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<mods:title id="33A0B638A1E3DA14B8EF9BD30B3A593A">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BDDA7772069DF68502FEB2BA9D56F23C">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="51192D60551BB9D0552F4A4AA2FC30D0">Lim, Kelvin K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="88502B73FF74B899FF6B44867B990E4E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968109" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209661952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7968109" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF74B899FF6B44867B990E4E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF74B899FF6B44867B990E4E" lastPageId="239" lastPageNumber="240" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B898FF6B448678880B4E" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B44867BF50CA9" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[151,763,991,1018]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<heading id="5B0E2D09FF74B898FF6B44867BF50CA9" box="[151,763,991,1018]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FF6B44867B500CA9" ID-CoL="88D79" authority="(Daudin, 1803)" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[151,606,991,1018]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B448678A10CA9" bold="true" box="[151,431,991,1018]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</emphasis>
(Daudin, 1803)
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FD8044B97BF50CA9" bold="true" box="[636,763,992,1018]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Uncertain.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B435A78880B4E" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[151,390,1027,1053]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Annulated Sea Snake</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B898FF6B437F78240B13" box="[151,298,1062,1088]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="description">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B437F78240B13" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[151,298,1062,1088]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
(
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF74B898FF63437F782F0B13" box="[159,289,1062,1088]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="370.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-34@370.[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="370" captionText="FIGURE 26. A) Trimeresurus hageni, B)Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus, C)Tropidolaemus wagleri (male), D) Tropidolaemus wagleri (juvenile female), E) Tropidolaemus wagleri (adult female), F) Xenopeltis unicolor, G) Hydrophis cyanocinctus, and H) Hydrophis viperinus. Photographs by: Alex Figueroa [A–F], and Sanjaya Bandara [G–H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960373/files/figure.png" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Figure 26G</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B898FF6B431178760B30" box="[151,376,1096,1123]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B431178760B30" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[151,376,1096,1123]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B431178760B30" bold="true" box="[151,376,1096,1123]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FF6B4311781E0B31" box="[151,272,1096,1122]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B898FF0B43357D030AB7" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF0B43357BA20BD4" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[247,684,1132,1159]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF74B898FF0B43357BA20BD4" box="[247,684,1132,1159]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FF0B433578AB0BD5" box="[247,421,1132,1158]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF0B433578AB0BD5" box="[247,421,1132,1158]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Hydrus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FE3E43357BA60BD4" author="Cantor, T. E." box="[450,680,1132,1159]" page="1057" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1847">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FE3E43357BA60BD4" author="Cantor, T. E." box="[450,680,1132,1159]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" pagination="1026 - 1078" refId="ref294357" refString="Cantor, T. E. (1847 c) Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and islands, collected or observed by Theodore Cantor, Esq., M. D. Bengal Medical Service. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 16 (Part 2, No. 183), 1026 - 1078. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5057" type="journal article" year="1847">Cantor, 1847c: 1057</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF0B43D67B4D0B9F" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF74B898FF0B43D67B4D0B9F" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FF0B43D678CB0BFB" ID-CoL="3N889" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[247,453,1167,1193]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspera">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF0B43D678CB0BFB" box="[247,453,1167,1193]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Hydrophis aspera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FE1E43D67B9B0BFA" author="Gray, J. E." box="[482,661,1166,1193]" page="55" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1849">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FE1E43D67B9B0BFA" author="Gray, J. E." box="[482,661,1166,1193]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref309100" refString="Gray, J. E. (1849) Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees [of the British Museum], London. xv + 125 pp." type="book" year="1849">Gray, 1849: 55</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FD4443C97A6D0BFA" author="Gnther, A. C. L. G." box="[696,867,1167,1195]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref311975" refString="Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Ģnther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
: xxiv, 365.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FBFF43D77DD20BFA" author="Knight, C." box="[1027,1244,1166,1193]" page="154" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1867">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FBFF43D77DD20BFA" author="Knight, C." box="[1027,1244,1166,1193]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref318443" refString="Knight, C. (1867) Natural History, Or Second Division of The English Encyclopedia. Vol. IV. Bradbury, Evans, and Company, London, 1291 pp." type="book" year="1867">Knight, 1867: 154</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FB0243D7787C0B9F" author="Fayrer, J." page="21" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1871">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FB0243D7787C0B9F" author="Fayrer, J." pageId="238" pageNumber="239" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref304948" refString="Fayrer, J. (1871) The Thanatophidia of India. Indian Medical Gazette, 6 (2), 21 - 24." type="journal article" year="1871">Fayrer, 1871: 21</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF74B898FE6843EB78D20B9F" box="[404,476,1202,1228]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1920: 9.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF0B438C7DCB0BBC" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[247,1221,1236,1263]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF74B898FF0B438C7DCB0BBC" box="[247,1221,1236,1263]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FF0B438C78DB0BBD" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1895" box="[247,469,1237,1262]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Distira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocincta">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF0B438C78DB0BBD" box="[247,469,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Distira cyanocincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FE0E438D7BEA0BBD" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[498,740,1236,1262]" page="296" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FE0E438D7BEA0BBD" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[498,740,1236,1262]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref292500" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae and Viperidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp., 25 pls." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger, 1896: 296</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FCF9438D7ADA0BBC" author="Flower, S. S." box="[773,980,1236,1263]" page="892" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FCF9438D7ADA0BBC" author="Flower, S. S." box="[773,980,1236,1263]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" pagination="856 - 914" refId="ref305802" refString="Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1896">Flower, 1896: 892</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Ridley, 1899: 209.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF0B43AE7DA80A29" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF74B898FF0B43AE7DA80A29" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FF0B43AE7B040A42" ID-CoL="88D79" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[247,522,1271,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF0B43AE7B040A42" box="[247,522,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FDD443AE7A2C0A41" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[552,802,1271,1298]" page="185" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FDD443AE7A2C0A41" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[552,802,1271,1298]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref292615" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger, 1912: 185</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FCB943AE7D3A0A42" author="de Rooij, N." box="[837,1076,1271,1298]" page="237" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1917">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FCB943AE7D3A0A42" author="de Rooij, N." box="[837,1076,1271,1298]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref303264" refString="de Rooij, N. (1917) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. II. Ophidia. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xiv + 334 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10610" type="book" year="1917">de Rooij, 1917: 237</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Sworder, 1923: 68.—
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF74B898FAAD43AE7C960A42" box="[1361,1432,1271,1297]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1926: 56.—F.L.K. Lim &amp; M.T.-M. Lee, 1989: 97, 115.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FC1242437C200A66" author="Gopalakrishnakone, P." box="[1006,1326,1306,1333]" page="3" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FC1242437C200A66" author="Gopalakrishnakone, P." box="[1006,1326,1306,1333]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref308195" refString="Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1990) A Colour Guide to Dangerous Animals. Singapore University Press, Singapore, 156 pp." type="book" year="1990">Gopalakrishnakone, 1990: 3</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—K.K.P. Lim &amp; L.M. Chou, 1990: 54.—L.M.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FD0042647AB70A0B" author="Chou, L. M." box="[764,953,1341,1368]" page="153" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FD0042647AB70A0B" author="Chou, L. M." box="[764,953,1341,1368]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref297270" refString="Chou, L. M. (1993) A Guide to the Dangerous Marine Animals of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1993">Chou, 1993: 153</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—L.M.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FBE042647C180A0B" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." box="[1052,1302,1341,1368]" page="105" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FBE042647C180A0B" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." box="[1052,1302,1341,1368]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
Chou
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FB9C42677D970A04" box="[1120,1177,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994: 105
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FACB42647B370A29" author="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E." page="133" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FACB42647B370A29" author="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E." pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref315641" refString="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E. (2001) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project (Indonesian Institute of Sciences - Japan International Cooperation Agency - The Ministry of Forestry). The Gibbon Foundation and Institute of Technology, Bandung, 195 pp." type="book" year="2001">Iskandar &amp; Colijn, 2001: 133</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FDA042397A060A29" author="Das, I." box="[604,776,1376,1402]" page="320" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FDA042397A060A29" author="Das, I." box="[604,776,1376,1402]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 320</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FCD642397ADD0A29" author="Das, I." box="[810,979,1376,1402]" page="94" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FCD642397ADD0A29" author="Das, I." box="[810,979,1376,1402]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref300872" refString="Das, I. (2012 a) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 160 pp." type="book" year="2012">Das, 2012a: 94</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF74B898FC0942397DAF0A29" author="Das, I." box="[1013,1185,1376,1402]" page="112" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FC0942397DAF0A29" author="Das, I." box="[1013,1185,1376,1402]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref300966" refString="Das, I. (2018) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of Southeast Asia. 2 nd Edition. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 176 pp." type="book" year="2018">Das, 2018: 112</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF0B42DD7BE20ACE" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[247,748,1411,1437]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FF0B42DD78EF0ACE" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1907" box="[247,481,1412,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Disteira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocincta">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF0B42DD78EF0ACE" box="[247,481,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Disteira cyanocincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Stejneger, 1907: 428.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF0B42FF7D030AB7" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FF0B42FF7B1B0A93" authorityName="Wall" authorityYear="1921" box="[247,533,1446,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Leioselasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocincta">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF0B42FF7B1B0A93" box="[247,533,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Leioselasma cyanocincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—K.K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FCCE42FF7AD40A93" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[818,986,1446,1472]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 93</bibRefCitation>
, 149.—K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FAE042FF788F0AB0" author="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 148</bibRefCitation>
.—Wallach
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FDFA42937B310AB0" box="[518,575,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 366.—Chan-ard
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FCB342937A890AB0" box="[847,903,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015: 275.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B898FF6B42B57B1908D5" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B42B57BF90830" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B42B578050955" bold="true" box="[151,267,1516,1542]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Remarks.</emphasis>
Historically,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FE5A42B47B550955" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[422,603,1517,1542]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FE5A42B47B550955" box="[422,603,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">H. cyanocinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was known from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FCD042B57A900955" box="[812,926,1516,1542]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
from
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF74B898FC1942B47D8E0955" box="[997,1152,1516,1543]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
at NHMUK which
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FA9842B5784C097A" author="Gray, J. E." pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref309100" refString="Gray, J. E. (1849) Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees [of the British Museum], London. xv + 125 pp." type="book" year="1849">Gray (1849)</bibRefCitation>
described as a new species,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FD6141497A1E097A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[669,784,1552,1577]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspera">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FD6141497A1E097A" box="[669,784,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">H. aspera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the locality as ‘
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FBEA41567D98097A" box="[1046,1174,1551,1577]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
?’.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FB4841567C6D097A" author="Cantor, T. E." box="[1204,1379,1551,1577]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" pagination="1026 - 1078" refId="ref294357" refString="Cantor, T. E. (1847 c) Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and islands, collected or observed by Theodore Cantor, Esq., M. D. Bengal Medical Service. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 16 (Part 2, No. 183), 1026 - 1078. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5057" type="journal article" year="1847">Cantor (1847c)</bibRefCitation>
first reported
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FEA2416A7B18091F" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[350,534,1587,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FEA2416A7B18091F" box="[350,534,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">H. cyanocinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FD9C416B7BDC091F" box="[608,722,1586,1612]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
stating that it is rare based on catches in fishing nets, but no specimens were ever collected. Nonetheless, subsequent publications recognised the locality of
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FAD7410C7C93093C" box="[1323,1437,1621,1647]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
as valid (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FE9841207B0B09C1" author="Gnther, A. C. L. G." box="[356,517,1656,1684]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref311975" refString="Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Ģnther 1864</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FDE841217BA709C1" author="Flower, S. S." box="[532,681,1656,1682]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" pagination="856 - 914" refId="ref305802" refString="Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1896">Flower 1896</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FD4441217A7D09C1" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[696,883,1656,1682]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" refId="ref292615" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger 1912</bibRefCitation>
). No other specimens were ever collected aside from
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF74B898FEC841C278D509E6" box="[308,475,1691,1717]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
collected during Voris and Jeffries study. The specimens include two collected around Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca and
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF74B898FD0541E77AA1098B" box="[761,943,1726,1752]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
collected at Kangkar Fish Market from an unknown locality. Thus, we exclude these specimens as originating in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FBEB41B97D8709A9" box="[1047,1161,1760,1786]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(refer to “A note on sea snakes in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FE9F405A78D9084E" box="[355,471,1795,1821]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
” above). Additional specimens at LKCNHM were also taken from the South
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FAD7405A7C60084E" box="[1323,1390,1795,1821]" name="China" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">China</collectingCountry>
Sea by Voris and Jeffries. Lim &amp; Lee (1989) describe
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FCD2407E7AEA0813" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[814,996,1831,1856]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FCD2407E7AEA0813" box="[814,996,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">H. cyanocinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as common in Singapore’s waters, but provide no details on observations or records.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B40357B1908D5" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[151,535,1900,1927]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B4035782208D5" bold="true" box="[151,300,1900,1926]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Occurrence:</emphasis>
No credible records.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B899FF6B40D67B990E4E" lastPageId="239" lastPageNumber="240" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B40D67BBD08FA" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[151,691,1935,1962]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B40D67B0A08FA" bold="true" box="[151,516,1935,1961]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FF6B40D6781E08FA" box="[151,272,1935,1961]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Not Evaluated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B40EB7A2E089F" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[151,800,1970,1996]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B40EB78AF089F" bold="true" box="[151,417,1970,1996]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
Immediate priority, if discovered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B408C7BDB08BC" blockId="238.[151,1437,991,2032]" box="[151,725,2005,2032]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B408C78DC08BC" bold="true" box="[151,466,2005,2031]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
Least Concern [2010].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF75B899FF6B47CF789B0F86" blockId="239.[151,1436,150,286]" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF75B899FF6B47CF7AC00FE3" bold="true" box="[151,974,150,177]" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF75B899FF6B47CF7AC70FE3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688098" box="[151,969,150,177]" collectionCode="LKCNHM, NHMUK" country="Singapore" location="Museum" pageId="239" pageNumber="240" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF75B899FF6B47CF78160FE3" box="[151,280,150,176]" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF75B899FEBD47CE78A10FE2" box="[321,431,151,177]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="239" pageNumber="240" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
<location id="0526CCBEFF75B899FE4547CE7B2F0FE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF74B899FF6B44867B990E4E:0526CCBEFF75B899FE4547CE7B2F0FE2" box="[441,545,151,177]" country="Singapore" name="Museum" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">Museum</location>
specimens.
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF75B899FD4F47CF7A220FE3" box="[691,812,150,176]" name="Singapore" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(no locality)
</materialsCitation>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF75B899FC2B47CE78810F86" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688944" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Singapore" pageId="239" pageNumber="240" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="505F321EFF75B899FC2B47CE7D8C0FE2" box="[983,1154,151,177]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">BMNH 1946.1</specimenCode>
.9.19 (no date) [
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF75B899FACB47CE7C920FE2" box="[1335,1436,151,177]" pageId="239" pageNumber="240" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF75B899FEEA47E2788A0F87" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[278,388,187,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="239" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspera">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF75B899FEEA47E2788A0F87" box="[278,388,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">H. aspera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF75B899FF6B47867D060FAA" blockId="239.[151,1436,150,286]" box="[151,1032,222,249]" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF75B899FF6B47867AA60FAB" bold="true" box="[151,936,222,249]" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF75B899FEE2478678990FAA" box="[286,407,223,249]" name="Singapore" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens.
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF75B899FD6D47867A040FAA" box="[657,778,223,249]" name="Singapore" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(no locality):
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF75B899FC4C47867D0B0FAA" box="[944,1029,223,249]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="239" pageNumber="240" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF75B899FF6B465A7B990E4E" blockId="239.[151,1436,150,286]" box="[151,663,259,286]" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF75B899FF6B465A78880E4E" bold="true" box="[151,390,259,285]" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF75B899FF6B465A781E0E4E" box="[151,272,259,285]" name="Singapore" pageId="239" pageNumber="240">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
No published localities.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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