox="[202,1396,212,1901]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF92417DD9C2EB35FB01D4CB" blockId="10.[151,1436,1914,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="299">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF92417DD9C2EB35FEFED4A8" bold="true" box="[151,276,1914,1936]" pageId="10" pageNumber="299">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF92417DD849EB35FDCDD4B7" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[284,551,1914,1936]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="10" pageNumber="299" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF92417DD849EB35FDCDD4B7" box="[284,551,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="299">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF92417DDB7AEB35FD6BD4A8" box="[559,641,1914,1935]" pageId="10" pageNumber="299" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF92417DDB7AEB35FD6BD4A8" bold="true" box="[559,641,1914,1935]" pageId="10" pageNumber="299">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–C, vertebrae in the middle portion of the arms, distal view (A), lateral view (B), oral view (C); D–H, vertebrae on the distal portion of the arm, basal view (D), distal view (E), distal branching view (F), lateral view (G), oral view (H). Orientations: dis, distal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<table id="DF8FE985FF93BE88D9E6EED1F86CD6B9" box="[179,1926,670,1438]" gridrows="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF93417CDB6EEEEEFB11D70F" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">
Shapes, sizes anđ arrangements of external ossicles on the đisc Bulges of Maximum number of Maximum number of lateral terminal projections of Species seconđary teeth of Aboral surface Oral surface Interrađial lateral surface eđges of arm spine on proximal hook-shapeđ arm spine proximal arms portion of the arm
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF93417CD992EF17FEA8D04A" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[199,322,856,877]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CD992EF17FEA8D04A" box="[199,322,856,877]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">A. spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Plate-shapeđ, fully in Cone-shapeđ, separateđ Cone-shapeđ, separateđ Present 1 3 sp. nov. contact Granule-shapeđ, fully in contact; Plate-shapeđ, fully in
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF93417CD99FEF82FEC4D0C5" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[202,302,973,994]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CD99FEF82FEC4D0C5" box="[202,302,973,994]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">A. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Plate-shapeđ, fully in Cone-shapeđ, separateđ on rađial contact; Absent 3 2 (Mortensen, 1933) contact shielđs cone-shapeđ, separateđ
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF93417CD8FCE80DFC74D50E" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">
<table id="DF8FE985FF93BE88D9E3E80DF8CCD50E" box="[182,1830,1090,1577]" gridcols="7" gridrows="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E80DF8CCD770" box="[182,1830,1090,1111]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D8D3E80DFD0ED770" box="[390,740,1090,1111]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Smaller granule-shapeđ, fully in</th>
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88DD70E80DFAEDD770" box="[1061,1287,1090,1111]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Plate-shapeđ, fully in</th>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E816F8CCD748" box="[182,1830,1113,1135]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D9E3E816FEB9D748" box="[182,339,1113,1135]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF93417CD99FE816FEAAD749" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1974" box="[202,320,1113,1134]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CD99FE816FEAAD749" box="[202,320,1113,1134]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">A. elingamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DA55E816FC17D748" box="[768,1021,1113,1135]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Plate-shapeđ, fully in</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E83EF8CCD7A1" box="[182,1830,1137,1158]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88D8D3E83EFD0ED7A1" box="[390,740,1137,1158]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">contact;</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DD70E83EFAEDD7A1" box="[1061,1287,1137,1158]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">contact;</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DC10E83EFA69D7A1" box="[1349,1411,1137,1158]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Absent</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DF71E83EF9C5D7A1" box="[1572,1583,1137,1158]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">3</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DE4EE83EF8CCD7A1" box="[1819,1830,1137,1158]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E8C7F8CCD7BA" box="[182,1830,1160,1181]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D9E3E8C7FEB9D7BA" box="[182,339,1160,1181]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Baker, 1974</th>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DA55E8C7FC17D7BA" box="[768,1021,1160,1181]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">contact</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E8D0F8CCD793" box="[182,1830,1183,1204]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88D8D3E8D0FD0ED793" box="[390,740,1183,1204]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">larger granule-shapeđ, separateđ</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DD70E8D0FAEDD793" box="[1061,1287,1183,1204]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">granule-shapeđ, separateđ</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E881F8CCD7C4" box="[182,1830,1230,1251]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88D8D3E881FD0ED7C4" box="[390,740,1230,1251]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Plate-shapeđ on periphery anđ</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E8AAF8CCD7DD" box="[182,1830,1253,1274]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D9E3E8AAFEB9D7DD" box="[182,339,1253,1274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF93417CD9EAE8AAFEA0D7DD" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[191,330,1253,1274]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="galapagensis">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CD9EAE8AAFEA0D7DD" box="[191,330,1253,1274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">A. galapagensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DD70E8AAFAEDD7DD" box="[1061,1287,1253,1274]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Plate-shapeđ, slightly in</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E8B2F8CCD635" box="[182,1830,1277,1298]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88D8D3E8B2FD0ED635" box="[390,740,1277,1298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">cone-shapeđ on center, both slightly in</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DA55E8B2FC17D635" box="[768,1021,1277,1298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Granule-shapeđ, separateđ</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DC10E8B2FA69D635" box="[1349,1411,1277,1298]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Absent</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DF71E8B2F9C5D635" box="[1572,1583,1277,1298]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">2</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DE4EE8B2F8CCD635" box="[1819,1830,1277,1298]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E95BF8CCD60E" box="[182,1830,1300,1321]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D9E3E95BFEB9D60E" box="[182,339,1300,1321]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">A. H. Clark, 1916</th>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DD70E95BFAEDD60E" box="[1061,1287,1300,1321]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">contact</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E964F8CCD667" box="[182,1830,1323,1344]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88D8D3E964FD0ED667" box="[390,740,1323,1344]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">contact or separateđ</td>
</tr>
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF93417CD99DE915FC9BD6A1" authority="Lacking" authorityName="Lacking" box="[200,881,1370,1414]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevigatum">
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E915F8CCD648" box="[182,1830,1370,1391]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D9E3E915FEB9D648" box="[182,339,1370,1391]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CD99DE915FF36D648" box="[200,220,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">A.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CD9B5E915FEABD648" box="[224,321,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">laevigatum</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E93EF8CCD6A1" box="[182,1830,1393,1414]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DA55E93EFC17D6A1" box="[768,1021,1393,1414]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Lacking</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DC10E93EFA69D6A1" box="[1349,1411,1393,1414]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">-</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DF71E93EF9C5D6A1" box="[1572,1583,1393,1414]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">-</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DE4EE93EF8CCD6A1" box="[1819,1830,1393,1414]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">-</td>
</tr>
</taxonomicName>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E9C6F8CCD6B9" box="[182,1830,1417,1438]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D9E3E9C6FEB9D6B9" box="[182,339,1417,1438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">(Koehler, 1897)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E9F7F8CCD6EA" box="[182,1830,1464,1485]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DA55E9F7FC17D6EA" box="[768,1021,1464,1485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Plate-shapeđ anđ</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E980F8CCD6C3" box="[182,1830,1487,1508]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D9E3E980FEB9D6C3" box="[182,339,1487,1508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF93417CD993E980FEA9D6C3" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[198,323,1487,1508]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF93417CD993E980FEA9D6C3" box="[198,323,1487,1508]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">A. sagaminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88D8D3E980FD0ED6C3" box="[390,740,1487,1508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Smaller anđ larger granule-shapeđ, both</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E9A9F8CCD6DC" box="[182,1830,1510,1531]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DA55E9A9FC17D6DC" box="[768,1021,1510,1531]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">granule-shapeđ, both fully in</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DD70E9A9FAEDD6DC" box="[1061,1287,1510,1531]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Cone-shapeđ, separateđ</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DC10E9A9FA69D6DC" box="[1349,1411,1510,1531]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">Absent</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DF71E9A9F9C5D6DC" box="[1572,1583,1510,1531]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">1</td>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DE4EE9A9F8CCD6DC" box="[1819,1830,1510,1531]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3E9B2F8CCD535" box="[182,1830,1533,1554]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="506E701BFF93BE88D9E3E9B2FEB9D535" box="[182,339,1533,1554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">(Döđerlein, 1902)</th>
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88D8D3E9B2FD0ED535" box="[390,740,1533,1554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">separateđ; cone-shapeđ, fully in contact</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13BF1967FF93BE88D9E3EA5BF8CCD50E" box="[182,1830,1556,1577]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="300" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td id="506E701BFF93BE88DA55EA5BFC17D50E" box="[768,1021,1556,1577]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="300">contact</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</table>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD9C2ECD8FD12D23A" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
specimens from Sagami Bay observed by
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDBD6ECD8FCC6D397" box="[643,812,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9327" refString="Irimura, S. (1982) The Brittle-stars of Sagami Bay. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 95 pp." type="book">Irimura (1982)</bibRefCitation>
and they were certainly different from
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDDA8ECD8FEF2D3F3" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDDA8ECD8FEF2D3F3" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astrodendrum sagaminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having uniform sized conical external ossicles on their disc and conformed to the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD9C2EC90FE29D3DF" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,451,223,248]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD9C2EC90FE29D3DF" box="[151,451,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF94417BD89AEC90FDC4D3DF" box="[463,558,223,248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD89AEC90FDC4D3DF" bold="true" box="[463,558,223,248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see below for the detailed morphological characters). Therefore,
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDC1DEC90FF0BD23B" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9327" refString="Irimura, S. (1982) The Brittle-stars of Sagami Bay. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 95 pp." type="book">Irimura (1982)</bibRefCitation>
specimens are here referred to the new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992ED68FE8BD2AF" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
This new species falls within
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDB43ED68FD5FD267" box="[534,693,295,320]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDB43ED68FD5FD267" box="[534,693,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astrodendrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having external ossicles on its disc, a madreporite on the inner edge of the interradial lateral disc, and in lacking calcareous plates on the lateral disc margin (
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDC4EED03FA7DD242" box="[1307,1431,332,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9296" refString="Fell, H. B. (1960) Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington, 26, 1 - 44." type="journal article">Fell, 1960</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD9C2ED20FEBFD2AF" box="[151,341,367,392]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9532" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2000) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Basket-stars and snake-stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalinida). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Biodiversity Memoir, 115, 1 - 79." type="journal article">McKnight, 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992EDDBFE76D1A3" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
Our re-examination of the
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF94417BD8A6EDDAFDC9D28A" box="[499,547,405,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">type</typeStatus>
material and comparison of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDA33EDDBFBEFD28A" box="[870,1029,404,429]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDA33EDDBFBEFD28A" box="[870,1029,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astrodendrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species revealed that
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDDA9EDDBFEFDD2F7" authority="Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2018" authorityName="Okanishi &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2018" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDDA9EDDBFEFDD2F7" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astrodendrum spinulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="84C87A4CFF94417BD848EDF8FE9CD2F7" box="[285,374,439,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD848EDF8FE9CD2F7" bold="true" box="[285,374,439,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be distinguished from the five currently valid species by the external ossicles on the aboral disc which are conical, and separated (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDB0DED93FD3DD2D3" box="[600,727,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 3A–C</figureCitation>
). In contrast, in the other congeners, the ossicles are: smaller granular, fully in contact and larger conical and, separated in
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDA17EE4FFC51D13F" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[834,955,512,536]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDA17EE4FFC51D13F" box="[834,955,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. capense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDA9FEDB0FBD4D13F" box="[970,1086,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation>
); plate-shaped at periphery and conical at center, both slightly in contact in
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDBC7EE6BFCAAD11A" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[658,832,548,573]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="galapagense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDBC7EE6BFCAAD11A" box="[658,832,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. galapagense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDA07EE6BFC37D11B" box="[850,989,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1932,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,445,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1911]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Astrodendrum galapagense, holotype (USNM 38581). A, aboral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, periphery of radial shield; D, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; E, jaws, arrowheads indicate teeth; F, oral periphery of the disc. Abbreviation: T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195429/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 10B, C</figureCitation>
); smaller granular, fully in contact and larger granular, separated in
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD8B1EE07FCC3D147" authority="(Baker, 1974)" baseAuthorityName="Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[484,809,583,608]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD8B1EE07FD94D147" box="[484,638,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. elingamita</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDBC5EE08FCCBD147" box="[656,801,583,608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref8993" refString="Baker, A. N. (1974) New species of brittle-stars from New Zealand (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Records of the Dominion Museum, 8 (15), 247 - 266." type="journal article">Baker, 1974</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; and smaller and larger granular, both separated in
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDCD1EE07FEF2D1A3" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDCD1EE07FEF2D1A3" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. sagaminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD872EE23FE67D1A3" box="[295,397,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,991,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,988,1905]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Astrodendrum sagaminum, one syntype (ZSM 448/1). A, aboral disc and proximal portion of the arms; B, oral disc and proximal portion of the arms; C, oral view of proximal portion of the arms; D, lateral view of the disc and proximal portion of the arms. Arrowheads indicate madreporite (B, D). Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; GS, genital slit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195433/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992EEC0FCC5D033" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
External ossicles on the interradial lateral surface of the disc are conical and, separated in this new species (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD9CAEEFBFF13D1EB" box="[159,249,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[296,1329,219,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1329,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, aboral center of disc; B, aboral interradial periphery of the disc; C, enlarged part of C, focusing on conical external ossicles; D, aboral proximal portion of the arm; E, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; F, innermost portion of interradial lateral disc, a madreporite (as indicated); G, lateral edge of interradial disc, a cluster of minute spinule ossicles along the genital slit (as indicated); H, interradial lateral disc. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle; Te, teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195415/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
), as in
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD81FEEFBFE00D1EB" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[330,490,692,716]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD81FEEFBFE00D1EB" box="[330,490,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. sagaminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD8AFEEFBFD6BD1EB" box="[506,641,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,991,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,988,1905]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Astrodendrum sagaminum, one syntype (ZSM 448/1). A, aboral disc and proximal portion of the arms; B, oral disc and proximal portion of the arms; C, oral view of proximal portion of the arms; D, lateral view of the disc and proximal portion of the arms. Arrowheads indicate madreporite (B, D). Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; GS, genital slit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195433/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 12B, D</figureCitation>
). In contrast, those of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDA2AEEFBFC12D1EB" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[895,1016,692,716]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDA2AEEFBFC12D1EB" box="[895,1016,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. capense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDD5DEEFBFB81D1EB" box="[1032,1131,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1311,1333]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,167,1288]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,167,1301]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Astrodendrum galapagense, holotype (USNM 38581). A, interradial lateral surface of the disc; B, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; C, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; D, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of the proximal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral side of the arms (B–E). Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; GS, genital slit; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195431/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDDFEEEFBFF32D1D7" authority="(Baker, 1974)" baseAuthorityName="Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDDFEEEFBFAA9D1EA" box="[1195,1347,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. elingamita</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDC07EEFBFF3AD1D7" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref8993" refString="Baker, A. N. (1974) New species of brittle-stars from New Zealand (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Records of the Dominion Museum, 8 (15), 247 - 266." type="journal article">Baker, 1974</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
are composed of plate-shaped ossicles, fully in contact, and granular ossicles, that are separated. Those of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDCD1EE97FECED032" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="galapagense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDCD1EE97FECED032" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. galapagense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are plate-shaped, slightly in contact (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDB9DEEB3FCC8D033" box="[712,802,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1655,1677]" captionTargetBox="[185,1388,193,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[167,1411,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, oral periphery of the disc; B, interradial lateral surface of the disc; C, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; D, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; E, oral view of the basal portion of the arm; F, oral view of the middle portion of the arm; G, lateral view of the middle portion of the arm; H, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral surface of the arms (C, D). Abbreviation: AS, arm spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195427/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992EF50FE7CD083" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
External ossicles on the oral surfaces of the disc of the new species,
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDD44EF6FFAA8D01F" box="[1041,1346,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDD44EF6FFB79D01F" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[1041,1171,800,824]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">A. capense</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDDF1EF6FFAA8D01F" baseAuthorityName="Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1188,1346,799,824]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">A. elingamita</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDCD1EF6FFEF2D07B" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDCD1EF6FFEF2D07B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. sagaminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are plate-shaped and fully in contact (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDB8CEF0BFCD0D07B" box="[729,826,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Figs 8H</figureCitation>
; 12B;
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDADCEF0BFBFFD07B" box="[905,1045,836,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref8993" refString="Baker, A. N. (1974) New species of brittle-stars from New Zealand (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Records of the Dominion Museum, 8 (15), 247 - 266." type="journal article">Baker, 1974</bibRefCitation>
) and those of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDD95EF0BFA85D07A" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[1216,1391,836,861]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="galapagense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDD95EF0BFA85D07A" box="[1216,1391,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. galapagense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are granular and separated (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD8F8EF28FDF3D0A7" box="[429,537,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1932,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,445,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1911]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Astrodendrum galapagense, holotype (USNM 38581). A, aboral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, periphery of radial shield; D, oral disc and proximal portion of the arm; E, jaws, arrowheads indicate teeth; F, oral periphery of the disc. Abbreviation: T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195429/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
). The disc of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDBE8EF27FCB7D0A7" box="[701,861,871,896]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevigatum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDBE8EF27FCB7D0A7" box="[701,861,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. laevigatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is covered only by skin without external ossicles (
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD9CBEFC3FEA8D083" box="[158,322,908,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9420" refString="Koehler, R. (1897) Echinodermes recueillis par &quot; l'Investigator &quot; dans l'Ocean Indien. I. Les Ophiures de mer profonde. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, Series 8, 4, 277 - 372." type="journal article">Koehler, 1897</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD818EFC3FE63D083" box="[333,393,908,932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9460" refString="Koehler, R. (1899) An account of the deep-sea Ophiuroidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Echinodermata of the Indian Museum, Ophiuroidea, Calcutta, 76 pp." type="book">1899</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992EFE0FDEFD737" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
This new species possesses bulges on lateral edges of proximal portion of the arms (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDDD5EFE0FB31D0EF" box="[1152,1243,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,191,1129]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1423,191,1311]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). A, oral view of proximal portion of the arm; B, aboral view of middle portion of the arm; C, oral view of middle portion of the arm; D, aboral view of distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of distal portion of the arm. Arrow heads indicate rows of hooklets on aboral and lateral side of the arms. Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195417/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
), whereas bulges lack in other species of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD8CBEF9BFDD7D0CA" box="[414,573,980,1005]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD8CBEF9BFDD7D0CA" box="[414,573,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astrodendrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDB1EEF9BFD42D0CB" box="[587,680,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[215,1379,260,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astrodendrum capense, holotype (ZMUC OPH-80). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc; D, aboral central disc; E, periphery of radial shield; F, periphery of interradial aboral disc; G, oral disc and the proximal portion of the arm, madreporite (as indicated); H, jaws. Abbreviations: GS, genital slit; T, tentacle pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195425/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Figs 8D</figureCitation>
; 9G; 12B;
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDA77EF9BFC44D0CB" box="[802,942,980,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref8993" refString="Baker, A. N. (1974) New species of brittle-stars from New Zealand (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Records of the Dominion Museum, 8 (15), 247 - 266." type="journal article">Baker, 1974</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of bulges of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDDB2EF9BFA69D0CA" box="[1255,1411,980,1005]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevigatum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDDB2EF9BFA69D0CA" box="[1255,1411,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. laevigatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown (
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD85BEFB8FE5BD737" box="[270,433,1015,1040]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9420" refString="Koehler, R. (1897) Echinodermes recueillis par &quot; l'Investigator &quot; dans l'Ocean Indien. I. Les Ophiures de mer profonde. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, Series 8, 4, 277 - 372." type="journal article">Koehler, 1897</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD8E8EFB7FE13D737" box="[445,505,1016,1040]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9460" refString="Koehler, R. (1899) An account of the deep-sea Ophiuroidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Echinodermata of the Indian Museum, Ophiuroidea, Calcutta, 76 pp." type="book">1899</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992E853FC42D75B" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
The maximum number of terminal projections of each arm spine of proximal portion of the arm is single in this new species (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD864E870FE6DD77F" box="[305,391,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1792,1814]" captionTargetBox="[237,1358,193,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1373,193,1776]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, conical external ossicles at aboral periphery of the disc, external (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, a hooklet-bearing plate (C) and a hooklet (D) on proximal portion of the arm; E–F, a hooklet-bearing plate (E) and a hooklet (F) in middle portion of the arm; G, plate-shaped external ossicles at aboral middle portion of the arm; H–I, a hooklet-bearing plate (H) and a hooklet (I) in middle portion of the arm; J–K, lateral arm plates on proximal portion of the arm, aboral (J) and oral (K) views; L, an arm spine at the proximal portion of the arm. Arcs indicate reticulate structure (D, F, I) and terminal projection (L). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (A, E, H). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195419/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 5L</figureCitation>
) and in
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD8BCE80FFCB7D77F" authority="(Doderlein, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[489,861,1087,1112]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD8BCE80FFD61D77F" box="[489,651,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. sagaminum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDBC9E870FCBFD77F" box="[668,853,1087,1112]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9257" refString="Doderlein, L. (1911) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Uber japanische und andere Euryalae. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, II. Suppl. - Bd., 5, 1 - 123." type="journal article">Döderlein, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. That of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDA9FE80FFB93D77F" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[970,1145,1087,1112]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="galapagense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDA9FE80FFB93D77F" box="[970,1145,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. galapagense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 2 (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BDDE8E870FACAD77F" box="[1213,1312,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1311,1333]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,167,1288]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,167,1301]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Astrodendrum galapagense, holotype (USNM 38581). A, interradial lateral surface of the disc; B, aboral view of the proximal portion of the arm; C, aboral view of the middle portion of the arm; D, lateral view of the distal portion of the arm; E, oral view of the proximal portion of the arm. Arrowheads indicate hooklet-bearing plate on aboral and lateral side of the arms (B–E). Abbreviations: AS, arm spine; GS, genital slit; T, tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195431/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
) and of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDCD1E80FFF1BD75B" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDCD1E80FFF1BD75B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. capense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD872E82BFE54D75A" baseAuthorityName="Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[295,446,1124,1149]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD872E82BFE54D75A" box="[295,446,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. elingamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 3 (
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD8AEE82BFD54D75B" box="[507,702,1124,1148]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9575" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 93 (65), 215 - 400." type="journal article">Mortensen, 1933</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDB9FE82BFCBFD75B" box="[714,853,1124,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref8993" refString="Baker, A. N. (1974) New species of brittle-stars from New Zealand (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Records of the Dominion Museum, 8 (15), 247 - 266." type="journal article">Baker, 1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDA0AE82BFC72D75B" box="[863,920,1124,1148]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9030" refString="Baker, A. N. (1980) Euryalinid Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Australia, New Zealand, and the south-west Pacific Ocean. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 7, 11 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1980.10423763" type="journal article">1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992E8C8FB15D7CF" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
The maximum number of secondary teeth of each hook-shaped arm spine in the distal portion of the arm of this new species is 3 (
<figureCitation id="35B407A0FF94417BD834E8E3FE5DD7E2" box="[353,439,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,213,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[211,1379,193,1800]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astrodendrum spinulosum sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6273). SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, lateral arm plates on middle portion of the arm, aboral (A) and oral (B) views; C, an arm spine in the middle portion of the arm; D–E, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, aboral (D) and oral (E) views; F, an arm spine in the distal portion of the arm; G– K, vertebrae on proximal portion of the arms, basal view (G), distal view (H), distal branching view (I), lateral view (J), oral view (K). Arrowheads indicate articulations for hooklets (B, E). Orientations: dis, distal side; ex, external side; in, internal side; prox, proximal side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1195421/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
), a character shared with
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDB89E8E3FBF2D7E3" authority="(Baker, 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[732,1048,1196,1221]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elingamita">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDB89E8E3FC9ED7E2" box="[732,884,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. elingamita</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDAD1E8E3FBE5D7E3" box="[900,1039,1196,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9030" refString="Baker, A. N. (1980) Euryalinid Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Australia, New Zealand, and the south-west Pacific Ocean. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 7, 11 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1980.10423763" type="journal article">Baker, 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDD12E8E3FB2BD7E3" baseAuthorityName="Mortensen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[1095,1217,1196,1220]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDD12E8E3FB2BD7E3" box="[1095,1217,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. capense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDDAFE8E3FA76D7E3" baseAuthorityName="Doderlein" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1274,1436,1196,1220]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sagaminum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDDAFE8E3FA76D7E3" box="[1274,1436,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. sagaminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there are 2 (
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD84EE880FE3FD7CF" box="[283,469,1231,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9257" refString="Doderlein, L. (1911) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Uber japanische und andere Euryalae. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, II. Suppl. - Bd., 5, 1 - 123." type="journal article">Döderlein, 1911</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD8B4E89EFD4AD7CF" box="[481,672,1232,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9575" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 93 (65), 215 - 400." type="journal article">Mortensen, 1933</bibRefCitation>
) and there is
<quantity id="6A77B6C0FF94417BDA62E89FFC88D7CF" box="[823,866,1231,1256]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDA3CE89FFB12D7CF" authority="(A. H. Clark, 1916)" baseAuthorityName="A. H. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[873,1272,1231,1256]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="galapagense">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDA3CE89FFBFCD7CF" box="[873,1046,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. galapagense</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDD70E89FFB05D7CF" box="[1061,1263,1231,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9153" refString="Clark, A. H. (1916) On a new starfish and five new brittle-stars from the Galapagos Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 18, 115 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931608693831" type="journal article">A. H. Clark, 1916</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992E8BBFD39D617" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
The maximum number of terminal projections and of secondary teeth mentioned above is not provided in
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BDCD1E8BBFEFED617" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevigatum">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BDCD1E8BBFEFED617" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">A. laevigatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD877E958FE2CD617" box="[290,454,1303,1328]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9420" refString="Koehler, R. (1897) Echinodermes recueillis par &quot; l'Investigator &quot; dans l'Ocean Indien. I. Les Ophiures de mer profonde. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, Series 8, 4, 277 - 372." type="journal article">Koehler, 1897</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BD884E957FDE6D617" box="[465,524,1304,1328]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9460" refString="Koehler, R. (1899) An account of the deep-sea Ophiuroidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Echinodermata of the Indian Museum, Ophiuroidea, Calcutta, 76 pp." type="book">1899</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C91E66D4FF94417BDB42E958FD2DD617" box="[535,711,1303,1328]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" refId="ref9078" refString="Bomford, T. L. (1913) A note on certain ophiuroids in the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 9, 219 - 225." type="journal article">Bomford, 1913</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD301B25FF94417BD992E973FDDCD6BB" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">
Based on our morphological observations of
<typeStatus id="7234A587FF94417BDBEBE972FD04D672" box="[702,750,1341,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">type</typeStatus>
specimens and study with the literature, we found that all six species of
<taxonomicName id="6A8F60A6FF94417BD845E910FE45D65F" box="[272,431,1375,1400]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="12" pageNumber="301" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FFBC737FF94417BD845E910FE45D65F" box="[272,431,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="301">Astrodendrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be morphologically distinguished using six morphological characteristics. A tabular key to species is provided in Table 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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