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<document id="673EF7524C78E364F1813C0B41AA38E9" ID-CLB-Dataset="27992" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4570.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="66601a1e-ba16-41b2-b182-0fd80e75ccba" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2608527" ID-ZooBank="EF369E98-EBD9-4647-B081-65AD1794A27C" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553591750157" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Soto, Joan J. &amp; Peña, Álvaro L." docDate="2019" docId="03B887B7A47DFFE1E983FF77FAEA9F9C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4570.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4570 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Zanclea hicksoni" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FF81FFCFA46EFFF2E914FFEFFFBB9B7E" masterDocTitle="Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica)" masterLastPageNumber="78" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1698713421926" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D42435071BC844FF8D1AA54F85B6B0CD">Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="88019178E3D39A7BC62FF26FBDB2A3FA">Soto, Joan J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03B887B7A47DFFE1E983FF77FAEA9F9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5934907" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154497114" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5934907" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B887B7A47DFFE1E983FF77FAEA9F9C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B887B7A47DFFE1E983FF77FAEA9F9C" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<subSubSection id="C30B652AA47DFFE1E983FF77FDE69BCC" box="[151,605,152,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAE36A1A47DFFE1E983FF77FDE69BCC" blockId="19.[151,605,152,211]" box="[151,605,152,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<heading id="D0E681CDA47DFFE1E983FF77FDE69BCC" bold="true" box="[151,605,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E983FF77FDE69BCC" ID-CoL="5CVY9" authority="(Stepanjants, 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Stepanjants" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[151,605,152,178]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E983FF77FDE69BCC" bold="true" box="[151,605,152,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E983FF77FEDD9BCC" bold="true" box="[151,358,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zanclea hicksoni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1E862FF77FDEE9BCC" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[374,597,152,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="56 - 79" refId="ref47043" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Hydroidea of the coastal waters of the Davis Sea (collected by the XIth Soviet Antarctic Expedition of 1965 - 1966). In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 5. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 11, 56 - 79. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1972">Stepanjants, 1972</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B652AA47DFFE1E983FF55FEB59BAD" box="[151,270,186,211]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAE36A1A47DFFE1E983FF55FEB59BAD" blockId="19.[151,605,152,211]" box="[151,270,186,211]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
(
<figureCitation id="132A2A24A47DFFE1E98BFF55FF5A9BAD" box="[159,225,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,272,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,267,1853]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. ai Tubularia longstaffi: a polyp-carrying tube; b male polyp; c blastostyle with developing male gonophores; d blastostyle with fully-grown male gonophores; e female polyp; f blastostyle with fully-grown female gonophores; gh detail of female gonophores carrying actinulae; i actinulae in different stages of development. jo Zanclea hicksoni: j early-developing polyp, k expanded young polyps, l expanded polyps with hydrorhizal filaments, m contracted polyp, no detail of polyps showing tentacle arrangement in linear clusters (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608535/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
jo)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B652AA47DFFE1E983FF12FC289A44" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BAE36A1A47DFFE1E983FF12FC289A44" blockId="19.[151,1437,253,1250]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E983FF12FE3E9A68" bold="true" box="[151,389,253,278]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E884FF11FDBC9A68" box="[400,519,254,278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ANT XV/3</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EB0FFF12FDE79A68" bold="true" box="[539,604,253,278]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">48-31</emphasis>
, a single polyp, c.
<quantity id="4CE99B44A47DFFE1EA53FF11FC369A6B" box="[839,909,254,278]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
high, on
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1ED10FF11FB1D9A6B" authorityName="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort" authorityYear="1996" box="[1028,1190,254,277]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="terranovae">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1ED10FF11FB1D9A6B" box="[1028,1190,254,277]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">O. terranovae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EDAEFF11FAF89A68" box="[1210,1347,254,278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ANT XVII/3</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EC43FF12FA289A68" bold="true" box="[1367,1427,253,278]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">111-9</emphasis>
, numerous polyps, up to
<quantity id="4CE99B44A47DFFE1E8B1FECEFE5D9A47" box="[421,486,289,314]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
high, on
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1EB5BFECDFD6E9A44" authorityName="Hickson &amp; Gravely" authorityYear="1907" box="[591,725,289,314]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Thuiaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longstaffi">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EB5BFECDFD6E9A44" box="[591,725,289,314]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">T. longstaffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EA1FFECDFC289A44" box="[779,915,289,314]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1EA1FFECDFC2B9A44" authorityName="von Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1885" box="[779,912,289,314]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="generale">E. generale</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B652AA47DFFE1E9D3FEAAFDDD9F2C" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BAE36A1A47DFFE1E9D3FEAAFB6E98BC" blockId="19.[151,1437,253,1250]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E9D3FEAAFE809A20" bold="true" box="[199,315,325,350]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
According to Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EB84FEA9FD769A20" box="[656,717,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2013),
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1EA21FEA9FC0E9A20" baseAuthorityName="Stepanjants" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[821,949,325,350]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EA21FEA9FC0E9A20" box="[821,949,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Z. hicksoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1EDBCFEAAFAA69A20" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1836" box="[1192,1309,325,350]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corynidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Corynidae</taxonomicName>
Species B
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1E983FE86FE029AFF" author="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H." box="[151,441,361,386]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref42832" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson &amp; Gravely, 1907</bibRefCitation>
. The species was later described as
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1EA5DFE85FB4D9AFF" authority="Stepanjants, 1972" authorityName="Stepanjants" authorityYear="1972" box="[841,1270,361,386]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EA5DFE85FB9F9AFC" box="[841,1060,361,386]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Gemmaria hicksoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1ED38FE86FB4D9AFF" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[1068,1270,361,386]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="56 - 79" refId="ref47043" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Hydroidea of the coastal waters of the Davis Sea (collected by the XIth Soviet Antarctic Expedition of 1965 - 1966). In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 5. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 11, 56 - 79. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1972">Stepanjants, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. As previously noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1E814FE62FD8A9AD8" author="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H." box="[256,561,397,422]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref42832" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson &amp; Gravely (1907)</bibRefCitation>
, polyps examined here are provided with hydrorhizal filaments which anchor them to the substrate (
<figureCitation id="132A2A24A47DFFE1E883FE5EFE5D9AB4" box="[407,486,433,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,272,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,267,1853]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. ai Tubularia longstaffi: a polyp-carrying tube; b male polyp; c blastostyle with developing male gonophores; d blastostyle with fully-grown male gonophores; e female polyp; f blastostyle with fully-grown female gonophores; gh detail of female gonophores carrying actinulae; i actinulae in different stages of development. jo Zanclea hicksoni: j early-developing polyp, k expanded young polyps, l expanded polyps with hydrorhizal filaments, m contracted polyp, no detail of polyps showing tentacle arrangement in linear clusters (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608535/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4l</figureCitation>
). Additionally, we have observed some large specimens with linear clusters of 35 tentacles, being the central one larger (
<figureCitation id="132A2A24A47DFFE1EB74FE3AFD0C9A90" box="[608,695,469,494]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,272,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,267,1853]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. ai Tubularia longstaffi: a polyp-carrying tube; b male polyp; c blastostyle with developing male gonophores; d blastostyle with fully-grown male gonophores; e female polyp; f blastostyle with fully-grown female gonophores; gh detail of female gonophores carrying actinulae; i actinulae in different stages of development. jo Zanclea hicksoni: j early-developing polyp, k expanded young polyps, l expanded polyps with hydrorhizal filaments, m contracted polyp, no detail of polyps showing tentacle arrangement in linear clusters (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608535/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4n</figureCitation>
). These two characteristics are diagnostic features of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E983FE15FE0D996F" authority="Broch, 1910" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,438,505,530]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Monocoryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E983FE15FE9F996F" box="[151,292,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monocoryne</emphasis>
Broch, 1910
</taxonomicName>
(Fam.
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1EB13FE16FCEE996F" authority="Stechow, 1921" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[519,853,505,530]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Candelabridae
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1EBA4FE16FCEE996F" author="Stechow E" box="[688,853,505,530]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="223 - 236" refId="ref46954" refString="Stechow E (1921) Uber Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, nebst Bemerkungen uber einige andre Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 53, 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="1921">Stechow, 1921</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) according to
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1EAE3FE16FAB7996F" author="Stepanjants, S. D. &amp; Christiansen, B. O. &amp; Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA" box="[1015,1292,505,530]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref47144" refString="Stepanjants, S. D., Christiansen, B. O., Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA (2003) The genus Monocoryne (Hydrozoa, Capitata): peculiarities of morphology, species composition, biology and distribution. Sarsia, 88, 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364820310001714" type="journal article" year="2003">
Stepanjants
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1ED6BFE15FB0C996C" box="[1151,1207,505,530]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
. Conversely, there are no
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E834FDF2FEC09948" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1856" box="[288,379,541,566]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E834FDF2FEC09948" box="[288,379,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zanclea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with those characters (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1EBE3FDF2FC619948" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Gravili, C. &amp; Pages, F. &amp; Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F." box="[759,986,541,566]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 591" refId="ref41152" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EA4BFDF1FC2C9948" box="[863,919,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1ED91FDF2FA2C9948" author="Stepanjants, S. D. &amp; Christiansen, B. O. &amp; Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA" box="[1157,1431,541,566]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref47144" refString="Stepanjants, S. D., Christiansen, B. O., Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA (2003) The genus Monocoryne (Hydrozoa, Capitata): peculiarities of morphology, species composition, biology and distribution. Sarsia, 88, 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364820310001714" type="journal article" year="2003">
Stepanjants
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EC18FDF1FAFF9948" box="[1292,1348,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
, the tentacles of
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E853FDADFE6F9927" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1910" box="[327,468,578,601]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Monocoryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E853FDADFE6F9927" box="[327,468,578,601]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monocoryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1EB16FDAEFD729927" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[514,713,577,602]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref47101" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20, 1 - 200. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
are irregularly distributed, and can be either solitary or arranged in groups of three, being one larger (
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1EB5EFD8AFCE19900" author="Stepanjants, S. D. &amp; Christiansen, B. O. &amp; Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA" box="[586,858,613,638]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref47144" refString="Stepanjants, S. D., Christiansen, B. O., Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA (2003) The genus Monocoryne (Hydrozoa, Capitata): peculiarities of morphology, species composition, biology and distribution. Sarsia, 88, 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364820310001714" type="journal article" year="2003">
Stepanjants
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EBC3FD89FCAF9900" box="[727,788,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
: 104). Among the several polyps observed, some certainly resemble a zancleid (
<figureCitation id="132A2A24A47DFFE1E8E5FD66FDFD99DC" box="[497,582,649,674]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,272,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,267,1853]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. ai Tubularia longstaffi: a polyp-carrying tube; b male polyp; c blastostyle with developing male gonophores; d blastostyle with fully-grown male gonophores; e female polyp; f blastostyle with fully-grown female gonophores; gh detail of female gonophores carrying actinulae; i actinulae in different stages of development. jo Zanclea hicksoni: j early-developing polyp, k expanded young polyps, l expanded polyps with hydrorhizal filaments, m contracted polyp, no detail of polyps showing tentacle arrangement in linear clusters (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608535/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4k</figureCitation>
), while the largest ones have more affinities with
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1ED94FD65FAB699DF" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1910" box="[1152,1293,650,673]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Monocoryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1ED94FD65FAB699DF" box="[1152,1293,650,673]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monocoryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132A2A24A47DFFE1EC0AFD66FAD899DC" box="[1310,1379,649,674]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,272,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,267,1853]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. ai Tubularia longstaffi: a polyp-carrying tube; b male polyp; c blastostyle with developing male gonophores; d blastostyle with fully-grown male gonophores; e female polyp; f blastostyle with fully-grown female gonophores; gh detail of female gonophores carrying actinulae; i actinulae in different stages of development. jo Zanclea hicksoni: j early-developing polyp, k expanded young polyps, l expanded polyps with hydrorhizal filaments, m contracted polyp, no detail of polyps showing tentacle arrangement in linear clusters (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608535/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
no). Early-developing polyps are also present among the material examined (
<figureCitation id="132A2A24A47DFFE1ED13FD42FBE799B8" box="[1031,1116,685,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,272,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,267,1853]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. ai Tubularia longstaffi: a polyp-carrying tube; b male polyp; c blastostyle with developing male gonophores; d blastostyle with fully-grown male gonophores; e female polyp; f blastostyle with fully-grown female gonophores; gh detail of female gonophores carrying actinulae; i actinulae in different stages of development. jo Zanclea hicksoni: j early-developing polyp, k expanded young polyps, l expanded polyps with hydrorhizal filaments, m contracted polyp, no detail of polyps showing tentacle arrangement in linear clusters (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608535/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4j</figureCitation>
). The great morphological variability observed here, the very few available polyps examined by previous authors, and the lack of mediumsized specimens could be the reason why
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1EB84FD1AFCD39870" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[656,872,757,782]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref47101" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20, 1 - 200. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
described two different species (i.e.
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1EC30FD19FF4F984C" authorityName="Stepanjants" authorityYear="1972" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EC30FD19FF4F984C" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Gemmaria hicksoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E820FCF5FE79984F" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1910" box="[308,450,794,817]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Monocoryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E820FCF5FE79984F" box="[308,450,794,817]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monocoryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.). Finally, the
<typeStatus id="54AA8803A47DFFE1EB82FCF5FD7D984C" box="[662,710,794,818]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
and size of the nematocysts of
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1ED53FCF5FB7D984C" authorityName="Stepanjants" authorityYear="1972" box="[1095,1222,793,818]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1ED53FCF5FB7D984C" box="[1095,1222,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Z. hicksoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
obtained by Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E9EFFCD1FE8C9828" box="[251,311,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2013), of
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E8D6FCD1FDF4982B" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1910" box="[450,591,830,853]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Monocoryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E8D6FCD1FDF4982B" box="[450,591,830,853]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monocoryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. by
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1EBB9FCD2FC769828" author="Stepanjants, S. D. &amp; Christiansen, B. O. &amp; Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA" box="[685,973,829,854]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref47144" refString="Stepanjants, S. D., Christiansen, B. O., Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA (2003) The genus Monocoryne (Hydrozoa, Capitata): peculiarities of morphology, species composition, biology and distribution. Sarsia, 88, 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364820310001714" type="journal article" year="2003">
Stepanjants
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EA2DFCD1FCCE9828" box="[825,885,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
, and of the present material are almost identical. Therefore,
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E892FC8DFDB99804" authorityName="Stepanjants" authorityYear="1972" box="[390,514,865,890]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E892FC8DFDB99804" box="[390,514,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Z. hicksoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1EA29FC8DFC719807" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1910" box="[829,970,866,889]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Monocoryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EA29FC8DFC719807" box="[829,970,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Monocoryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1ED82FC8EFAD19804" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[1174,1386,865,890]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref47101" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20, 1 - 200. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1E983FC6AFE0098E0" author="Stepanjants, S. D. &amp; Christiansen, B. O. &amp; Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA" box="[151,443,901,926]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref47144" refString="Stepanjants, S. D., Christiansen, B. O., Svoboda, A. &amp; Anokhin BA (2003) The genus Monocoryne (Hydrozoa, Capitata): peculiarities of morphology, species composition, biology and distribution. Sarsia, 88, 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364820310001714" type="journal article" year="2003">
Stepanjants
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E830FC69FED998E0" box="[292,354,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
, with subsequent family and genus re-allocation. However, due to the reproductive structures of
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E83DFC45FE1898BC" authorityName="Stepanjants" authorityYear="1972" box="[297,419,937,962]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hicksoni">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E83DFC45FE1898BC" box="[297,419,937,962]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Z. hicksoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are still unknown, further evidence is needed to confirm its true identity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAE36A1A47DFFE1E9D3FC22FDDD9F2C" blockId="19.[151,1437,253,1250]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cnidome composed by small stenoteles [range 8.511.0 x 6.58.0 µm, mean 9.6±0.8 x 7.1±0.4 µm (n=15)], large stenoteles [range 13.017.0 x 11.014.0 µm, mean 14.9±1.0 x 12.7±0.7 µm (n=15)], haplonemes (isorhiza) [range 14.018.0 x 4.57.0 µm, mean 16.7±1.4 x 5.7±0.7 µm (n=14)] and desmonemes [range 5.08.5 x 4.55.5 µm, mean 6.9±0.8 x 5.1±0.3 µm (n=17)].</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B652AA47DFFE1E9D3FBB2FAEA9F9C" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BAE36A1A47DFFE1E9D3FBB2FAEA9F9C" blockId="19.[151,1437,253,1250]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1E9D3FBB2FE4C9F08" bold="true" box="[199,503,1117,1142]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
Previously found at depths from 12 (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1ED2AFBB1FBC39F08" box="[1086,1144,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
2013) to
<quantity id="4CE99B44A47DFFE1EDF2FBB1FA959F0B" box="[1254,1326,1118,1142]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="183.0">183 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF804B50A47DFFE1EC29FBB2FDD49FE4" author="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref42832" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1907">
Hickson &amp; Gravely 1907, as
<taxonomicName id="4C114D22A47DFFE1E86BFB6EFE4F9FE4" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1836" box="[383,500,1153,1178]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corynidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Corynidae</taxonomicName>
Species B
</bibRefCitation>
); present material was collected at
<quantity id="4CE99B44A47DFFE1ED16FB6EFBD19FE7" box="[1026,1130,1153,1178]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="6.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="63.0" valueMax="64.0" valueMin="62.0">
62
<specimenCount id="9D17FD28A47DFFE1ED38FB6EFBD19FE7" box="[1068,1130,1153,1178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">64 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. All previous records were restricted to East
<collectingCountry id="F3067631A47DFFE1E879FB4AFE599FC0" box="[365,482,1189,1214]" name="Antarctica" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
(see Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B965EAB3A47DFFE1EBC0FB49FCAF9FC0" box="[724,788,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
2013); present study confirms its occurrence in West
<collectingCountry id="F3067631A47DFFE1E983FB26FEB79F9C" box="[151,268,1225,1250]" name="Antarctica" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
and constitutes the first record from the Weddell Sea, pointing to a circum-Antarctic distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>