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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="280639" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c24b8527-31c7-4ba2-8292-3014640a2d69" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2615-47-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FDE8F8AE357158E2B0C30C8DAEF7A620" ID-ZooBank="2DA26BD830664B888DD94EE8E9017E29" ModsDocID="1314-2615-47-1" checkinTime="1701752211183" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin &amp; Hutchins, Benjamin T." docDate="2023" docId="53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3" docLanguage="en" docName="SubterBiol 47: 1-27" docOrigin="Subterranean Biology 47" docPubDate="2023-12-04" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186" docTitle="Vitropyrgus lillianae Perez &amp; Guerrero 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="DB9F6F2C-749B-45C1-B496-8BB603C7BAF4" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="FDE8F8AE357158E2B0C30C8DAEF7A620" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FDE8F8AE357158E2B0C30C8DAEF7A620" masterDocTitle="Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732767787096" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="34C883297276B974BA21CD5990DE1DAD">Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="199F6A62B19AAAA7C7EB6D269A7C6406" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D807E9C1A1A3E2EDC7A726B9706737C9">
<mods:roleTerm id="88528ABAC2B172B7926B11616D1F3432">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E9629110C4723EE93006C49493F688A9">Perez, Kathryn E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1530BC7DB53BCD595488A90743B110A7" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-4756</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="60B75D3068DFC2CD2C9E39BC1444AFFE">School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78542, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D41A8A403A8861A582BDAAC0B50CDA4B" type="email">perezke@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="94526045B313616AB785B6712B1A8979" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1B7ED9D4FABB4E255B9C411697CF45CD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="62F4E20D3747FEB57FE8A1CBDCED020A">Guerrero, Yamileth</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B89B0159A57CA07A8071B9516F3C154E">School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78542, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="C1A573E72CE806B1DB40C7FD8CAE87E3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="33B4D102CF9314CEAAE12AA5F800F11F">
<mods:roleTerm id="2F562427B72407AFAAF6D06F3A8BD00B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4EA145A89395E7946B7F337C74344FF8">Castaneda, Roel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B73EB2555543967F478142A55D734C39">School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78542, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="3BA9C8FC024F07C7F3BE85A4F982D37C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9B95A3CBA5982F0982A8C86259244081">
<mods:roleTerm id="3FA2BAE01BD21DBE8ADDC546B89B3B24">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="60D91C87D1799824B5AF99BB35B699F0">Diaz, Peter H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="68A14EFE5A9E23475BA04B4C551629C3">Texas Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, San Marcos, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7A1BDEBB2BDF2F44FCCF4711900BD62E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="8222338BA1F28A2753BF903C2EB18A94">
<mods:roleTerm id="DF4D860BF3A7B8F978EE460FC4226940">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="AFBEB644A0402DDB0E284488BCF4A2E7">Gibson, Randy</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="169753836A7A9345B099E689924D4E5A" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9365-0819</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="575F5C9CF6C38DC100F65B4E5E3E1D59">Aquatic Resources Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, San Marcos, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="79AF1F3FB15466C569499465C04BB0C4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="43F7241AB7400C80683A8C963B2E9BA7">
<mods:roleTerm id="C03144C81BB3B3AD91E38B61774CD9D3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="29C4DFF508E131D8A67D13F71F769C0D">Schwartz, Benjamin</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="18049F20EA6CD79B178361E15FCFD0F8" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0072-344X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="F50968DC053D2BBA140FB0B9690FBF46">Edwards Aquifer Research and Data Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="54BAE98D9F1C6937BD8B0FA2BC6B5AE2" type="personal">
<mods:role id="8C5B93F41E7C0BB276102C686ED6BC0F">
<mods:roleTerm id="FEF61A0C594706B151EE556E047944B3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="EF66260A9FA77DB19648ECDCFF828D4C">Hutchins, Benjamin T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4CDE8A81EE12F40CD6C7AAB5BFA62848">Edwards Aquifer Research and Data Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5D2AC14EC3048D4BCBFE0542406D4436">
<mods:title id="C9570C47F9419824756E9648333BD535">Subterranean Biology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="FD053DFE3C481A21E1671CF505D20B9E">
<mods:date id="B5ABE94044C5064F2C30FED165159BAC">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="212166C1EF236E9C2553703E0A4A7E46">2023-12-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="05303C5D283DF0A6B5BFCE25FEAFF2A2">47</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="70A78958EB83EC0E7692D9925E761B7C">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="77F2C8C0A2D00640606079FA77A74BD2">27</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="ACC59A79CEA66B1727B82682FD1CCD3B">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="A9F92C4990029BF09EE1D249CE875735">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="EDDA7A081897E095DB15CCA28D708965" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2E042AA7A00EC5BF86FA1D7672B2E200" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2615-47-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="97930C50C6AD0186AC631B670F58B3B1" type="ZooBank">2DA26BD830664B888DD94EE8E9017E29</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A5FD0EEC059390EB2BE75253D60D6A2C" type="Pensoft-UUID">FDE8F8AE357158E2B0C30C8DAEF7A620</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3" ID-GBIF-Taxon="219505010" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DB9F6F2C-749B-45C1-B496-8BB603C7BAF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Gastropoda" scope_family="Cochliopidae" scope_phylum="Mollusca" scope_superFamily="Truncatelloidea">
<subSubSection id="9016E72DF353B11E64B59BC0220286C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C0A87469E3A164989E32FAF64C801D96" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="465015000C3F42838612A353F866722B" LSID="https://zoobank.org/DB9F6F2C-749B-45C1-B496-8BB603C7BAF4" authority="Perez &amp; Guerrero, 2023" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Vitropyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vitropyrgus lillianae" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lillianae" status="sp. nov.">Vitropyrgus lillianae Perez &amp; Guerrero, 2023</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="48B44D8C80EF13C9A978BAB61CEB75CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="29665B55CA23D9F355F016F42709E080" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="B1A6071433005A86652EDB60BAB21B96" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="3BAC826C909EF8E92E53AA5976DFE287" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Shells and anatomical features of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. All localities in Texas A-C holotype, Comal Springs, Comal County, ANSP 494654 D shell frontal view of individual from Fessenden Springs, Kerr County, ABC 005622 E SEM of embryonic whorls to detail sculpture F SEM of rear shell and sculpture G SEM of teleoconch sculpture H SEM of operculum, outer view I penis, ventral view J penis, dorsal view. The yellow coloration in I and J is caused by immersion in Bouin's solution, the tissues are white, unpigmented in life." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947271" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="9EA567C992824751EF5723BA9FCCE648" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. radula A view of central radula teeth B radula ribbon showing details of inner and outer marginals C outer marginal teeth." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947272" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C5E4F50CC3351D31FB0CBF47149152E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="016332E00693A8EC0A7C8814E903E6A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1D9C77C1AE0305CCB15838E05CF7831C" authority="Perez &amp; Guerrero &amp; Castañeda &amp; Diaz &amp; Gibson &amp; Schwartz &amp; Hutchins, 2023" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero &amp; Castañeda &amp; Diaz &amp; Gibson &amp; Schwartz &amp; Hutchins" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Stygopyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopyrgus bartonensis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartonensis" status="sp. nov.">Stygopyrgus bartonensis</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B6423B843820A177B2B04E83A0C65EC2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1447-0" author="Hutchins, BT" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="475 - 501" refId="B25" refString="Hutchins, BT, 2018. The conservation status of Texas groundwater invertebrates. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 475 - 501, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1447-0" title="The conservation status of Texas groundwater invertebrates." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1447-0" volume="27" year="2018">Hutchins 2018</bibRefCitation>
, suppl. material 1: table S1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F064D2E65F847C27B2368B3FC98074EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F261E73248790DBC72F3A6790129C548" authority="Perez &amp; Guerrero &amp; Castañeda &amp; Diaz &amp; Gibson &amp; Schwartz &amp; Hutchins, 2023" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero &amp; Castañeda &amp; Diaz &amp; Gibson &amp; Schwartz &amp; Hutchins" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Stygopyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopyrgus bartonensis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartonensis" status="sp. nov.">Stygopyrgus bartonensis</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3C219BDABCDFFB3FEC96F7C536F28BB0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" author="Hutchins, BT" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B27" refString="Hutchins, BT, Gibson, JR, Diaz, PH, Schwartz, BF, 2021. Stygobiont diversity in the San Marcos artesian well and Edwards Aquifer Groundwater ecosystem, Texas, USA. Diversity 13: 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" title="Stygobiont diversity in the San Marcos artesian well and Edwards Aquifer Groundwater ecosystem, Texas, USA. Diversity 13: 234." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" year="2021">Hutchins et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
, suppl. material 1: table S2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1D771688B91437E6EB503AC96B369ABC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="D159831F18142FE9BB4553BCB60702DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB778CF2A7DEBE4B10429F2AFAE96FDB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
USA, Texas. Comal County, New Braunfels, Comal Spring Upwelling #7, (
<geoCoordinate id="34479F4406202E998AB600C030A2C33A" degrees="29.7135" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="29.7135">29.7135</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F53CCEB60BC860F6B87852071E0387D2" degrees="98.1370" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-98.137">-98.1370</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B68C6F6509C9D4C99B970DF0E663FEEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3F2203F6BE2A0594D2382D7F54776E5D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6114B825E5993755FB1504409058B9BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation id="31B549C881B906C1296C032774818CFC" collectingDate="2018-06-01" collectingDateMax="2019-05-02" collectingDateMin="2018-06-01" collectingMethod="drift net" collectorName="Randy Gibson, Landa Park, New Braunfels, Comal Spring Upwelling" country="USA" county="Comal County" latitude="29.7135" location="All" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-98.137" municipality="Comal County" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas" typeStatus="Holotype">
<location id="30C26C1CDB5C27BBFBF3F4DA5EDE1C3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3:30C26C1CDB5C27BBFBF3F4DA5EDE1C3C" country="USA" county="Comal County" latitude="29.7135" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-98.137" municipality="Comal County" name="All" stateProvince="Texas">All</location>
sites are in
<collectingRegion id="37488BCCF361E7EA7C98B4E6DAE72454" country="United States of America" name="Texas">Texas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="3CF7E189E369495D729B3B8B36DA5885" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="1CD7E51E8319249E03B2FD0C160C3815" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="B4614F402FBA42987320726C5E0326E8">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
-
<collectingCounty id="F4EB23A4DEAF10EF932659A6F6A89955">Comal County</collectingCounty>
,
<location id="3905BEF7B619D715C269399B7E73200B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3:3905BEF7B619D715C269399B7E73200B" country="USA" county="Comal County" latitude="29.7135" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-98.137" municipality="Comal County" name="Landa Park" stateProvince="Texas">Landa Park</location>
,
<location id="33B3FE74AA29998BFA5FECB867075E22" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3:33B3FE74AA29998BFA5FECB867075E22" country="USA" county="Comal County" latitude="29.7135" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-98.137" municipality="Comal County" name="New Braunfels" stateProvince="Texas">New Braunfels</location>
,
<location id="E09BF5B590E0807F22B9C22FB265C969" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3:E09BF5B590E0807F22B9C22FB265C969" country="USA" county="Comal County" latitude="29.7135" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-98.137" municipality="Comal County" name="Comal Spring Upwelling" stateProvince="Texas">Comal Spring Upwelling</location>
#7, (
<geoCoordinate id="A24817F0A903414CB6378229E12756E7" degrees="29.7135" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="29.7135">29.7135</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3281CA73EEF8319CA1A6BD44F860C344" degrees="98.1370" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-98.137">-98.1370</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMethod id="BA760CB1C3E687337BC081C00312F8B9">drift net</collectingMethod>
, collected by
<collectorName id="8ABA7D2D80C3C3A8AC53A51AA0E2C0BA">Randy Gibson</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate id="1368D70243E1CE3945B45B1766D4BDEA" value="2019-05-02">2 May 2019</collectingDate>
(ANSP 494654).
<emphasis id="AE48D097DE473CE772DD0CF6F0B33415" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="7EF1AE40EFA0BAD14DD1A191CEDF2DC5">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
-
<collectingMunicipality id="2023FA7980FF843476FE820E27ACDAEA">Comal County</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectorName id="8EDD20A5FBBA68641B50BBEE6BA0F409">Landa Park</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="B9C4ABB5B716BC938793F8774CA4B4BB">New Braunfels</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="1750A84C7EA81445CBD12808C5104837">Comal Spring Upwelling</collectorName>
#7, (
<geoCoordinate id="AEF8202D1EED9C3327F2C50E389E1AB0" degrees="29.7135" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="29.7135">29.7135</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C073760FAB400D66E1A4E794C61AD66D" degrees="98.1370" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-98.137">-98.1370</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMethod id="ED7B615E2371900EEDB2AC6F403A00B4">drift net</collectingMethod>
, collected by
<collectorName id="1FFDCB62092C4F95B54D811FE5D3539D">Randy Gibson</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate id="C58E284E6532AD462AB9395A963C321E" value="2018-06-01" valueMax="2018-06-05" valueMin="2018-06-01">1-5 June 2018</collectingDate>
(ANSP 494656)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D160F7168A03A5141D024095F10DF318" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F2A602B5658AB8A3C8D165B905774020" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CCCFAC066185F76810E4AEC4BD26E552" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
-
<materialsCitation id="4F5EECEF0F897B002EA72DEA44A053B9" collectingDate="2020-11-04" collectingDateMax="2020-11-06" collectingDateMin="2020-11-04" collectingMethod="drift net" collectorName="K. E Perez, E Perez, D, Deshommes, N" county="Kerr County" latitude="30.167" location="Fessenden Spring" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-99.3427" municipality="Hills Fisheries Science Center" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCounty id="FF6BAC1CE43C8A0798ED4DBC35517E98">Kerr County</collectingCounty>
,
<location id="61199E4B1B4178A6C6C8E990FB9F2F06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3:61199E4B1B4178A6C6C8E990FB9F2F06" county="Kerr County" latitude="30.167" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-99.3427" municipality="Hills Fisheries Science Center" name="Fessenden Spring">Fessenden Spring</location>
, near
<location id="614A671CE4ECDD36115AC92A7D83913B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3:614A671CE4ECDD36115AC92A7D83913B" county="Kerr County" latitude="30.167" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-99.3427" municipality="Hills Fisheries Science Center" name="Heart">Heart</location>
of the
<collectingMunicipality id="C0598176953D89199E43405ED844C904">Hills Fisheries Science Center</collectingMunicipality>
(
<geoCoordinate id="92669F71E456174DB900A3679A9FC0B4" degrees="30.1670" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="30.167">30.1670</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E8CAD760E65E6FE63F9E450C5A6EC922" degrees="99.3427" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-99.3427">-99.3427</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMethod id="4FC46E2273ED633301E06BB7D1F60993">drift net</collectingMethod>
, collected by
<collectorName id="B4840DD030D4AF55D81F26539A2A5F64">
K.
<collectorName id="217CEE32B04FAF2AAC1F9B4329AC39FB">E Perez, D</collectorName>
</collectorName>
.
<collectorName id="4DF4EDD83411147D8B564F2CE0291711">Deshommes, N</collectorName>
. Loveland,
<collectingDate id="29937B68686AC8B30214D950211CAC97" value="2020-11-04" valueMax="2020-11-06" valueMin="2020-11-04">4-6 November 2020</collectingDate>
(ABC 005622)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F93CE9914E3D2B3415C23256A7F5434" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="0360104F14882F79246507C98B8A6F83" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006EE00E2A08BCF9036B2A5E21C86CE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Minute shell with glassy appearance, with distinctive spiral and collabral sculpture on teleoconch that extends to sutures.
<taxonomicName id="5A934083ED4E814D305925C1B4181898" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Vitropyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vitropyrgus lillianae" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="A3C62124FD198F2FFB62A1BFC7B9F172" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vitropyrgus lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from similar species in the region by shell shape, sculpture, or shell color.
<taxonomicName id="FDA205BEB605BD0A91620BA72F65BD67" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero &amp; Castañeda &amp; Diaz &amp; Gibson &amp; Schwartz &amp; Hutchins" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Stygopyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopyrgus bartonensis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartonensis">
<emphasis id="219C6442E966868DF55D5B6DF316A26A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stygopyrgus bartonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a taller, more columnar, and less heavily sculptured shell. The shell of
<taxonomicName id="FA5224922266768C84F2711A084B7455" class="Gastropoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bartonensis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartonensis">
<emphasis id="61CDE7F0A9F968C68F971B16244022C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bartonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a pale brown tint in fresh shells that is not present in
<taxonomicName id="D6DC958F6A0D4AE3660294EA00C1313F" lsidName="V. lillianae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="43D2B3503A1BA23AB329563C3B44E24A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The animals most easily confused with
<taxonomicName id="BD74A576357BD08C2C85AF0445988CC8" lsidName="V. lillianae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="9EB33C8410749DFC2F6D85A285FC9605" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very juvenile individuals of
<taxonomicName id="8C93942383B2E967F0CF53F4CC3CFBEE" baseAuthorityName="Call &amp; Pilsbry" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Pyrgophorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgophorus spinosus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="2111FC54BA72FA8F493109916F93BE6C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrgophorus spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Call &amp; Pilsbry, 1886). While their sculpture can appear quite similar, juvenile
<taxonomicName id="7852F07A08DB99B410106575B972DCAA" lsidName="P. spinosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="A2411EDED0A7A39ECAE4FB25190962D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much larger, have a white base color and the aperture forms an oval, completely appressed to the body whorl.
<taxonomicName id="BCB6314D85E6E40B71C00FF9511ED785" authorityName="Call &amp; Pilsbry" authorityYear="1886" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis spinosus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="6455D13EC42C50B415CB6A985AB381CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrgulopsis spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells have a more steeply tapering spire than
<taxonomicName id="E1050B48992D2A586E155531EF051636" lsidName="V. lillianae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="C737AC330503E8FCB4338A88AEBCB660" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Dissection and comparison of penial anatomy will readily distinguish
<taxonomicName id="0C1603DA881593D3D571A39C888DCF39" lsidName="V. lillianae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="ECB4BBD201794BF5ECA5484684AA9295" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to its simple structure with no papillae or apocrine glands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD90A4297E89FF2FD611D11B7DDD2EA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="E9A5C12181B2F7FB98D9FB0C3780A66A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E043ECDD2704983EA72B568B14542BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Shell very small, clear, glassy, heavily sculptured, ovate-conic with rounded whorl outlines (Fig.
<figureCitation id="69D217FEC661F47FCD64CE3176016793" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Shells and anatomical features of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. All localities in Texas A-C holotype, Comal Springs, Comal County, ANSP 494654 D shell frontal view of individual from Fessenden Springs, Kerr County, ABC 005622 E SEM of embryonic whorls to detail sculpture F SEM of rear shell and sculpture G SEM of teleoconch sculpture H SEM of operculum, outer view I penis, ventral view J penis, dorsal view. The yellow coloration in I and J is caused by immersion in Bouin's solution, the tissues are white, unpigmented in life." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947271" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A-D</figureCitation>
). Average shell measurements for adults (n = 20): shell height = 0.737 mm (SD = 0.25), shell width = 0.470 mm (SD = 0.17), aperture height = 0.333 mm (SD = 0.11), aperture width = 0.268 mm (SD = 0.09), number of whorls = 4.5 (SD = 0.20).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F9A62EAC93C41036D0B849613156D78" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
First whorl of protoconch slightly elevated, separated from subsequent whorls (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A0A496D2DA66CE8F93621E324DCD629F" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Shells and anatomical features of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. All localities in Texas A-C holotype, Comal Springs, Comal County, ANSP 494654 D shell frontal view of individual from Fessenden Springs, Kerr County, ABC 005622 E SEM of embryonic whorls to detail sculpture F SEM of rear shell and sculpture G SEM of teleoconch sculpture H SEM of operculum, outer view I penis, ventral view J penis, dorsal view. The yellow coloration in I and J is caused by immersion in Bouin's solution, the tissues are white, unpigmented in life." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947271" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5E, F</figureCitation>
). Protoconch surface heavily sculptured by wrinkles that form irregularly shaped shallow depressions or pits. Teleoconch sculpture includes finely spaced collabral ribs dissected by spiral lines (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F3BEAEE120258E1F6293A3343B0BAFE8" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Shells and anatomical features of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. All localities in Texas A-C holotype, Comal Springs, Comal County, ANSP 494654 D shell frontal view of individual from Fessenden Springs, Kerr County, ABC 005622 E SEM of embryonic whorls to detail sculpture F SEM of rear shell and sculpture G SEM of teleoconch sculpture H SEM of operculum, outer view I penis, ventral view J penis, dorsal view. The yellow coloration in I and J is caused by immersion in Bouin's solution, the tissues are white, unpigmented in life." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947271" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5F, G</figureCitation>
). Ribs slightly more elevated, spaced 20-23
<normalizedToken id="5F68C15AF146DFFAEA0989DE192F34EC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
apart. Aperture ovate, slightly pulled away from body whorl, only lightly touching body whorl at parietal corner. Lip reflected on basal and umbilical portions in larger individuals. Outer lip straight, simple, slightly tilted forward (prosocline). Umbilicus open. Operculum clear, extremely thin, pliable, fragile (Fig.
<figureCitation id="EB0D8B72AB64247F2CE0CB39E03F89BC" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Shells and anatomical features of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. All localities in Texas A-C holotype, Comal Springs, Comal County, ANSP 494654 D shell frontal view of individual from Fessenden Springs, Kerr County, ABC 005622 E SEM of embryonic whorls to detail sculpture F SEM of rear shell and sculpture G SEM of teleoconch sculpture H SEM of operculum, outer view I penis, ventral view J penis, dorsal view. The yellow coloration in I and J is caused by immersion in Bouin's solution, the tissues are white, unpigmented in life." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947271" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5H</figureCitation>
). Shape elongate ellipsoidal, nucleus submarginal, spiral weakly convex. Growth lines not distinct or frilled.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6CBC2E18410E005129F1D3D522EE75D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Unpigmented body visible through shell. Snout nontapered, about as long as wide, with strong distal lobation. Foot short, anterior portion rounded, anterior edge indented, without lateral wings. Cephalic tentacles tapered, rounded, unpigmented, with no visible cilia, about 5 times as long as wide. Mantle tissue unpigmented. No visible eyes and no visible pigment at base of eyestalks. No ctenidium observed, osphradium rounded.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A8CD024C085A48BF4A75128724D7842" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Intestine uncoiled, mostly filled with rounded fecal pellets, rectum exiting in pallial cavity, near mantle edge on right side of head. Esophagus entering stomach below, smaller posterior chamber with large digestive gland aperture and larger anterior chamber. Stomach speckled with dark flecks of pigment. Caecum not observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="64AA5E8588B6455E30F507FDC4B5AB6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Penis large relative to body size tapering, attached well behind right eye, with an expanded, muscular base, narrow body segment, tapering to a distal tip (Figs
<figureCitation id="8C51993B0FBFDAC67560883F38E61FAD" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Shells and anatomical features of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. All localities in Texas A-C holotype, Comal Springs, Comal County, ANSP 494654 D shell frontal view of individual from Fessenden Springs, Kerr County, ABC 005622 E SEM of embryonic whorls to detail sculpture F SEM of rear shell and sculpture G SEM of teleoconch sculpture H SEM of operculum, outer view I penis, ventral view J penis, dorsal view. The yellow coloration in I and J is caused by immersion in Bouin's solution, the tissues are white, unpigmented in life." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947271" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5I, J</figureCitation>
). Penis base with moderate folding along inner curvature. Distal portion tapered, inner and outer curves with aglandular curving lobes nearly opposite each other, giving a blunt, asymmetrical
<normalizedToken id="8CA706D58B4832FC48253191F008E9E9" originalValue="“arrowhead”">&quot;arrowhead&quot;</normalizedToken>
shape to distal portion of penis. Neither apocrine glands or papillae present on examined individuals. Cilia not observed on distal penis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B0DEFAFBB4C393498258DCCE967E0D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Central radular tooth with indented dorsal edge (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DBB036B9E9F8961DCC3824FB4680E8EC" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. radula A view of central radula teeth B radula ribbon showing details of inner and outer marginals C outer marginal teeth." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947272" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
); lateral cusps 4 on each side; central cusp ~1/3 longer than adjacent cusps, pointed but tapering at the end and at the base, wider in the middle, singular basal cusps pointed, with small buttress, paddle shaped, not needle-like, basal process triangular in shape; deep basal socket. Lateral tooth rectangular, narrowing slightly upon reaching the outer wing; outer wing tapering; central cusp longer than lateral cusps, 5-6 cusps outer and 5 cusps inner direction, decreasing in size distally. Inner marginal teeth with broad outer wing with basal notch, 17-19 cusps, mostly similar in length except two outermost cusps shorter, triangular, wide at base. Outer marginal teeth broad and curved at end, with 14-16 cusps. Cusps along inner edge longer; tooth face tapering to outer wing which then broadens again at base (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B24E8021086D1B518E7E2F5099919885" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. SEM of Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. radula A view of central radula teeth B radula ribbon showing details of inner and outer marginals C outer marginal teeth." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/947272" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6B, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48CDAED87F13D16B400A2C2D2AC30701" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="25E5DE4E3F7A36C36E3F1894E0631D55" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC91568ABADD4DA4360DD0371556F7FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
We use the generic name &quot;
<taxonomicName id="12E6CCF47BE34A13ED066C8F8CD47146" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Vitropyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vitropyrgus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F25791F3155EC9BFE3BF9961D2757DA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vitropyrgus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; reflecting the glassy appearance of the shell of this phreatic snail compared to related groups. The specific epithet &quot;
<taxonomicName id="E12E52405143E15F92AAC7D803BCE745" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Vitropyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vitropyrgus lillianae" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="542DFECF652807A8A7FA946B0AE83438" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vitropyrgus lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; is in honor of Dr. Lillian E. Perez, the first
<normalizedToken id="86DC7B289D35AC280B9BF87BF71A9BFA" originalValue="author’s">author's</normalizedToken>
mother. We propose the common name &quot;glass cavesnail&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23507FEA81491BD2E01EB0BA7542565B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="05861075D461B80F81423796144A3FD9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF735EA67C5DF98C8643574B2CED263F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This new snail species is found among other phreatic snail fauna in Comal Springs including:
<taxonomicName id="10EB264F9FCA8AE8F45661618E2274BB" baseAuthorityName="Pilsbry &amp; Ferriss" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Phreatodrobia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phreatodrobia nugax" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nugax">
<emphasis id="4C2B0A1073E6CB1621E714D8323D86C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phreatodrobia nugax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pilsbry &amp; Ferriss, 1906),
<taxonomicName id="2761727153F411C902B06C424DB90BDE" authorityName="Hershler &amp; Longley" authorityYear="1986" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Phreatodrobia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phreatodrobia plana" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="plana">
<emphasis id="88EE0301907D09FAA0505BA22DA63B86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phreatodrobia plana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hershler &amp; Longley, 1986,
<taxonomicName id="02DD8DAD376E416302DCBA6EC66D5C11" authorityName="K.E.Perez &amp; Alvear" authorityYear="2020" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Phreatodrobia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phreatodrobia spica" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spica">
<emphasis id="9D1984E2E515BFEE346BEFD8C31683F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phreatodrobia spica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
K. E. Perez &amp; Alvear, 2020, and
<taxonomicName id="E09F7C2D66E11BAF389E7EAE899D9C07" authorityName="Hershler &amp; Longley" authorityYear="1986" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Phreatodrobia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phreatodrobia rotunda" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rotunda">
<emphasis id="09FB7017927C8E1BCC1D4D72426F8F26" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phreatodrobia rotunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hershler &amp; Longley, 1986. Other members of this unique subterranean fauna include the federally endangered amphipod
<taxonomicName id="BF548BDBF79CB5ABC742691095638073" baseAuthorityName="Holsinger" baseAuthorityYear="1967" class="Crustacea" family="Crangonyctidae" genus="Stygobromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygobromus pecki" order="Amphipoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecki">
<emphasis id="319E4A4ECE603CB945DF0491D902E56B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stygobromus pecki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Holsinger, 1967), the federally endangered dryopid beetle
<taxonomicName id="10638044E6315E55E609676E4B52989C" authorityName="Barr &amp; Spangler" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Dryopidae" genus="Stygoparnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygoparnus comalensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comalensis">
<emphasis id="B7DEBF2767B524C790ED5ACABA15737F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stygoparnus comalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Barr &amp; Spangler, 1992, an undescribed stygobiontic salamander, and many other invertebrates (
<bibRefCitation id="D477BDE02416FEC7CE78596BB0624AF5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" author="Hutchins, BT" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B27" refString="Hutchins, BT, Gibson, JR, Diaz, PH, Schwartz, BF, 2021. Stygobiont diversity in the San Marcos artesian well and Edwards Aquifer Groundwater ecosystem, Texas, USA. Diversity 13: 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" title="Stygobiont diversity in the San Marcos artesian well and Edwards Aquifer Groundwater ecosystem, Texas, USA. Diversity 13: 234." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" year="2021">Hutchins et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Federally endangered epigean fauna at Comal Springs include the riffle beetle,
<taxonomicName id="11A055B8C81CDEC0B5EBB0FD6C129B7E" authorityName="Bosse, Tuff &amp; Brown" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Elmidae" genus="Heterelmis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterelmis comalensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comalensis">
<emphasis id="7A43FB85FE1ACAA135A172F7F03EFFFE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Heterelmis comalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bosse, Tuff, &amp; Brown, 1988, fountain darter,
<taxonomicName id="197C939E5EBEBB94C380B4FA9F599FBC" baseAuthorityName="D.S.Jordan &amp; C.H.Gilbert" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Actinopterygii" family="Percidae" genus="Etheostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Etheostoma fonticola" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fonticola">
<emphasis id="2BC9A4373A5BC678B693EABF34F8E4E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etheostoma fonticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1886), and Comal Springs salamander,
<taxonomicName id="4EC0C22887F49AFB718109D4AD2CAD73" authorityName="Bishop &amp; Wright" authorityYear="1937" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eurycea neotenes" order="Caudata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neotenes">
<emphasis id="407D88531F25EAB1E0B7FB41481663F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eurycea neotenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bishop &amp; Wright, 1937.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B5EB3D238C73D8075BA492EFF0AF38DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="5F7AB8830FF700EAF6D5D326A32EC60E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D559B428F18891408DAD8903D635576" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This species is known from two localities in the karstic Edwards and Edwards-Trinity Aquifers, separated by ~125 km. Comal Springs is the largest spring in Texas (mean annual discharge = 8.4 m3/s, (
<bibRefCitation id="C0DC0C043E85AFE940FE494231F9669C" author="Tamura, K" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?site_no=08169000&amp;legacy=1" refId="B44" refString="2023. . https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?site_no=08169000&amp;legacy=1" url="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?site_no=08169000&amp;legacy=1" year="2023">USGS 2023</bibRefCitation>
)) and discharges water from the deep confined portion of the regional San Antonio segment of the Edwards Aquifer. The spring is a complex of openings discharging on and along a normal fault that divides the deep confined and recharge zones of the Edwards Aquifer, and the springs integrate a mix of species found in one or both aquifer zones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71F43C2789B57716D82563BA3221C3E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Fessenden Spring on Johnson Creek is a smaller spring that is part of the large regional Edwards-Trinity Aquifer system. Fessenden Spring discharges from the base of the Edwards Limestone in the central Texas Hill Country and is one of many Edwards-Trinity springs that support baseflows in the headwater reaches of the Guadalupe River. Across much of the southeastern portion of this aquifer, springs discharge into streams and rivers in the contributing zone for the Edwards Aquifer. The Edwards-Trinity system is hydrologically connected to the Edwards Aquifer along the Balcones Fault zone through both groundwater and surface-water linkages. The Guadalupe River is the only river in the contributing zone to not consistently lose much or all its flow to the Edwards Aquifer as it crosses the aquifer recharge zone (
<bibRefCitation id="ED4F55DAE341FCFBC61C8574B0A4B941" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085165" author="Ockerman, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B37" refString="Ockerman, DJ, Slattery, RN, 2008. Streamflow conditions in the Guadalupe River Basin, south-central Texas, water years 1987-2006-An assessment of streamflow gains and losses and relative contribution of major springs to streamflow. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5165, 22 pp. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085165" title="Streamflow conditions in the Guadalupe River Basin, south-central Texas, water years 1987 - 2006 - An assessment of streamflow gains and losses and relative contribution of major springs to streamflow. U. S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008 - 5165, 22 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085165" year="2008">Ockerman and Slattery 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BE455B0DC64475CC49C53CB976B934F3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135209" author="Wehmeyer, LL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B46" refString="Wehmeyer, LL, Winters, KE, Ockerman, DJ, 2013. A preliminary assessment of streamflow gains and losses for selected stream reaches in the lower Guadalupe River Basin, Texas, 2010-12. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5209, 30 pp. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135209" title="A preliminary assessment of streamflow gains and losses for selected stream reaches in the lower Guadalupe River Basin, Texas, 2010 - 12. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013 - 5209, 30 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135209" year="2013">Wehmeyer et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Instead, it consistently gains discharge via Comal Spring, Hueco Spring, and several other springs discharging from both the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="580361B44DE55EF2932F6EA29FF76C11" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In the boundary zone between the two aquifer systems, movement of organisms across blurry hydrologic boundaries between the aquifers is possible. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that the hyporheic zone along river corridors can provide important habitat and connectivity for a variety of Texas groundwater taxa, including snails (
<bibRefCitation id="DA23FD018A67BD588AA9719AF8D3E494" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04379-8" author="Hutchins, BT" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3967 - 3982" refId="B28" refString="Hutchins, BT, Swink, AP, Diaz, PH, Schwartz, BF, 2020. Environmental influences on invertebrate diversity and community composition in the hyporheic zone ecotone in Texas, USA: contrasts between co-occurring epigean taxa and stygobionts. Hydrobiologia 847: 3967 - 3982, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04379-8" title="Environmental influences on invertebrate diversity and community composition in the hyporheic zone ecotone in Texas, USA: contrasts between co-occurring epigean taxa and stygobionts." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04379-8" volume="847" year="2020">Hutchins et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FD042E79856AD4A9245BFBF4E972F8E4" author="Sparks, K" journalOrPublisher=", San Marcos, Texas: Texas State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B42" refString="Sparks, K, 2023. Distribution and occurrence of stygobionts in hyporheic systems downstream of karst regions (Unpublished thesis). M.S., San Marcos, Texas: Texas State University" title="Distribution and occurrence of stygobionts in hyporheic systems downstream of karst regions (Unpublished thesis). M. S." year="2023">Sparks 2023</bibRefCitation>
). Because the Edwards Limestone is continuously exposed across the upper and middle Guadalupe River watershed between Fessenden and Comal Springs, it is likely that
<taxonomicName id="875F2BCC991B175A792248F1D2A3535E" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Vitropyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vitropyrgus lillianae" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="DA6FED12B92FCAAF6C116D52CCD7018D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vitropyrgus lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. is more widespread than the localities reported here. More occurrences will likely be discovered once the species is characterized, and additional samples are collected across this watershed. However, given the prevalence of restricted range size in most (though not all) Texas groundwater snails (
<bibRefCitation id="22C19B2EC1D333C3326710141C4BB45F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.31931/fmbc.v22i2.2020.1-17" author="Alvear, DA" journalOrPublisher="Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 17" refId="B1" refString="Alvear, DA, Diaz, PH, Gibson, JR, Hutchins, B, Schwartz, BF, Perez, KE, 2020a. Expanding the known ranges of the endemic, phreatic snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) of Texas, USA. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation 23: 1 - 17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31931/fmbc.v22i2.2020.1-17" title="Expanding the known ranges of the endemic, phreatic snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) of Texas, USA." url="https://doi.org/10.31931/fmbc.v22i2.2020.1-17" volume="23" year="2020 a">Alvear et al. 2020a</bibRefCitation>
), it is unlikely that the range for
<taxonomicName id="464E5FE56B3F96733B5120EDA040D354" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Vitropyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vitropyrgus lillianae" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="9FCFF56D0F0DEE8C673A8FBF17259DB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vitropyrgus lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. will be expanded considerably. With only two populations currently known, the species is classified as critically imperiled (G1S1) using NatureServe methodology and considering distribution data only.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FAA48EA804580346315D84A7A22A67F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic remarks">
<paragraph id="D3872716566B874C508B1D5977C131CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B945E49CC0B6632D17F742E73F6AA1AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The species superficially resembles
<taxonomicName id="44B32F22B1B0594FB52B569A526907EC" authorityName="Perez &amp; Guerrero &amp; Castañeda &amp; Diaz &amp; Gibson &amp; Schwartz &amp; Hutchins" authorityYear="2023" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Stygopyrgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopyrgus bartonensis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartonensis">
<emphasis id="0C1A7B768D6B9CE8EA79F34F1F2CC917" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stygopyrgus bartonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in overall shell form and sculpture and was initially identified as that species (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="F8F164F762FA37C550F700AC8F3D2684" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1447-0" author="Hutchins, BT" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="475 - 501" refId="B25" refString="Hutchins, BT, 2018. The conservation status of Texas groundwater invertebrates. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 475 - 501, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1447-0" title="The conservation status of Texas groundwater invertebrates." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1447-0" volume="27" year="2018">Hutchins 2018</bibRefCitation>
, suppl. material 1: table S1, identification by R. Hershler, and
<bibRefCitation id="BA6435C38B471A38852FF22DDC1F5EC5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" author="Hutchins, BT" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B27" refString="Hutchins, BT, Gibson, JR, Diaz, PH, Schwartz, BF, 2021. Stygobiont diversity in the San Marcos artesian well and Edwards Aquifer Groundwater ecosystem, Texas, USA. Diversity 13: 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" title="Stygobiont diversity in the San Marcos artesian well and Edwards Aquifer Groundwater ecosystem, Texas, USA. Diversity 13: 234." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060234" year="2021">Hutchins et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
, suppl. material 1: table S2). Here we examine the relationship with both COI and LSU data of
<taxonomicName id="C6B435EC26024757D2737C8268B4D6A8" lsidName="V. lillianae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="2F6AC05D226408D4B17A16C71C99F41D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to several populations of
<taxonomicName id="1BD003279BC8F5B062A9046CA15F205C" class="Gastropoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bartonensis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartonensis">
<emphasis id="17E7411438B90C028125CC86445B02D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bartonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including the type locality. In both analyses, while it is not certain which members of the
<taxonomicName id="02981F87140B909F9B354371F6AC21BC" authorityName="D.W.Tryon" authorityYear="1866" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Cochliopidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="30A995640EAE0FA838A4DAD02D3E2FE5" lsidName="V. lillianae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lillianae">
<emphasis id="11ABC19B1A3F4EF2482542021E543DD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. lillianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are closely related to, this species is not supported as closely related to
<taxonomicName id="D72C8705332C0094B4F4FD3FC0CAEB2B" class="Gastropoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bartonensis." order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartonensis.">
<emphasis id="7693DB010F111653337998C32E52EAC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bartonensis.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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