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<mods:title id="A4294A26B7512926B966F6D3EEED0D3E">The fast-running flies (Diptera, Hybotidae, Tachydromiinae) of Singapore and adjacent regions</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="93199CE5A611804F65233CCE4EC9C395">Grootaert, Patrick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5E459360CF09F54BC2B65DE911A9EBED">Shamshev, Igor V.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C154D375D24FFFFFE36BDE5323783C1" ID-CoL="393DG" authority="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007" authorityName="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert" authorityYear="2007" box="[488,1100,644,671]" class="Insecta" family="Hybotidae" genus="Elaphropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D24FFFFFE36BDE5349783C1" bold="true" box="[488,748,644,671]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Elaphropeza modesta</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFD12BDC83513839A" blockId="98.[488,1100,644,708]" box="[716,872,681,708]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<figureCitation id="132E2A315D24FFFFFD12BDC83513839A" box="[716,872,681,708]" captionStart="Figs 148-151" captionStartId="99.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[198,1376,977,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[189,1398,950,1890]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="Figs 148-151. Elaphropeza modesta Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007, ♂. 148. postpedicel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 149. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 150. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 151. left surstylus, lateral view. (after Shamshev &amp; Grootaert 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3723746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3723746/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Figs 148-151</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFF63BD8A32788258" blockId="98.[189,1027,747,840]" box="[189,1027,747,774]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB05119A5D24FFFFFF63BD8A32788258" box="[189,1027,747,774]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<treatmentCitation id="0AB410A55D24FFFFFF63BD8A352D8258" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5086816" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5086816" author="Shamshev, I. V. &amp; Grootaert P." box="[189,854,747,774]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0697AFFBBFF8A9CC0C2628854F825" page="105" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" year="2007">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D375D24FFFFFF63BD8A352D8258" ID-CoL="393DG" authority="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007: 105" authorityName="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="2007" box="[189,854,747,774]" class="Insecta" family="Hybotidae" genus="Elaphropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D24FFFFFF63BD8A37C0825B" box="[189,443,747,773]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Elaphropeza modesta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B455D24FFFFFE1CBD8A352D8258" author="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert" box="[450,854,747,774]" firstAuthor="Shamshev" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref70681" refString="Shamshev, I. V. &amp; Grootaert P. 2007. Revision of the genus Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Oriental Region, with a special attention to the fauna of Singapore. Zootaxa 1488: 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="2007">Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007: 105</bibRefCitation>
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(female only).
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<emphasis id="B961EAA65D24FFFFFF63BC4F374D8216" bold="true" box="[189,310,814,840]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFF63BC3C331482C5" blockId="98.[189,1398,861,990]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Occiput black, antenna entirely yellow with postpedicel about 2.5 times longer than wide; thorax with scutum and metanotum dark brown; legs with tarsomere 5 black, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30F653F5D24FFFFFF63BCA537358280" box="[189,334,964,990]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFF63BCA537358280" blockId="98.[189,1398,861,990]" box="[189,334,964,990]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D24FFFFFF63BCA537358280" bold="true" box="[189,334,964,990]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Description</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B961EAA65D24FFFFFF34BC9537518550" bold="true" box="[234,298,1012,1038]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFF63BB763799856C" blockId="98.[189,723,1012,1110]" box="[189,482,1047,1074]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">(previously undescribed)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFF63BB5D34A88508" blockId="98.[189,723,1012,1110]" box="[189,723,1084,1110]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
LENGTH. Body 3.1-3.0 mm, wing 
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.
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HEAD. Occiput black. Anterior ocellars long, proclinate; posterior ocellars minute. Inner verticals long, outer verticals shorter. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="132E2A315D24FFFFFD96BBC334D485E3" box="[584,687,1186,1213]" captionStart="Figs 148-151" captionStartId="99.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[198,1376,977,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[189,1398,950,1890]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="Figs 148-151. Elaphropeza modesta Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007, ♂. 148. postpedicel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 149. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 150. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 151. left surstylus, lateral view. (after Shamshev &amp; Grootaert 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3723746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3723746/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Fig. 148</figureCitation>
) entirely yellow (appearing somewhat darker subapically). Pedicel with circlet of subequally short setulae. Postpedicel about 2.5 times longer than wide. Stylus normally pubescent, brown, about 1.5 times longer than postpedicel and nearly as long as scape, pedicel and postpedicel combined. Palpus yellow, small, rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFF63BA333409877F" blockId="98.[189,1399,1361,1569]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">THORAX. Almost entirely yellow, only scutellum and metanotum dark brown. Prothoracic episternum lacking long upturned bristle just above fore coxa, with 1-2 very short bristles in upper part. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2-3 notopleurals (2 longer and stronger), 1-2 shorter postsutural supra-alar, 1 long postalar and 4 scutellars (apical pair very long, cruciate; lateral pair minute). Acrostichals and dorsocentrals undifferentiated, scutum evenly covered with short uniform setulae (except 2 pairs of long prescutellars).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFF63B9283253863E" blockId="98.[189,1399,1608,1888]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">LEGS. Quite robust, almost entirely yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs black. Coxae and trochanters with unmodified setation. Fore femur somewhat thickened, with rows of short anteroventral and posteroventral bristles, 2 longer pale setae near base and 1 strong brownish subapical bristle posteriorly. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles (except subapicals). Mid femur with rows (3 basally otherwise 2) of spinulelike, short ventral setae. Mid tibia with slightly prominent ventral spinules, lacking subapical, black claw-like spine and prominent bristles (except subapicals). Hind femur with row of short anteroventral setae and about 4 short erect dorsal setae near base. Hind tibia bearing 1 anterodorsal bristle, with slightly prominent, rounded apical projection. Tarsi of all legs unmodified.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D24FFFFFF63B8E8326586B5" blockId="98.[189,1398,1928,2027]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
WING. Uniformly finely infuscate. Costal index: 55/37/36/16. R 
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and M 
<subScript id="179134F15D24FFFFFBF9B8FB323986F6" attach="left" box="[1063,1090,1946,1960]" fontSize="6" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">1+2</subScript>
somewhat divergent near wing apex, both straight. Crossvein bm-cu transverse. Crossvein r-m near middle of cell bm. Calypter brownish yellow, with several long concolorous setae. Halter pale yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D25FFFEFF63BE6D35E780EC" blockId="99.[189,1398,267,435]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">ABDOMEN. Tergite 1 entirely pale yellow. Tergites 2 and 3 brownish, of subequal width viewed dorsally, deeply concave anteriorly and divided along midline; with unmodified setation. Tergite 4 broadest, dark brown, with numerous squamiform setae. Tergite 5 very narrow, concolorous with tergite 4, bearing squamiform setae. Tergites 6 and 7 brownish yellow, tergite 6 with numerous rather short posteromarginal bristles, tergite 7 with numerous long posteromarginal bristles.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D25FFFEFF63BEBB330C8250" blockId="99.[189,1399,473,782]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
TERMINALIA. Rather large, left surstylus dark brown, right epandrial lamella yellowish brown apically and yellow basally (
<figureCitation id="132E2A315D25FFFEFEA4BE9C34678346" box="[378,540,509,536]" captionStart="Figs 148-151" captionStartId="99.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[198,1376,977,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[189,1398,950,1890]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="Figs 148-151. Elaphropeza modesta Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007, ♂. 148. postpedicel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 149. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 150. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 151. left surstylus, lateral view. (after Shamshev &amp; Grootaert 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3723746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3723746/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Figs 149-151</figureCitation>
). Cerci narrowly fused; right cercus short, digitiform, with several short setae, lacking spines; left cercus unbranched, short, digitiform, with several setae of different lengths, lacking spines. Epandrium completely divided. Right surstylus not prominent. Right epandrial lamella subrectangular (
<figureCitation id="132E2A315D25FFFEFEA5BD07379983DE" box="[379,482,614,640]" captionStart="Figs 148-151" captionStartId="99.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[198,1376,977,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[189,1398,950,1890]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="Figs 148-151. Elaphropeza modesta Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007, ♂. 148. postpedicel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 149. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 150. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 151. left surstylus, lateral view. (after Shamshev &amp; Grootaert 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3723746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3723746/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 149</figureCitation>
), with short, digitiform apical projection, covered with numerous moderately long setae longer along ventral margin. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 3 moderately long setae apically. Left surstylus (
<figureCitation id="132E2A315D25FFFEFD8DBDCC34CD8396" box="[595,694,685,712]" captionStart="Figs 148-151" captionStartId="99.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[198,1376,977,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[189,1398,950,1890]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="Figs 148-151. Elaphropeza modesta Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007, ♂. 148. postpedicel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 149. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 150. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 151. left surstylus, lateral view. (after Shamshev &amp; Grootaert 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3723746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3723746/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 151</figureCitation>
) with upper lobe large, broadly ovate, with scattered setulae on outer face but bearing some moderately long setae on inner face and several short strong setae near base dorsally. Hypandrium with 2 long setae apically. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D25FFFEFF34BC54373E8211" blockId="99.[189,877,821,883]" box="[234,325,821,847]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D25FFFEFF34BC54373E8211" bold="true" box="[234,325,821,847]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Female</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D25FFF9FF63BC3937D1807B" blockId="99.[189,877,821,883]" lastBlockId="100.[189,426,267,293]" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
See full description in 
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. 
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<emphasis id="B961EAA65D22FFF9FF63BE6A37D1807B" bold="true" box="[189,426,267,293]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B961EAA65D25FFFEFF63B8EB371F86FA" bold="true" box="[189,356,1930,1956]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Figs 148-151.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C154D375D25FFFEFEB0B8EB35A186FA" authority="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert, 2007" authorityName="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert" authorityYear="2007" box="[366,986,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Hybotidae" genus="Elaphropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D25FFFEFEB0B8EB341586FA" box="[366,622,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Elaphropeza modesta</emphasis>
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, ♂. 
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D25FFFEFBD1B8EB324086FA" bold="true" box="[1039,1083,1930,1956]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">148</emphasis>
. postpedicel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D25FFFEFE63B8CC37928699" bold="true" box="[445,489,1965,1991]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">149</emphasis>
. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D25FFFEFC78B8CC35A98699" bold="true" box="[934,978,1965,1991]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">150</emphasis>
. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D25FFFEFF63B8B0369286B5" bold="true" box="[189,233,2001,2027]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">151</emphasis>
. left surstylus, lateral view. (after 
<bibRefCitation id="EF844B455D25FFFEFDA4B8B035AB86B5" author="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert" box="[634,976,2001,2027]" firstAuthor="Shamshev" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref70681" refString="Shamshev, I. V. &amp; Grootaert P. 2007. Revision of the genus Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Oriental Region, with a special attention to the fauna of Singapore. Zootaxa 1488: 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="2007">Shamshev &amp; Grootaert 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D22FFF9FF63BE5B356B80C2" blockId="100.[189,1399,314,412]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<collectingCountry id="F30276245D22FFF9FF63BE5B371D800A" box="[189,358,314,340]" name="Singapore" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">SINGAPORE</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCount id="9D13FD3D5D22FFF9FEACBE5B37CC800B" box="[370,439,314,341]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
, Semakau (SMK05), 
<date id="FFAB10745D22FFF9FD67BE5B3520800A" box="[697,859,314,341]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="2009-05-13">13 May 2009</date>
, mangrove, Mal. (reg. 29068, leg. P.G.); 
<specimenCount id="9D13FD3D5D22FFF9FA9CBE5B330A800B" box="[1346,1393,314,341]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, Semakau (SMK02), 
<date id="FFAB10745D22FFF9FE6DBE3F343C8026" box="[435,583,350,376]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="2009-06-03">3 June 2009</date>
, mangrove, Mal. (reg. 29141, leg. P.G.); 
<specimenCount id="9D13FD3D5D22FFF9FBEABE3F32198026" box="[1076,1122,350,376]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, Semakau (SMK03), 
<date id="FFAB10745D22FFF9FAB6BE3F374380C2" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="2009-06-03">3 June 2009</date>
, mangrove, Mal. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.).
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C30F653F5D22FFF9FF63BEA537478353" box="[189,342,452,525]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D22FFF9FF63BEA5372D8080" blockId="100.[189,342,452,525]" box="[189,342,452,478]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<heading id="D0E281D85D22FFF9FF63BEA5372D8080" bold="true" box="[189,342,452,478]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D22FFF9FF63BEA5372D8080" bold="true" box="[189,342,452,478]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D22FFF9FF63BE9237478353" blockId="100.[189,342,452,525]" box="[189,316,499,525]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<collectingCountry id="F30276245D22FFF9FF63BE9237438353" box="[189,312,499,525]" name="Singapore" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Singapore</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F653F5D22FFF9FF63BD5435AE83FC" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D22FFF9FF63BD54342E8311" blockId="100.[189,1398,565,675]" box="[189,597,565,591]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<heading id="D0E281D85D22FFF9FF63BD54342E8311" bold="true" box="[189,597,565,591]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D22FFF9FF63BD54342E8311" bold="true" box="[189,597,565,591]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Habitat and seasonal occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D22FFF9FF63BD0535AE83FC" blockId="100.[189,1398,565,675]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
This a rare mangrove species, previously known only from Chek 
<collectingRegion id="49D1F8565D22FFF9FC62BD0435818321" box="[956,1018,613,639]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Jawa</collectingRegion>
. Currently it is also known from Semakau, with collection records from March, May and December.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F653F5D22FFF9FF63BDAA35E7824A" box="[189,924,715,788]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D22FFF9FF63BDAA375483BB" blockId="100.[189,924,715,788]" box="[189,303,715,741]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<heading id="D0E281D85D22FFF9FF63BDAA375483BB" bold="true" box="[189,303,715,741]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D22FFF9FF63BDAA375483BB" bold="true" box="[189,303,715,741]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36B45D22FFF9FF63BD9B35E7824A" blockId="100.[189,924,715,788]" box="[189,924,762,788]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
The male sex of 
<taxonomicName id="4C154D375D22FFF9FE5EBD9A3478824A" authorityName="Shamshev &amp; Grootaert" authorityYear="2007" box="[384,515,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Hybotidae" genus="Elaphropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
<emphasis id="B961EAA65D22FFF9FE5EBD9A3478824A" box="[384,515,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">E. modesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is described here for the first time.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>