282 lines
30 KiB
XML
282 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48bd4e9c-4763-413e-8389-359c4c55bc8c" ID-PMC="PMC4768370" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-560-1" ID-PubMed="27006611" ID-ZBK="F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-560-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 560" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" checkinTime="1454620567459" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hamilton, Chris A., Hendrixson, Brent E. & Bond, Jason E." docDate="2016" docId="F65F4A9285D5C54B8E84670191490427" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 560: 1-340" docOrigin="ZooKeys 560" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" docTitle="Aphonopelma xwalxwal Hamilton, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="EDADFC4B-1113-4FD2-9BB5-DCC7329D435C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="257" masterDocId="FFAAA03F4F6CFFFEFF94FFF0FFBDFFE9" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="254" updateTime="1668162572149" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hamilton, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hendrixson, Brent E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>560</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>340</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-560-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884977" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EDADFC4B-1113-4FD2-9BB5-DCC7329D435C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F65F4A9285D5C54B8E84670191490427" lastPageId="256" lastPageNumber="257" pageId="253" pageNumber="254">
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<subSubSection pageId="253" pageNumber="254" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="253" pageNumber="254">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="253" pageNumber="254" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="253" pageNumber="254">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/EDADFC4B-1113-4FD2-9BB5-DCC7329D435C" authority="Hamilton" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="253" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal Hamilton</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="253" pageNumber="254">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 147, 148, 149
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="253" pageNumber="254" type="types">
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<paragraph pageId="253" pageNumber="254">Types.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="253" pageNumber="254">Male holotype (APH_3134) collected on Hwy S22 (Montezuma Valley Rd), 3.3 miles S junction with Palm Canyon Dr. (Borrego Springs), Anza-Borrego State Park, San Diego Co., California, 33.225633 -116.414633 1, elev. 1710ft., 4.x.2013, coll. Wendell Icenogle; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype male (APH_3133) from Hwy S22 (Montezuma Valley Rd), 4 miles S junction with Palm Canyon Dr. (Borrego Springs), Anza-Borrego State Park, San Diego Co., California, 33.224618 -116.424232 1, elev. 1935ft., 5.x.2013, coll. Wendell Icenogle; deposited in AMNH.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="253" pageNumber="254" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="253" pageNumber="254">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="253" pageNumber="254">
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The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referencing the word for "a type of small spider" in the language of the Cahuilla Native Americans, whose traditional territory includes the distribution of this species (from the Coachella Valley to Borrego Springs). Pronounced
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“hwalhwal”">"hwalhwal"</normalizedToken>
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; xw - sounds like a light raspy sound when blowing out a candle; a - sounds like
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“a”">"a"</normalizedToken>
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in father; l - sounds like
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“l”">"l"</normalizedToken>
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in light.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="254" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="253" pageNumber="254" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="253" pageNumber="254">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="254" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="253" pageNumber="254">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="253" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 147) is a member of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="253" pageNumber="254" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
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species group and can be distinguished by a combination of morphological, molecular, and geographic characteristics. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA identifies
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="253" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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as a phylogenetically distinct monophyletic lineage, supported as the sister lineage to the remaining members of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="253" pageNumber="254" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
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species group (Figs 7-8).
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="253" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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is the largest of the miniature
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma" order="Araneae" pageId="253" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphonopelma</taxonomicName>
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, and while they are very similar looking to
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma joshua" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joshua">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="254" pageNumber="255" start="start">Aphonopelma</pageBreakToken>
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joshua
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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are slightly larger and has a different mating period (fall versus summer).
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
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by its smaller size, general phenotypic appearance, and the extent of scopulation on metatarsus IV, and from all other members of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
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species group by locality. Like
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma joshua" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joshua">Aphonopelma joshua</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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possess unique stout setae on the sternum. The significant measurement that distinguishes male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species is F4. Male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a smaller F4/T4 (≤1.05; 1.00-1.05) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
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(≥1.14; 1.14-1.22),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma icenoglei" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="icenoglei">Aphonopelma icenoglei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (≥1.14; 1.14-1.18),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma joshua" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joshua">Aphonopelma joshua</taxonomicName>
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(≥1.07; 1.07-1.15), and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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(≥1.14; 1.14-1.24). Females of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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are unknown at this time, though juvenile males look very similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma joshua" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joshua">Aphonopelma joshua</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="254" pageNumber="255">
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<paragraph pageId="254" pageNumber="255">
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Figure 147.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. live photograph. Male paratype - APH_3133.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="255" lastPageNumber="256" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" type="description of male holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="254" pageNumber="255">Description of male holotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="255" lastPageNumber="256" pageId="254" pageNumber="255">
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(APH_3134; Fig. 148). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live crossing road, preserved in 80% ethanol; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and left pedipalp removed for measurements and photographs; stored in vial with specimen. Right legs II & III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL); missing leg IV right side. General coloration: Black. Cephalothorax: Carapace 10.49 mm long, 9.92 mm wide; densely clothed with black/faded black pubescence, slight iridescence, appressed to surface; fringe covered in long setae not closely appressed to surface; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region rises gradually from foveal groove on a straight plane towards the ocular area; AER procurved, PER slightly recurved; normal sized chelicerae; clypeus slightly extends forward on a curve; LBl 1.45, LBw 1.50; sternum hirsute, clothed with black, unique setae; setae are stout like
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae joshua" pageId="254" pageNumber="255" rank="species" species="joshua">joshua</taxonomicName>
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. Abdomen: Densely clothed in short black pubescence with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="254" pageNumber="255">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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) - smaller and distinct from large species; ventral setae same as dorsal. Legs: Hirsute; densely clothed with mostly short black setae, and numerous
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<pageBreakToken pageId="255" pageNumber="256" start="start">long</pageBreakToken>
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, stout spines throughout. Metatarsus I straight. F1 11.85; F1w 2.67; P1 4.80; T1 11.72; M1 10.68; A1 6.36; F3 10.49; F3w 3.30; P3 3.74; T3 9.92; M3 11.21; A3 6.05; F4 12.65; F4w 2.81; P4 4.19; T4 12.01; M4 14.37; A4 6.80; femur III is swollen. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 94.7%; leg IV (SC4) = 34.8%. No distinct ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III, though numerous medium stout setae throughout; five ventral, one prolateral, and two retrolateral spinose setae - one near the margin with the tibia, on metatarsus IV; three prolateral spinose setae and one ventral on tibia I; two megaspines present on the retrolateral tibia, at the apex of the mating clasper; two megaspines on either side of the apex on the retrolateral branch of the tibial apophyses. Coxa I: Prolateral surface covered by fine, hair-like setae. Pedipalps: Hirsute; densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs, with numerous longer ventral setae; one spinose seta at the apical, prolateral femur; one spinose seta on the prolateral patella; six prolateral spinose setae and two ventral on the palpal tibia, along with numerous medium stout setae throughout; PTl 6.382, PTw 1.744. When extended, embolus tapers with a curve to the retrolateral side; embolus slender, no keels; distinct dorsal and ventral transition from bulb to embolus.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="255" pageNumber="256">
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<paragraph pageId="255" pageNumber="256">
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Figure 148.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="255" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
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male holotype, APH_3134 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 4mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="255" pageNumber="256">
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Variation (5).Cl 8.389-10.491 (9.24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.36), Cw 7.387-9.92 (8.664
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.45), LBl 1.142-1.454 (1.24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.06), LBw 1.211-1.503 (1.361
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.06), F1 9.357-11.849 (10.398
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.43), F1w 2.233-2.672 (2.407
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.09), P1 3.656-4.797 (4.099
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.21), T1 8.907-11.723 (10.242
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.49), M1 7.681-10.68 (9.069
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.51), A1 4.786-6.363 (5.39
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.27), L1 length 34.436-45.412 (39.197
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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1.9), F3 7.71-10.492 (9.045
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.47), F3w 2.537-3.297 (2.854
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.13), P3 3.217-3.743 (3.398
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.1), T3 7.011-9.921 (8.28
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.49), M3 8.272-11.209 (9.72
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.5), A3 4.884-6.055 (5.419
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.22), L3 length 31.169-41.42 (35.861
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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1.74), F4 9.182-12.649 (10.644
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.59), F4w 2.179-2.81 (2.357
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.11), P4 3.471-4.192 (3.708
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.14), T4 9.03-12.006 (10.39
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.51), M4 11.074-14.367 (12.661
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.57), A4 5.047-6.798 (5.724
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.31), L4 length 38.048-50.012 (43.127
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.02), PTl 4.878-6.382 (5.53
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.25), PTw 1.309-1.744 (1.532
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), SC3 ratio 0.651-0.947 (0.773
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), SC4 ratio 0.348-0.485 (0.405
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), Coxa I setae = very thin tapered, F3 condition = swollen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="256" lastPageNumber="257" pageId="255" pageNumber="256" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="255" pageNumber="256">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="256" lastPageNumber="257" pageId="255" pageNumber="256">
|
||
United States: California: Riverside: Carrizo Creek,.25 miles S of Hwy 74 bridge, 4 miles S of Palm Desert or Hwy 111, 33.643993 -116.400317 4, 2572ft., [AUMS_3319, 27/3/1972, 1♂, W. Icenogle, AUMNH]; Deep Canyon, 33.669056 -116.367683 5, 699ft., [AUMS_2668, 23/10/1963, 1♂, E. Schlinger, AUMNH]; on Hwy 74, 2.5 miles S of Carrizo Creek bridge, 6.5 miles S of Palm Desert or Hwy 111, 33.627668 -116.40353 4, 2925ft., [AUMS_3318, 15/10/1976, 1♂, W. Icenogle, AUMNH]; P.L. Boyd Deep Canyon Reserve Center, 3.5 miles S of Palm Desert, 33.674866 -116.371261 4, 639ft., [AUMS_2670, 13/10/1969, 1♂, Saul Frommer, AUMNH]; P.L. Boyd Deep Canyon Reserve, 0.4 miles N of reserve station, 33.653477 -116.37419 4, 891ft., [AUMS_2348, 22/9/1995, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; P.L. Boyd Deep Canyon Reserve, 0.5 miles below reserve gate, 33.677408 -116.370109 4, 613ft., [AUMS_2345, 27/9/1995, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; P.L. Boyd Deep Canyon Reserve, 1.1 miles below reserve gate, 33.684368 -116.364817 4, 558ft., [AUMS_2352, 21/9/1995, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; P.L. Boyd Deep Can
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="256" pageNumber="257" start="start">yon</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Reserve, at reserve gate - North, 33.670726 -116.372949 4, 684ft., [AUMS_2344, 21/9/1995, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; P.L. Boyd-Deep Canyon Reserve, 0.2 miles below reserve gate, 33.586027 -116.276451 4, 613ft., [AUMS_3280, 27/9/1995, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; San Diego: Hwy S22 (Montezuma Valley Rd), 1.6 miles S junction with Palm Canyon Dr. (Borrego Springs), Anza-Borrego State Park, 33.2409 -116.403283 1, 1148ft., [APH_3132, 5/10/2013, 1♂, W. Icenogle, AUMNH]; Hwy S22 (Montezuma Valley Rd), 2.8 miles S junction with Palm Canyon Dr. (Borrego Springs), Anza-Borrego State Park, 33.231167 -116.411606 1, 1474ft., [APH_3130, 4/10/2013, 1♂, W. Icenogle, AUMNH]; Hwy S22 (Montezuma Valley Rd), 3.2 miles S junction with Palm Canyon Dr. (Borrego Springs), Anza-Borrego State Park, 33.225583 -116.413067 1, 1673ft., [APH_3131, 4/10/2013, 1♂, W. Icenogle, AUMNH]; Hwy S22 (Montezuma Valley Rd), 3.3 miles S junction with Palm Canyon Dr. (Borrego Springs), Anza-Borrego State Park, 33.225633 -116.414633 1, 1710ft., [APH_3134, 4/10/2013, 1♂, W. Icenogle, AUMNH]; Hwy S22 (Montezuma Valley Rd), 4 miles S junction with Palm Canyon Dr. (Borrego Springs), Anza-Borrego State Park, 33.224618 -116.424232 1, 1935ft., [APH_3133, 5/10/2013, 1♂, W. Icenogle, AMNH].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="257" type="distribution and natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="256" pageNumber="257">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="256" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presently known from only two areas along the foothills and mountains west of Palm Springs and Borrego Springs (Fig. 149). The species can be found inhabiting the Sonoran Basin and Range Level III Ecoregion, in particular this species appears to be restricted to the Western Sonoran Mountains and Western Sonoran Mountain Woodland and Shrubland.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in syntopy with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The breeding season, when mature males abandon their burrows in search of females, occurs during the fall (October).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="256" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="256" pageNumber="257">
|
||
Figure 149.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="257" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="256" pageNumber="257">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="256" pageNumber="257">
|
||
The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be restricted to the mountains and foothills on the eastern side of the Peninsular Ranges and San Jacinto Mountains. In historical collections, this species appears to have been collected somewhat infrequently. Based on our own fieldwork in search of females of this species, we found burrows to be incredibly difficult to find due to the steep, rocky nature of their habitat, and the harsh, dry environments that likely keeps them inactive for most of the year. The species is likely secure, but populations should be monitored due to the continued expansion of human activity and development in Southern California.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="257" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="256" pageNumber="257">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="256" pageNumber="257">
|
||
Other important ratios that distinguish males:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a larger T3/A3 (≥1.41; 1.41-1.64) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.35; 1.30-1.35),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma icenoglei" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="icenoglei">Aphonopelma icenoglei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.37; 1.24-1.37),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma joshua" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joshua">Aphonopelma joshua</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.37; 1.19-1.37), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.31; 1.21-1.31); by possessing a larger L4 scopulation extent (34%-48%) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5%-24%) and smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(62%-77%). Certain morphometrics have potential to be useful, though due to the amounts of variation, small number of specimens, and the small differences between species, no other are claimed to be significant at this time (see Suppl. material 2). During evaluation of PCA morphospace, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all other miniature species along PC1~2, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma joshua" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joshua">Aphonopelma joshua</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Interestingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
males also separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all other miniature species, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma joshua" order="Araneae" pageId="256" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joshua">Aphonopelma joshua</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in three-dimensional PCA morphospace (PC1~PC2~PC3). PC1, PC2, and PC3 explain ≥97% of the variation in all analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |