379 lines
43 KiB
XML
379 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="159036885FDA81A7CFD94C3FBAE33B06" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38068" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256597" ID-ZooBank="3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475735022662" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W." docDate="2016" docId="B14087C8FFBC925C16BAFED9FF5E06EF" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4173.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4173 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spialia kituina Karsch 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="307" masterDocId="4D79FFB0FFB8925A162DFFBBFF8C016D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="305" updateTime="1698429372848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="DBE41F6ECAFCB22BDC3DC7DC8BC6D53F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="7F2FB5FF8F67CD6FB6B2246DCDB28007">
|
||
<mods:title id="53A87370F3BC83D136D47DF131EEDCBF">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="5EA9D1FCCC51225BD9A3CE8652CE0226" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3EE4C0A9747454248354FBBE9CDAD77E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="65FE9E5DACDAADC0EBC7D27B12FE76E5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="76742CB8ABBC95977E52B6D338F253BE">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="3E13C76DF27CF2132EA42DF2EA36DC5B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="D27A50FC6BCC64F165EF8FE3875C5038" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="CA5AB20FECACC137B4A21FB7AE788E77">
|
||
<mods:title id="6B757CE571C1D78B6659807FA6F4B275">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="EA93427459D6AAF36ED6FDFAC4216EA3">
|
||
<mods:date id="87E66B4B6D8E9E3A6820680E453637FE">2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="679BF24BBB8C308783225049A4AC7ECD" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="838C33C12FA76DD75D605114DC17637E">4173</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="F8531F7F52E74E6DA7A4A658DCEC90D5" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="3D3580F4D15CDE6E6AB9C7B261DD26BB">4</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="8B9BBC723A1C2D348082E48247B4EB5E" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="D8205509ECE8B21089261A6ECFDC4A7D">301</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="445DCABF504A0A863D01FF1A89F80503">350</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="DDF9E4FF3A38B4467D9F9E442538D554">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D4B24982EC77AB52F0F55D74155FB6EF" type="CLB-Dataset">38068</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0E5E541B2561A33143914EF1CA8DF243" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2515801D8CBEE81567835DB8364E87DD" type="GBIF-Dataset">235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6905584E33CED344472C648E7B8F184E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="74AECE8BF6BE244A6C3BB27FF25DF074" type="Zenodo-Dep">256597</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3F6E10A94D207EA60C84B7611BA573F0" type="ZooBank">3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="B14087C8FFBC925C16BAFED9FF5E06EF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632218" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632218" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFBC925C16BAFED9FF5E06EF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FFBC925C16BAFED9FF5E06EF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFBC925E16BAFED9FD8F0364" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16BAFED9FE790011" blockId="4.[151,501,354,380]" box="[151,501,354,380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<heading id="621E81B2FFBC925E16BAFED9FE790011" bold="true" box="[151,501,354,380]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E16BAFED9FE790011" ID-CoL="6YZXG" authority="Karsch, 1896" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,501,354,380]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E16BAFED9FE790011" bold="true" box="[151,501,354,380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E16BAFED9FEC50011" bold="true" box="[151,329,354,380]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Spialia kituina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E177DFED9FE790011" author="Karsch" box="[336,501,354,380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Karsch, F. (1896) Aethiopische hesperiiden. Entomologische Nachrichten, 22, 372 - 378." type="journal article" year="1896">Karsch, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16BAFE11FD8F0364" blockId="4.[151,1437,425,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E16BAFE11FEC000AC" box="[151,332,425,450]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="De Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article">De Jong (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E1786FE11FD9400AF" box="[427,536,425,450]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1786FE11FD9400AF" box="[427,536,425,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E1443FE12FD5B00AF" box="[622,727,425,450]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1443FE12FD5B00AF" box="[622,727,425,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">asterodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E1597FE11FBCF00AF" box="[954,1091,425,450]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1597FE11FBCF00AF" box="[954,1091,425,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. asterodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E12ADFE11FB6A00AF" box="[1152,1254,425,450]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E12ADFE11FB6A00AF" box="[1152,1254,425,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. agylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. G.C. Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E16BAFE76FE2A008B" author="Dickson" box="[151,422,461,486]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) illustrated a detailed life history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E1560FE75FC5B008B" box="[845,983,461,486]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1560FE75FC5B008B" box="[845,983,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFBC925E1560FE75FCED0088" box="[845,865,462,485]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. asterodia
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E1234FE76FA9C008B" box="[1049,1296,461,486]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E12AEFE75FB3A008B" box="[1155,1206,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrates a caterpillar and pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E17B7FE49FE700367" box="[410,508,497,522]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E17B7FE49FE700367" box="[410,508,497,522]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. agylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFBC925C16EAFDAEFF5E06EF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16EAFDAEFEB1038F" blockId="4.[151,1437,425,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFBC925E16EAFDAEFC200343" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272103" box="[199,940,533,558]" location="Nairobi" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kitui" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="E652887CFFBC925E16D0FDADFEA10343" box="[253,301,534,558]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E17EFFDADFDA30343" box="[450,559,533,558]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E17EFFDADFDA30343" box="[450,559,533,558]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFBC925E147AFDAEFD1F0343" box="[599,659,533,558]" country="Kenya" name="Kitui" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Kitui</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBC925E148FFDAEFD7D0343" box="[674,753,533,558]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="km" value="180.0">180km</quantity>
|
||
east of
|
||
<location id="3C366005FFBC925E157EFDAEFC200343" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFBC925C16BAFED9FF5E06EF:3C366005FFBC925E157EFDAEFC200343" box="[851,940,533,558]" name="Nairobi" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" stateProvince="Kitui">Nairobi</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFBC925E1597FDADFEC6031B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272106" collectorName="De Jong" country="Kenya" location="Voi" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFBC925E1597FDADFB8F0343" box="[954,1027,534,558]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E1238FDAEFB200343" author="Karsch" box="[1045,1196,533,558]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Karsch, F. (1896) Aethiopische hesperiiden. Entomologische Nachrichten, 22, 372 - 378." type="journal article" year="1896">Karsch 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E1297FDADFAEC0343" author="De" box="[1210,1376,534,558]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="De Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFBC925E1297FDADFA970343" box="[1210,1307,534,558]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">De Jong</collectorName>
|
||
1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), not Zanzibar as given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E17A3FD81FDA4033C" author="Evans" box="[398,552,569,593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E1419FD81FCE2033C" authority="Butler, 1898" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1898" box="[564,878,569,594]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bettoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1419FD81FD54033F" box="[564,728,569,594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Pyrgus bettoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E14CFFD82FCE2033C" author="Butler" box="[738,878,569,594]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Butler, A. G. (1898) On a collection of Lepidoptera made in British East Africa by Mr. C. S. Betton. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1898, 395 - 444, plate XXXII - XXXIII. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1898. tb 03161. x" type="book chapter" year="1898">Butler, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described from Maungu, southeast of
|
||
<location id="3C366005FFBC925E130AFD82FAC1033F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFBC925C16BAFED9FF5E06EF:3C366005FFBC925E130AFD82FAC1033F" box="[1319,1357,569,594]" country="Kenya" name="Voi" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Voi</location>
|
||
on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFBC925E16BAFDE6FE89031B" box="[151,261,605,630]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
|
||
Road
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFBC925E1778FDE5FEB1038F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272132" collectorName="De Jong" country="Kenya" location="Rift Valley" municipality="eastern Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFBC925E1778FDE5FE12031B" box="[341,414,606,630]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
is a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E1470FDE5FD4B031B" box="[605,711,605,630]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1470FDE5FD4B031B" box="[605,711,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species is quite widespread in dry forests of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="D932ACA4FFBC925E12D0FDE5FA10031B" box="[1277,1436,606,630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">eastern Kenya</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
extending into the
|
||
<location id="3C366005FFBC925E1741FD3AFE6403F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFBC925C16BAFED9FF5E06EF:3C366005FFBC925E1741FD3AFE6403F7" box="[364,488,641,666]" country="Kenya" municipality="eastern Kenya" name="Rift Valley" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Rift Valley</location>
|
||
(Magadi Road), while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E14DCFD39FC2E03F7" box="[753,930,642,666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="De Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article">
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFBC925E14DCFD39FCC303F7" box="[753,847,642,666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">De Jong</collectorName>
|
||
(1978)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also gives a record for Logichokio in northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFBC925E16FCFD1DFE9203D3" box="[209,286,678,702]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is one of the few entirely endemic Kenyan skippers, although its presence in neighbouring countries is not unlikely.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16EAFD56FD6A0223" blockId="4.[151,1437,425,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
Normally this is a rare species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E140AFD55FD3B026B" author="Larsen" box="[551,695,750,774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E14D6FD56FC59026B" author="Sevastopulo" box="[763,981,749,774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. [Concluded]. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
records it as uncommon on the outskirts of Makardara and Marere Forests, Shimba Hills. It tends to be found in small groups of two or three, although once I found it common in Kibwezi Forest (
|
||
<date id="4D57101EFFBC925E146AFC8DFD560223" box="[583,730,822,846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" value="1990-04-29">29 Apr 1990</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16EAFCE2FDC302D7" blockId="4.[151,1437,425,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E16EAFCE2FE19021F" bold="true" box="[199,405,857,882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Adult behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
Flight is low and rapid interspersed with resting on low vegetation and feeding at low flowers. I have seen a male use a dried grass inflorescence about
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBC925E1589FCC6FC6102F8" box="[932,1005,893,918]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
tall as a perch to defend a territory, returning for short periods to his perch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16EAFC7EFC5A0524" blockId="4.[151,1437,425,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFBC925E16EAFC7EFC5A0524" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272104" collectionCode="MJWC" collectorName="Food & Van Someren & Larsen & Diani Beach" location="Kibwezi Forest" municipality="Jadini Forest" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" specimenCode="MJWC 90" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E16EAFC7EFED702B3" bold="true" box="[199,347,965,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFBC925E16EAFC7EFE8802B3" box="[199,260,965,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Food</collectorName>
|
||
plants.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E174CFC7DFDC402B3" box="[353,584,966,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article">
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFBC925E174CFC7DFE7B02B3" box="[353,503,966,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Van Someren</collectorName>
|
||
(1974)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E14BCFC7EFD4F02B3" box="[657,707,965,990]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E14BCFC7EFD4F02B3" box="[657,707,965,990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Sida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. as the food plants in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFBC925E15CBFC7DFB9A02B0" box="[998,1046,966,989]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">East</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa, in which he is followed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFBC925E16BAFC51FEBB056F" author="Larsen" box="[151,311,1002,1026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFBC925E16BAFC51FF6F056C" box="[151,227,1002,1025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Larsen</collectorName>
|
||
(1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. I found the caterpillars on a patch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E14F4FC51FB94056F" box="[729,1048,1001,1026]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exappendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E14F4FC51FB94056F" box="[729,1048,1001,1026]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Hermannia exappendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the edge of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="D932ACA4FFBC925E1297FC52FAC6056C" box="[1210,1354,1001,1026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Jadini Forest</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
behind
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFBC925E16BAFBB6FEA8054B" box="[151,292,1037,1062]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Diani Beach</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFBC925E1718FBB5FE3C054B" box="[309,432,1038,1062]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFBC925E1718FBB5FE04054B" box="[309,392,1038,1062]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
90
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/109). The following account is based on this material. Similar caterpillars which I was unable to rear were twice found on the same food plant at
|
||
<location id="3C366005FFBC925E150FFB8AFC5E0524" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFBC925C16BAFED9FF5E06EF:3C366005FFBC925E150FFB8AFC5E0524" box="[802,978,1073,1098]" municipality="Jadini Forest" name="Kibwezi Forest" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" stateProvince="East">Kibwezi Forest</location>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16EAFBEEFB2904E0" blockId="4.[151,1437,425,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E16EAFBEEFE950503" bold="true" box="[199,281,1109,1134]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Ovum.</emphasis>
|
||
The ovum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFBC925E178CFBEEFD8E0503" box="[417,514,1109,1134]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1477,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1477,1814]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Three views of an ovum of Spialia kituina, collected on Hermannia exappendiculata, Diana Beach, 12 Dec 1990; MJWC 90 / 109. 1, dorsal view; 2, dorsolateral view; 3, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256599/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is laid on the abaxial surface of a young leaf, near the margin, or on the terminal, small young leaves. It may be that they are only laid on the youngest leaves, and those I have observed near the margin on the leaf abaxial surface were originally laid there but the leaf has expanded and opened subsequently. Although I believe it correctly identified, the ovum illustrated could be that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E1208FB79FB6A05B7" authority="Butler" authorityName="Butler" box="[1061,1254,1217,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1208FB79FB0E05B7" box="[1061,1154,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
(Butler)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also fed upon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E16F4FB5DFE340593" box="[217,440,1253,1278]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exappendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E16F4FB5DFE340593" box="[217,440,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">H. exappendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the same area. However, I have associated a slightly different ovum with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E1313FB5DFA100593" box="[1342,1436,1253,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1313FB5DFA100593" box="[1342,1436,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFBC925E16B3FAB2FE9F044F" box="[158,275,1289,1314]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="32.[151,250,936,958]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,447,911]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,447,911]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 27. Probably ovum of Spialia zebra bifida, collected on Hermannia sp., Kibwezi Forest, 7 Mar 1991; died; collected in association with caterpillars of S. zebra, but S. kituina also feeds on this host at this locality; MJWC 91 / 11. 1, dorsolateral view when relatively fresh; photographed 18 Mar; 2, dorsal view when dead; the caterpillar appears to have eaten part of the dorsal shell leaving the ridges and the black head is partially visible; photographed 28 Mar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256624/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Figure 27</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is more globular, with more continuous lateral ridges. The ovum treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E12DEFAB1FAED044F" box="[1267,1377,1289,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E12DEFAB1FAED044F" box="[1267,1377,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
here (MJWC 90/109) is
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBC925E1759FA96FE5D042B" box="[372,465,1325,1350]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="0.62">0.62mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, and has a series of irregular ridge-like protuberances in rows around the circumference, about 20 slightly above the base, a row of 18 above this, then of 14 and finally a circle of six around the micropyle. In some cases the ridges in successive rows run into each other, but often not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFBC925E16BAF895FCCD060E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256599/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" targetBox="[151,1436,1477,1814]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16BAF895FCCD060E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1838,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E16BAF895FE810629" bold="true" box="[151,269,1838,1860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Three views of an ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E141EF895FD4B0629" box="[563,711,1838,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E141EF895FD4B0629" box="[563,711,1838,1860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Spialia kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBC925E157BF88BFA850629" authority="Diana Beach" authorityName="Diana Beach" box="[854,1289,1838,1861]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exappendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E157BF88BFBFB0629" box="[854,1143,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Hermannia exappendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
, Diana Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 12 Dec 1990; MJWC 90/109.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1714F8F6FEC9060E" bold="true" box="[313,325,1869,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E17F8F8F6FE6E060E" bold="true" box="[469,482,1869,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">2</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E1486F8F6FD34060E" bold="true" box="[683,696,1869,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">3</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBC925E16EAF834FD54069D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1935,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBC925E16EAF834FEE606C5" bold="true" box="[199,362,1935,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
|
||
The leaf shelters are made by folding a leaf in half upwards and binding the edges together. Usually the whole leaf is used, but one shelter using the distal portion only was found. Older caterpillars seem to move onto younger leaves with successive shelters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBD925F16EAFF2CFDD30375" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBD925F16EAFF2CFEDD01DD" bold="true" box="[199,337,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
|
||
There appears to be five instars. In the final instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFBD925F15B6FF2CFC7101DD" box="[923,1021,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1700,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,579,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,579,1676]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Final instar caterpillar of Spialia kituina, collected on Hermannia exappendiculata, Diana Beach, 12 Dec 1990; moulted to final instar approximately 16 Dec; pupated 11 Jan 1991; MJWC 90 / 109 A. 1, dorsolateral view; photographed 20 Dec; 13 mm. 2, lateral view; photographed 27 Dec. 3, detail of head, anterolateral view; as # 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), the caterpillar head measures 2.1 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBD925F16BAFF07FF6A01B9" box="[151,230,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=3); dark brown, rugose, shiny; long, erect, pale, simple setae of about
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBD925F129FFF07FA9E01B8" box="[1202,1298,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35mm</quantity>
|
||
; similar, but dark setae on apices and less densely laterally; face from vertex to base of frons and almost to lateral edge with short, pale, recumbent, aciculate setae, except for a bare patch on each epicranium about one-quarter of the width of the face; these aciculate setae capture and hold white waxy powder at pupation. Pronotum concolorous with body, or paler; a very narrow slightly undulating dark line towards the posterior margin; about 20 long, pale, erect, simple setae. Body yellow-green, dorsal line and two lateral lines darker, scattered yellow-white dots; body covered with short, erect setae, bifurcate just before apex; anal plate with simple setae around margin; legs concolorous; spiracles inconspicuous. The caterpillar is superficially similar to others of the genus, but the uniform concolorous colouring of T1 (brown in the penultimate instar), is distinctive, lacking the contrasting white spots found in other species that I have reared.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFBD925F16BAF91FFBC1079A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" targetBox="[151,1436,579,1676]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBD925F16BAF91FFBC1079A" blockId="5.[151,1436,1700,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBD925F16BAF91FFE8207D7" bold="true" box="[151,270,1700,1722]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBD925F1409F91FFD3607D7" box="[548,698,1700,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBD925F1409F91FFD3607D7" box="[548,698,1700,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Spialia kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBD925F1560F91EFA8907D7" authority="Diana Beach" authorityName="Diana Beach" box="[845,1285,1700,1722]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exappendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBD925F1560F91EFBFC07D7" box="[845,1136,1700,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Hermannia exappendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
, Diana Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 12 Dec 1990; moulted to final instar approximately 16 Dec; pupated 11 Jan 1991; MJWC 90/109A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBD925F1239F978FBAD07B4" bold="true" box="[1044,1057,1731,1753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view; photographed 20 Dec; 13mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBD925F1737F95AFEAA079A" bold="true" box="[282,294,1761,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">2</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view; photographed 27 Dec.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBD925F14B3F95AFD27079A" bold="true" box="[670,683,1761,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterolateral view; as #2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBD925F16EAF89EFEDD069D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1828,2033]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
In the penultimate instar, the head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFBD925F147FF89FFD3F0650" box="[594,691,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,620,642]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,221,579]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,221,579]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Spialia kituina, collected on Hermannia exappendiculata, Diana Beach, 12 Dec 1990; photographed 13 Dec; moulted to final instar approximately 16 Dec; 11 mm; MJWC 90 / 109 A. 1, dorsolateral view. 2, head and thorax, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256601/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) measures 1.45 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBD925F1553F89FFC410650" box="[894,973,1828,1853]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2). A
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBD925F12EAF89FFAA80650" box="[1223,1316,1828,1853]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5mm</quantity>
|
||
caterpillar in the penultimate instar (MJWC 90/109) had the head brown, with long, pale, erect, simple setae, together with darker ones on apices and laterally; short, pale, recumbent, aciculate setae across face, except for a variable bare patch on each epicranium. Pronotum uniformly brown, except darker on posterior margin. Body dull yellow-green, dorsal line darker, dorsolateral and lateral lines lighter; scattered yellow dots and long, pale, erect setae, bifurcate just before apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFBE925C16BAFDD7FE4C03D2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256601/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" targetBox="[151,1436,221,579]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBE925C16BAFDD7FE4C03D2" blockId="6.[151,1436,620,703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C16BAFDD7FE8203EF" bold="true" box="[151,270,620,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
. Penultimate instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBE925C1445FDD7FD7103EF" box="[616,765,620,642]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C1445FDD7FD7103EF" box="[616,765,620,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Spialia kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBE925C15BDFDD6FACB03EF" authority="Diana Beach" authorityName="Diana Beach" box="[912,1351,620,642]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exappendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C15BDFDD6FB3E03EF" box="[912,1202,620,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Hermannia exappendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
, Diana Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 12 Dec 1990; photographed 13 Dec; moulted to final instar approximately 16 Dec; 11mm; MJWC 90/109A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C129DFD30FB3103CC" bold="true" box="[1200,1213,651,673]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C13A4FD30FA1903CC" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,651,673]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">2</emphasis>
|
||
, head and thorax, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBE925C16EAFD57FA1402F8" blockId="6.[151,1437,748,1169]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
The preceding two instars are similar. The head of the Ln-2 caterpillar measures 1.1 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C12A6FD56FB560268" box="[1163,1242,749,773]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=2), while that of the Ln-3 instar measures 0.8 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C1402FCAAFDF20244" box="[559,638,785,809]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=1). Given that the ovum is externally only
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C129CFCABFA810244" box="[1201,1293,784,809]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="0.62">0.62mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (above), there is probably only one earlier instar. The head of the Ln-2 caterpillar is brown rather than dark brown, and there are no dark setae and no area bare of aciculate setae on the face. The head of the Ln-3 caterpillar has rather uniform short, erect, pale setae. The smallest caterpillars feed upon the leaf upper surface and skeletonise it.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBE925C16EAFC1BFE5105FC" blockId="6.[151,1437,748,1169]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C16EAFC1BFE8002D4" bold="true" box="[199,268,928,953]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupa MJWC 90/109
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFBE925C17D6FC1AFD9C02D4" box="[507,528,929,953]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Figure 5.2) was
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C14F1FC1AFCAF02D4" box="[732,803,929,953]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="11.0">11mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C1541FC1AFC2A02D4" box="[876,934,929,953]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="3.0">3mm</quantity>
|
||
at widest; head, thorax and dorsal abdomen dark; appendages and abdomen ventrally translucent; lightly covered with white waxy powder; spiracle T1
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C16BAFC53FF7F056C" box="[151,243,1000,1025]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="0.76">0.76mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (dorso-ventrally),
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C1421FC52FDD6056C" box="[524,602,1001,1025]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4mm</quantity>
|
||
long (antero-posteriorly), dark and protruding, the posterior margin is a black fluted vertical wall of
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C17FEFBB6FDBE0548" box="[467,562,1037,1061]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.20mm</quantity>
|
||
, and the anterior portion slopes down to the surface of the pupa; a row of four wax-free patches dorsally on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFBE925C17C7FB8AFD8D0524" box="[490,513,1073,1097]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
1–3 giving a tessellated appearance; proboscis to end of wing sheaths; cremaster narrow; pupa covered with short, slender, pale, setae except on appendages; no brown plaques discernable. The pupal stage lasts 12–14 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFBE925C16BAF9DFFF5A07BB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256602/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" targetBox="[151,1436,1246,1583]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBE925C16BAF9DFFF5A07BB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1636,1750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C16BAF9DFFE990717" bold="true" box="[151,277,1636,1658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBE925C17BAF9DFFDA20717" box="[407,558,1636,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C17BAF9DFFDA20717" box="[407,558,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Spialia kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C14A2F9DFFD100717" bold="true" box="[655,668,1636,1658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBE925C1486F9DFFCC30717" box="[683,847,1636,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microgasterinae">Microgasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
cocoon reared from caterpillar, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBE925C1304F9DEFE2707F4" authority="Kibwezi" authorityName="Kibwezi" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exappendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C1304F9DEFEB207F4" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Hermannia exappendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
, Kibwezi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1 Apr 1989; 5mm; MJWC 89/29B.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C1577F938FCEB07F4" bold="true" box="[858,871,1667,1689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">2</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa, lateral view; collected as caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBE925C13AEF93FFE5907DA" authority="Diana Beach" authorityName="Diana Beach" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exappendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C13AEF93FFEB207DA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">H. exappendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
, Diana Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 12 Dec 1990; pupated 11 Jan 1991; photographed 20 Jan; adult 25 Jan; 11mm; MJWC 90/ 109A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFBE925C16EAF946FF5E06EF" blockId="6.[151,1436,1789,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFBE925C16EAF946FE1F067B" bold="true" box="[199,403,1789,1814]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
|
||
Two caterpillars collected at Kibwezi (MJWC 89/29) were parasitized by a solitary larval endoparasitoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFBE925C176EF89AFE700657" box="[323,508,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microgasterinae">Microgasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the larvae of which emerged from fifth instar host caterpillars to spin a
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFBE925C1304F89AFAE80657" box="[1321,1380,1825,1850]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="5.0">5mm</quantity>
|
||
long white cocoon in a very loose flocculence of white silk in the leaf shelter (Figure 5.1). The adult emerged after 11 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |