treatments-xml/data/03/BC/87/03BC87C2FF84FFC57968C15CFE2DFC32.xml

<document id="BBA56D27948757443FBA715776E518CD" ID-DOI="10.26515/rzsi/v122/i3/2022/167382" ID-ISSN="2581-8686" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13185726" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722611945357" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mondal, Jhimli &amp; Raghunathan, C." docDate="2022" docId="03BC87C2FF84FFC57968C15CFE2DFC32" docLanguage="en" docName="RecZoolSurvIndia.122.3.275-282.pdf" docOrigin="Records of the Zoological Survey of India 122 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:30C78A88DFAFB68AE5A0604D5A6B2FFB.3:RecZoolSurvIndia.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="30C78A88DFAFB68AE5A0604D5A6B2FFB" docStyleName="RecZoolSurvIndia.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Microcosmus bitunicatus F. Monniot &amp; C. Monniot 2001" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="281" masterDocId="FF85FFBAFF87FFC37A35C712FFB0FFF2" masterDocTitle="Addition of three Ascidian species to Indian waters from Andaman and Nicobar Islands" masterLastPageNumber="282" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="278" updateTime="1722664346981" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="1E44BD706FBC384299A5E84CAF482428">Addition of three Ascidian species to Indian waters from Andaman and Nicobar Islands</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8B1A350ADDDCA04A235F2126F561FEF0">Mondal, Jhimli</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C30F655FFF84FFC07968C15CFA6BF99A" box="[861,1499,1614,1641]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF84FFC07968C15CFA6BF99A" blockId="3.[861,1499,1614,1893]" box="[861,1499,1614,1641]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<heading id="D0E281B8FF84FFC07968C15CFA6BF99A" box="[861,1499,1614,1641]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF84FFC07968C15CFCC3F99A" bold="true" box="[861,883,1614,1640]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF84FFC079BAC15CFA6BF99A" ID-CoL="6RG47" authority="F. Monniot &amp; C. Monniot, 2001" authorityName="F. Monniot &amp; C. Monniot" authorityYear="2001" box="[911,1499,1614,1641]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitunicatus">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF84FFC079BAC15CFB1DF99B" bold="true" box="[911,1197,1614,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Microcosmus bitunicatus</emphasis>
F. Monniot &amp; C.
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B25FF84FFC07F47C15CFA6BF99A" author="Monniot, F. &amp; Monniot, C." box="[1394,1499,1614,1640]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" pagination="201 - 383" refId="ref4495" refString="Monniot, F. and Monniot, C. 2001. Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema, 23: 201 - 383." type="journal article" year="2001">Monniot,</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30F655FFF84FFC579BAC160FE2DFC32" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="281" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF84FFC079BAC160FC75F97E" blockId="3.[861,1499,1614,1893]" box="[911,965,1650,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">2001</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF84FFC079B0C184FA1BF8EF" blockId="3.[861,1499,1614,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF84FFC079B0C184FBD9F942" box="[901,1129,1686,1712]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B7D3C89FF84FFC07E48C184FA17F8EF" collectingDate="2016-08-05" collectionCode="ANRC" collectorName="Coll. &amp; Tamal Mondal &amp; Reg. No." country="India" county="District South Andaman" elevation="10" latitude="11.716766" location="North Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="92.75775" municipality="South Andaman" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">
<specimenCount id="9D13FD5DFF84FFC07E48C184FB71F943" box="[1149,1217,1686,1713]" count="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="generic">3 ex.</specimenCount>
:
<collectingCountry id="F3027644FF84FFC07EEDC184FAA5F942" box="[1240,1301,1686,1712]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49D1F836FF84FFC07F18C184FBA6F926" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="62CB4E58FF84FFC07E12C1A8FAFAF926" box="[1063,1354,1722,1748]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
District
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCEACAEFF84FFC07EBFC1A8FAFAF926" box="[1162,1354,1722,1748]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">South Andaman</collectingMunicipality>
</collectingCounty>
,
<location id="8ECA600FFF84FFC07F69C1A8FA67F927" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BC87C2FF84FFC57968C15CFE2DFC32:8ECA600FFF84FFC07F69C1A8FA67F927" box="[1372,1495,1722,1749]" country="India" county="District South Andaman" latitude="11.716766" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="92.75775" municipality="South Andaman" name="North Bay" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" stateProvince="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">North Bay</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE215013FF84FFC07968C1F2FC59F90E" box="[861,1001,1760,1788]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="43.006" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" precision="1" value="11.716766">11°43.006ʹN</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE215013FF84FFC079CEC1F2FB32F90E" box="[1019,1154,1760,1788]" degrees="92" direction="east" minutes="45.465" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" precision="1" value="92.75775">92°45.465ʹE</geoCoordinate>
,
<location id="8ECA600FFF84FFC07EA0C1CCFB6FF90A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BC87C2FF84FFC57968C15CFE2DFC32:8ECA600FFF84FFC07EA0C1CCFB6FF90A" box="[1173,1247,1758,1784]" country="India" county="District South Andaman" latitude="11.716766" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="92.75775" municipality="South Andaman" name="Depth" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" stateProvince="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Depth</location>
:
<quantity id="4CED9B31FF84FFC07EC5C1CDFA82F90B" box="[1264,1330,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" unit="m" value="10.0">
<elevation id="0038D1E7FF84FFC07EC5C1CDFA82F90B" box="[1264,1330,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
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,
<date id="FFAB1014FF84FFC07F70C1CCFA66F90A" box="[1349,1494,1758,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" value="2016-08-05">
<collectingDate id="EFEFE9FCFF84FFC07F70C1CCFA66F90A" box="[1349,1494,1758,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" value="2016-08-05">05. viii.2016</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26E05302FF84FFC07968C010FC26F8EE" box="[861,918,1794,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Coll.</collectorName>
:
<collectorName id="26E05302FF84FFC07995C010FBF3F8EE" box="[928,1091,1794,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Tamal Mondal</collectorName>
(
<collectorName id="26E05302FF84FFC07E64C011FB05F8EF" box="[1105,1205,1795,1821]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Reg. No.</collectorName>
: ZSI/
<collectionCode id="ED04AE11FF84FFC07EDAC011FA8BF8EF" box="[1263,1339,1795,1821]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">ANRC</collectionCode>
– 15345)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF84FFC679B0C035FDD2FF02" blockId="3.[861,1499,1614,1893]" lastBlockId="5.[160,798,214,528]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF84FFC079B0C035FBB7F8B2" box="[901,1031,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Description:</emphasis>
Collected specimens are
<quantity id="4CED9B31FF84FFC07F11C034FADFF8B3" box="[1316,1391,1830,1857]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
in length and
<quantity id="4CED9B31FF84FFC079B8C059FC66F897" box="[909,982,1867,1893]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" unit="cm" value="4.3">4.3 cm</quantity>
in width (
<figureCitation id="132E2A51FF84FFC07E70C058FB00F897" box="[1093,1200,1866,1893]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[161,237,1749,1775]" captionTargetBox="[309,1350,571,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-187@5.[307,1352,569,1722]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Microcosmus bitunicatus Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001. a. Preserved specimen. b. Double test. c. Dorsal tubercle. d. Branchial sac with folds. e. Gut loop and gonad in the body wall. f. Opening of gonad. (Abbreviation: DL: Dorsal Lamina, DT: Dorsal Tubercle, E: Endostyle, G: Gonad, GL: Gut loop, GO: Opening of Gonad, L: Liver, S: Stomach, T1: First Tunic/Outer tunic, T2: Second Tunic, each number is denoting each branchial fold), (Scale: c– 1mm; f– 5mm, 7.80x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185734/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
). The siphons are divergent from each other. The test is fully covered with muddy and sandy particles with few epibionts. The specimens were located under the boulder at the site of the shipwreck. The species was also searched in the reef area near the shipwreck, but it was not found. The specimen retains its muddy colour after fixation also. All the collected specimens have two tunics (
<figureCitation id="132E2A51FF83FFC779F7C1F5FB9FF8F3" box="[962,1071,1767,1793]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[161,237,1749,1775]" captionTargetBox="[309,1350,571,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-187@5.[307,1352,569,1722]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Microcosmus bitunicatus Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001. a. Preserved specimen. b. Double test. c. Dorsal tubercle. d. Branchial sac with folds. e. Gut loop and gonad in the body wall. f. Opening of gonad. (Abbreviation: DL: Dorsal Lamina, DT: Dorsal Tubercle, E: Endostyle, G: Gonad, GL: Gut loop, GO: Opening of Gonad, L: Liver, S: Stomach, T1: First Tunic/Outer tunic, T2: Second Tunic, each number is denoting each branchial fold), (Scale: c– 1mm; f– 5mm, 7.80x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185734/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figure 4b</figureCitation>
). The internal tunic was also covered by muddy and sandy sedimentation. It also has been found that the internal tunic is attached to the external one at the ventral side with a thick thread-like structure. The internal tunic is very thin and is of muddy colour.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6A665CFF83FFC77AB0C2EFFE45F96C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185732" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13185732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" startId="4.[133,209,1533,1559]" targetBox="[246,1359,224,1496]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF83FFC77AB0C2EFFACFF98F" blockId="4.[133,1459,1533,1695]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF83FFC77AB0C2EFFF5DF9EA" bold="true" box="[133,237,1533,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF83FFC77ACEC2ECFD65F9EA" authority="Hartmeyer, 1916" authorityName="Hartmeyer" authorityYear="1916" box="[251,725,1534,1560]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Cnemidocarpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichi">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF83FFC77ACEC2ECFDA1F9EA" box="[251,529,1534,1560]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Cnemidocarpa hemprichi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B25FF83FFC77822C2ECFD65F9EA" author="Hartmeyer, R." box="[535,725,1534,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" pagination="205 - 231" refId="ref3456" refString="Hartmeyer, R. 1916. Neue und alte Styeliden aus der Sammlung des Berliner Museums. Mitt zool Mus Berlin, 7: 205 - 231." type="journal article" year="1916">Hartmeyer, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF83FFC778EAC2ECFD42F9EA" bold="true" box="[735,754,1534,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">a.</emphasis>
Preserved specimen.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF83FFC779D0C2ECFC4AF9EA" bold="true" box="[997,1018,1534,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">b.</emphasis>
Branchial sac with folds.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF83FFC77F22C2ECFA9BF9EA" bold="true" box="[1303,1323,1534,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">c.</emphasis>
branchial tentacles.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF83FFC77B5CC10DFECFF9CB" bold="true" box="[361,383,1567,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">d.</emphasis>
Dorsal tubercle.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF83FFC77808C10DFDE1F9CB" bold="true" box="[573,593,1567,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">e.</emphasis>
Gut loop on the left side of the body along with gonad.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF83FFC77E8BC10DFB7EF9CB" bold="true" box="[1214,1230,1567,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">f.</emphasis>
Stomach. (Abbreviation: DL: Dorsal
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF83FFC77810C153FD1FF9A9" authority=", DT" authorityName="DT" box="[549,687,1601,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Lamina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamina, DT</taxonomicName>
: Dorsal Tubercle, E: Endostyle, EC: Endocarp, G: Gonad, S: Stomach, each number denoting each branchial fold), (Scale: b– 2mm, 9.08x; c– 1mm; d– 500μm, 42.7x; e– 2mm,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF83FFC77ACEC196FE45F96C" blockId="4.[133,1459,1533,1695]" box="[251,501,1668,1695]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">13.5x; f– 1mm, 27.2x).</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF82FFC67AFDC7E8FB7EFEE6" blockId="5.[160,798,214,528]" lastBlockId="5.[861,1499,214,528]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
Body musculature is strong and pyurid
<typeStatus id="54AE8876FF82FFC67891C7E8FD67FEE6" box="[676,727,250,276]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
. Both siphons are with strong longitudinal muscles. The prepharyngeal area is papillated. 20 tentacles are arranged in three-sized order. All the tentacles follow 3
<superScript id="7C609B9CFF82FFC678F0C677FD63FE81" attach="left" box="[709,723,357,371]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">rd</superScript>
order branching pattern. The dorsal lamina is a smooth and thin membranous structure. The dorsal tubercle is horseshoe shaped with in-rolled coiled horns (
<figureCitation id="132E2A51FF82FFC678E6C6C0FF0DFDE2" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[161,237,1749,1775]" captionTargetBox="[309,1350,571,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-187@5.[307,1352,569,1722]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Microcosmus bitunicatus Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001. a. Preserved specimen. b. Double test. c. Dorsal tubercle. d. Branchial sac with folds. e. Gut loop and gonad in the body wall. f. Opening of gonad. (Abbreviation: DL: Dorsal Lamina, DT: Dorsal Tubercle, E: Endostyle, G: Gonad, GL: Gut loop, GO: Opening of Gonad, L: Liver, S: Stomach, T1: First Tunic/Outer tunic, T2: Second Tunic, each number is denoting each branchial fold), (Scale: c– 1mm; f– 5mm, 7.80x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185734/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Figure 4c</figureCitation>
). The branchial sac has six folds on each side of the body (
<figureCitation id="132E2A51FF82FFC6799EC7C4FB94FF02" box="[939,1060,214,240]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[161,237,1749,1775]" captionTargetBox="[309,1350,571,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-187@5.[307,1352,569,1722]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Microcosmus bitunicatus Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001. a. Preserved specimen. b. Double test. c. Dorsal tubercle. d. Branchial sac with folds. e. Gut loop and gonad in the body wall. f. Opening of gonad. (Abbreviation: DL: Dorsal Lamina, DT: Dorsal Tubercle, E: Endostyle, G: Gonad, GL: Gut loop, GO: Opening of Gonad, L: Liver, S: Stomach, T1: First Tunic/Outer tunic, T2: Second Tunic, each number is denoting each branchial fold), (Scale: c– 1mm; f– 5mm, 7.80x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185734/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Figure 4d</figureCitation>
). 10 stigmata are present per mesh. Parastigmatic vessels are present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF82FFC679B0C60CFBDEFEAE" blockId="5.[861,1499,214,528]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Branchial formula: DL 3 (26) 6 (27) 4 (22) 4 (21) 3 (21) 4 (16) 1 E (left side)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF82FFC579B0C674FE32FECA" blockId="5.[861,1499,214,528]" lastBlockId="6.[133,771,214,960]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="281" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
Gut forms a loop (
<figureCitation id="132E2A51FF82FFC67E65C674FB0DFE72" box="[1104,1213,358,384]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[161,237,1749,1775]" captionTargetBox="[309,1350,571,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-187@5.[307,1352,569,1722]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Microcosmus bitunicatus Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001. a. Preserved specimen. b. Double test. c. Dorsal tubercle. d. Branchial sac with folds. e. Gut loop and gonad in the body wall. f. Opening of gonad. (Abbreviation: DL: Dorsal Lamina, DT: Dorsal Tubercle, E: Endostyle, G: Gonad, GL: Gut loop, GO: Opening of Gonad, L: Liver, S: Stomach, T1: First Tunic/Outer tunic, T2: Second Tunic, each number is denoting each branchial fold), (Scale: c– 1mm; f– 5mm, 7.80x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185734/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Figure 4e</figureCitation>
). The hepatic lobe is large with parallel glandular ridges which consist of small papillae. The anus is bilobed and smooth bordered. Gonad consists of three blocks-like structures on both side of the body, on left the first lobe is enclosed inside the gut loop. Gonoduct is short. A gonoduct opening is a simple hole, with a membrane-like structure, that opens at the base of the siphon (
<figureCitation id="132E2A51FF81FFC57B3CC60CFEC5FECA" box="[265,373,286,312]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[161,237,1749,1775]" captionTargetBox="[309,1350,571,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-187@5.[307,1352,569,1722]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Microcosmus bitunicatus Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001. a. Preserved specimen. b. Double test. c. Dorsal tubercle. d. Branchial sac with folds. e. Gut loop and gonad in the body wall. f. Opening of gonad. (Abbreviation: DL: Dorsal Lamina, DT: Dorsal Tubercle, E: Endostyle, G: Gonad, GL: Gut loop, GO: Opening of Gonad, L: Liver, S: Stomach, T1: First Tunic/Outer tunic, T2: Second Tunic, each number is denoting each branchial fold), (Scale: c– 1mm; f– 5mm, 7.80x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185734/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Figure 4f</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6A665CFF82FFC67A94C1C7FDC8F884" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185734" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13185734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185734/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" startId="5.[161,237,1749,1775]" targetBox="[309,1350,571,1720]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF82FFC67A94C1C7FDC8F884" blockId="5.[161,1499,1749,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF82FFC67A94C1C7FEB8F91D" bold="true" box="[161,264,1749,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF82FFC67B20C1C4FCE7F902" authority="Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001" authorityName="F. Monniot &amp; C. Monniot" authorityYear="2001" box="[277,855,1750,1776]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitunicatus">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF82FFC67B20C1C4FD95F902" box="[277,549,1750,1776]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Microcosmus bitunicatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B25FF82FFC6781EC1C4FCE7F902" author="Monniot, F. &amp; Monniot, C." box="[555,855,1750,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" pagination="201 - 383" refId="ref4495" refString="Monniot, F. and Monniot, C. 2001. Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema, 23: 201 - 383." type="journal article" year="2001">Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF82FFC67954C1C4FCC5F902" bold="true" box="[865,885,1750,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">a.</emphasis>
Preserved specimen.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF82FFC67E52C1C4FBCCF902" bold="true" box="[1127,1148,1750,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">b.</emphasis>
Double test.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF82FFC67F25C1C4FA93F902" bold="true" box="[1296,1315,1750,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">c.</emphasis>
Dorsal tubercle.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF82FFC67B3BC1E5FE94F8E3" bold="true" box="[270,292,1783,1809]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">d.</emphasis>
Branchial sac with folds.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF82FFC67874C1E5FDE4F8E3" bold="true" box="[577,596,1783,1809]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">e.</emphasis>
Gut loop and gonad in the body wall.
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF82FFC67E35C1E5FBA0F8E3" bold="true" box="[1024,1040,1783,1809]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">f.</emphasis>
Opening of gonad. (Abbreviation: DL: Dorsal
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF82FFC67B6AC00BFE59F8C1" authority=", DT" authorityName="DT" box="[351,489,1817,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Lamina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamina, DT</taxonomicName>
: Dorsal Tubercle, E: Endostyle, G: Gonad, GL: Gut loop, GO: Opening of Gonad, L: Liver, S: Stomach, T1: First Tunic/Outer tunic, T2: Second Tunic, each number is denoting each branchial fold), (Scale: c– 1mm; f– 5mm, 7.80x).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF81FFC57A98C650FD27FCA6" blockId="6.[133,771,214,960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF81FFC57A98C650FEA4FEAE" box="[173,276,322,348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Remarks:</emphasis>
The closest species to
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF81FFC57846C651FF4FFE72" authorityName="F. Monniot &amp; C. Monniot" authorityYear="2001" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitunicatus">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF81FFC57846C651FF4FFE72" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Microcosmus bitunicatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF81FFC57B02C675FDD5FE72" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1906" box="[311,613,359,384]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manaarensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF81FFC57B02C675FDD5FE72" box="[311,613,359,384]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Microcosmus manaarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which also has two layers of tunics. But the tunics of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF81FFC57846C699FEA1FE3A" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1906" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mannarensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF81FFC57846C699FEA1FE3A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Microcosmus mannarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contain one normal internal tunic and the external one is made up of a network of ramified hairs shielded by sediment agglomeration (Monniot F. and Monniot C., 2001). The internal tunic is linked to the external one with the tunic vessels as stated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B25FF81FFC57895C52CFED9FD8E" author="Monniot, F. &amp; Monniot, C." pageId="6" pageNumber="281" pagination="133 - 279" refId="ref4464" refString="Monniot, F. and Monniot, C. 1996. New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and southeastern Asia. Micronesica, 29: 133 - 279." type="journal article" year="1996">Monniot and Monniot (1996)</bibRefCitation>
. In 1996, Monniot F. and Monniot C. examined the species from the
<collectingCountry id="F3027644FF81FFC57BD3C594FDD4FD52" box="[486,612,646,672]" name="Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Philippines</collectingCountry>
but identified it as
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF81FFC57AF7C5B9FE59FD36" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1906" box="[194,489,683,708]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mannarensis">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF81FFC57AF7C5B9FE59FD36" box="[194,489,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Microcosmus mannarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in 2001 they confirmed that the specimen was wrongly identified after obtaining the second specimen, and they described both specimens as new species, which they named
<taxonomicName id="4C154D57FF81FFC57846C405FD23FCA6" authority="(Monniot F. and Monniot C., 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Monniot F. and Monniot C." baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitunicatus">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF81FFC57846C405FF4FFCA6" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Microcosmus bitunicatus</emphasis>
(Monniot F. and Monniot C., 2001)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36D4FF81FFC57A98C44CFE2DFC32" blockId="6.[133,771,214,960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF81FFC57A98C44CFE32FC8A" box="[173,386,862,888]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">
Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="F3027644FF81FFC57B7DC44CFE32FC8A" box="[328,386,862,888]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">India</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingRegion id="49D1F836FF81FFC57BA2C44CFCB2FC8A" box="[407,770,862,888]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="132E2A51FF81FFC57AB8C490FF47FC6E" box="[141,247,898,924]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[368,444,1884,1910]" captionTargetBox="[347,1315,653,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-126@1.[319,1340,626,1857]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Study areas of Andaman and Nicobar Islands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13185728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13185728/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Figure 1</figureCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B961EAC6FF81FFC57B29C490FE38FC6E" box="[284,392,898,924]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Elsewhere</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="F3027644FF81FFC57B97C490FD90FC6E" box="[418,544,898,924]" name="Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="281">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(Monniot F. and Monniot C., 1996, 2001).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>