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<document id="06F4693252EFF81A14EA39467F398C4A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2719c069-24fe-4cd6-967d-aea11f80e344" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="221852" ID-ZooBank="92C07D63-F2F5-4898-A7FE-4937F4D5A043" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460577976854" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Rapp, Hans Tore &amp; Klautau, Michelle" docDate="2013" docId="038E706DEC1C744FFF172D75C526F977" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03619p314.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3619 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leucascus leptoraphis Jenkin 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="285" masterDocId="FFB70815EC147445FF802B45C42DFF87" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="314" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="283" updateTime="1698323617962" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="AAD496F4A603DFBAB40B67726CA57F5F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="0ED93F83FF4E5FD61CFB439908D00643">
<mods:title id="C95638195D04FCF0DFBC61F58A7A7B5C">Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="1FB6C839F4E97D130959FEEFD6721982" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4C5092F11DA792C39AA6E96390967091">
<mods:roleTerm id="9BD5646B9D13E996DE899E2973868DE5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="095FCAC04EA274819A28D6C56EFB58FE">Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="4117A90558E1005426C559874420AACE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1AE103EA93B036EA023BAD7C36703474">
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<mods:namePart id="24E9A6329148F71FD4B77521DE61F748">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2C4EF8212CC476D7813F6F67440977FB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="FC84F4C44CC7F6F0144001657A67C09E">
<mods:roleTerm id="3C1285CACAE79D67F46C19DC56CDDC84">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="EE57F4FF2E122F94A7B830EF34988966">Klautau, Michelle</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="F50C9DFD1D4F797276B2B063BDCA4C4B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="228B3474906FB1CD07576CC62FBD04B3">
<mods:title id="D41282FFCA2B3A261C1AEDCE42986C30">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="98D3CC3D6DFF2F7A21E26640F1673932">
<mods:date id="6D398655485589558B599B8E4D1D0C9A">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="55C6971687096EA155FD43D7C9A9665A" type="volume">
<mods:number id="A39C2B65B0707DFDC6297C4E08ADF3AC">3619</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="4B505C09CDF83261D263662770D2D21A" type="issue">
<mods:number id="335A23346034749ADEF010785C470016">3</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="F0B87E4BC5941C92CFE871C3B020CA16" unit="page">
<mods:start id="E1B0B7CEF820DF804543181B5DC1218C">275</mods:start>
<mods:end id="F7B6BD63E9F1EA5D09936312A6787127">314</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="CADD16695344324C59718EE8F8F5B032">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="C2698790785756C4AECB94ABE74D2D00" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="375CB0554881CBB92895E73603A6C4B7" type="GBIF-Dataset">2719c069-24fe-4cd6-967d-aea11f80e344</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7718F7763B1BE4077C97614368C504F4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7573EBA57A3E3EDB9E464D0A531A020C" type="Zenodo-Dep">221852</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CECED6123E6A0CEEEAF84A0F760482E8" type="ZooBank">92C07D63-F2F5-4898-A7FE-4937F4D5A043</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="038E706DEC1C744FFF172D75C526F977" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6153182" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119560633" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6153182" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E706DEC1C744FFF172D75C526F977" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E706DEC1C744FFF172D75C526F977" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="285" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1C744DFF172D75C670F9CD" box="[151,605,1584,1610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1C744DFF172D75C670F9CD" blockId="8.[151,605,1584,1610]" box="[151,605,1584,1610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<heading id="D0D07617EC1C744DFF172D75C670F9CD" bold="true" box="[151,605,1584,1610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFF172D75C670F9CD" ID-CoL="6Q3XJ" authority="Jenkin, 1908" authorityName="Jenkin" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,605,1584,1610]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF172D75C670F9CD" bold="true" box="[151,605,1584,1610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF172D75C589F9CD" bold="true" box="[151,420,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Leucascus leptoraphis</emphasis>
(Jenkin, 1908)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1C744DFF172D37C5CDF972" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1C744DFF172D37C624F92A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1648,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF172D37C53CF90E" box="[151,273,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Cortical membrane with tripods. Atrial skeleton composed of triactines and tetractines with cylindrical actines. Tetractines are very rare.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1C744DFF472DFCC5CDF972" blockId="8.[151,1436,1648,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF472DFCC67BF956" box="[199,598,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
Synonymies:
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFEDB2DFCC67BF956" box="[347,598,1721,1745]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenia">Leucandra primigenia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFDDC2DFCC7E2F957" authority="Jenkin 1908: 14" authorityName="Jenkin" authorityPageNumber="14" authorityYear="1908" box="[604,975,1720,1745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" rank="variety" variety="leptoraphis">
var.
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFD0C2DFCC726F956" box="[652,779,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">leptoraphis</emphasis>
: Jenkin 1908: 14
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFC5A2DFFC1BAF957" authority="Burton 1929: 404" authorityName="Burton" authorityPageNumber="404" authorityYear="1929" box="[986,1431,1720,1745]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFC5A2DFFC0ECF956" box="[986,1217,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Leucetta leptoraphis</emphasis>
: Burton 1929: 404
</taxonomicName>
; Gappa &amp; Landoni 2005: 219.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1C744DFF472C47C1A1F8E7" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1C744DFF472C47C1AFF89F" blockId="8.[151,1436,1648,2033]" box="[199,1410,1792,1817]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF472C47C547F89E" box="[199,362,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC1C744DFF472C47C4D6F89E" box="[199,251,1794,1817]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Type</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
BMNH 1907.8.6.65 (
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC1C744DFDE02C45C6E0F89F" box="[608,717,1792,1816]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, McMurdo Bay,
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFC0A2C45C02FF89F" box="[906,1026,1792,1816]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1C744DFC0A2C45C02FF89F" box="[906,1026,1792,1816]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
; Discovery
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1C744DFB072C45C0C2F89F" box="[1159,1263,1792,1816]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1C744DFF472C63C6B8F8BA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1648,2033]" box="[199,661,1829,1854]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF472C63C572F8BA" box="[199,351,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC1C744DFF472C63C4D6F8BA" box="[199,251,1830,1853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
McMurdo Bay,
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFD982C60C6BDF8BA" box="[536,656,1829,1853]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1C744DFD982C60C6BDF8BA" box="[536,656,1829,1853]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1C744DFF472C0CC1A1F8E7" blockId="8.[151,1436,1648,2033]" box="[199,1420,1864,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF472C0CC62BF8E6" box="[199,518,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Additional analysed material:</emphasis>
ZMAPOR 13265 (Turtle Rock, McMurdo Sound,
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1C744DFBA92C0DC0B6F8E7" box="[1065,1179,1864,1888]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1C744DFBA92C0DC0B6F8E7" box="[1065,1179,1864,1888]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
; coll. B.
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1C744DFB792C0DC111F8E7" box="[1273,1340,1864,1888]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Baker</collectingCountry>
; 1997).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1C744FFF472C2BC1BFFDE3" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="285" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1C744CFF472C2BC512FE9B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1648,2033]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="284" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFF472C2BC579F802" box="[199,340,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Description:</emphasis>
There is no information about the colour of the
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC1C744DFCF02C28C7FFF802" box="[880,978,1901,1925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1C744DFC592C2BC009F802" box="[985,1060,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">in vivo</emphasis>
, but the specimen from the ZMA was white. After fixation, both specimens became beige (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC1C744DFCB42CD5C7BAF82F" box="[820,919,1936,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1896,1919]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,339,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[158,1429,337,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Leucascus leptoraphis. A – E, ZMAPOR 13265; F, BMNH 1907.8. 6.65, Holotype. A, Preserved specimen; B, Cortical membrane; C, Transverse section showing the cortex (ct), choanocyte tubes, and atrium (at); D, Atrial membrane; E, Tripods (SEM); F, Choanosomal triactine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221857/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Figure 5</figureCitation>
A). The cormus is digitiform and formed by tightly anastomosed tubes covered by a smooth and thin membrane. The consistency is soft. Only a fragment of the
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC1C744DFF172C9DC4D4F877" box="[151,249,2008,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="283" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was analysed, but the specimen from the ZMA measures 9.5 x 5.5 x 2.0 cm (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC1C744DFBF52C9DC0FAF877" box="[1141,1239,2008,2032]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1896,1919]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,339,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[158,1429,337,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Leucascus leptoraphis. A – E, ZMAPOR 13265; F, BMNH 1907.8. 6.65, Holotype. A, Preserved specimen; B, Cortical membrane; C, Transverse section showing the cortex (ct), choanocyte tubes, and atrium (at); D, Atrial membrane; E, Tripods (SEM); F, Choanosomal triactine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221857/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="283">Figure 5</figureCitation>
A). At the end of each digitiform projection of the cormus there is an apical osculum (diameter of 0.1 to 1.0 cm) surrounded by a delicate membrane. It was not possible to recognize the oscula in the fragment of the
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC1D744CFBD92BF9C092FF53" box="[1113,1215,188,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="284" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The atrial cavity is wide in the ZMA specimen, but Jenkin (1908) mentioned that in the
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC1D744CFC102B9AC7DFFF70" box="[912,1010,223,247]" pageId="9" pageNumber="284" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
it was small, however, he did not give measurements.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5891F3EC1D744CFF172C2DC66FF83C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221857/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="284" targetBox="[158,1428,339,1873]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1D744CFF172C2DC66FF83C" blockId="9.[151,1436,1896,1980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="284">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1D744CFF172C2DC534F8F9" bold="true" box="[151,281,1896,1919]" pageId="9" pageNumber="284">FIGURE 5:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1D744CFE9F2C2FC628F8F9" box="[287,517,1896,1919]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="9" pageNumber="284" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1D744CFE9F2C2FC628F8F9" box="[287,517,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="284">Leucascus leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–E, ZMAPOR 13265; F, BMNH 1907.8.6.65, Holotype. A, Preserved specimen; B, Cortical membrane; C, Transverse section showing the cortex (ct), choanocyte tubes, and atrium (at); D, Atrial membrane; E, Tripods (SEM); F, Choanosomal triactine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF472BD2C0F2FEB9" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,318]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
The skeleton is composed of tripods, triactines, and very rare tetractines. The cortical membrane has only tripods (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC1E744FFF722BFEC570FF54" box="[242,349,187,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1896,1919]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,339,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[158,1429,337,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Leucascus leptoraphis. A – E, ZMAPOR 13265; F, BMNH 1907.8. 6.65, Holotype. A, Preserved specimen; B, Cortical membrane; C, Transverse section showing the cortex (ct), choanocyte tubes, and atrium (at); D, Atrial membrane; E, Tripods (SEM); F, Choanosomal triactine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221857/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Figures 5</figureCitation>
B, C) while the tubes and the atrial membrane have only triactines (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC1E744FFBCA2BFEC084FF54" box="[1098,1193,187,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1896,1919]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,339,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[158,1429,337,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Leucascus leptoraphis. A – E, ZMAPOR 13265; F, BMNH 1907.8. 6.65, Holotype. A, Preserved specimen; B, Cortical membrane; C, Transverse section showing the cortex (ct), choanocyte tubes, and atrium (at); D, Atrial membrane; E, Tripods (SEM); F, Choanosomal triactine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221857/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Figure 5</figureCitation>
D). Consequently, the tubes and the atrium are smooth. Tetractines were not observed in the skeleton preparations of the
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC1E744FFA822B9AC14AFF70" box="[1282,1383,223,247]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, and were not mentioned in the original description of the species, however some rare tetractines were found in the spicule slides. Two tetractines were found in the atrial skeleton of the specimen ZMAPOR 13265.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5891F3EC1E744FFF172A20C7D5FEFB" box="[151,1016,357,381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF172A20C7D5FEFB" blockId="10.[151,1016,357,381]" box="[151,1016,357,381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF172A20C524FEFA" bold="true" box="[151,265,357,381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Spicules measurements (µm) of
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFDEA2A23C777FEFA" box="[618,858,358,381]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFDEA2A23C777FEFA" box="[618,858,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucascus leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(H: holotype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF202ADBC0DCFE32" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[160,1265,414,437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF202ADBC0DCFE32" bold="true" box="[160,1265,414,437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Spicules/ Specimens Length (µm) Width (µm)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFDC12A8FC155FE67" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[577,1400,458,480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Min Mean SD Max Min Mean SD Max N</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF202AB3C4C8FD8B" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[160,229,502,524]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Tripod</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF462966C1BFFDBF" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[198,1426,546,569]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">BMNH 1907.8.6.65 (H) 80.2 114.4 25.0 157.9 6.1 7.9 1.5 10.9 12</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF46290AC1BFFDE3" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[198,1426,590,612]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">ZMAPOR 13265 89.9 123.8 14.9 153.1 4.9 7.5 1.6 12.1 30</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1E744FFF46293FC1BFFD6F" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF46293FC1BFFD08" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[198,1426,633,656]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF46293FC1BFFD08" bold="true" box="[198,1426,633,656]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">All specimens 80.2 119.1 4.7 157.9 4.9 7.7 0.2 12.1 –</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF2029E3C4D1FD3B" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[160,252,678,700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Triactine</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF462996C1BFFD6F" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[198,1426,722,745]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">BMNH 1907.8.6.65 (H) 128.8 176.3 20.0 206.5 3.6 4.3 0.6 6.0 30</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1E744FFF4629BAC1BFFC93" box="[198,1426,766,788]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF4629BAC1BFFC93" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" box="[198,1426,766,788]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">ZMAPOR 13265 97.2 160.6 23.9 189.5 3.6 5.4 0.8 7.3 30</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1E744FFF46286FC119FBAF" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF46286FC5B4FC1D" blockId="10.[160,1426,414,833]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,898,1776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF46286FC1BFFCC7" bold="true" box="[198,1426,810,833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">All specimens 97.2 168.4 7.8 206.5 3.6 4.8 0.5 7.3 –</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF4728C7C509FC1D" box="[199,292,898,922]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="C6A5F4C0EC1E744FFEB328C7C5AAFC1D" box="[307,391,898,922]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,239,357,381]" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicules measurements (µm) of Leucascus leptoraphis (H: holotype)." pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Table 3</tableCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF4728E0C006FC66" blockId="10.[151,1436,898,1776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
(
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF5028E2C4F5FC39" box="[208,216,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">i</emphasis>
) Tripods (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC1E744FFECE28E0C583FC3A" box="[334,430,933,957]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1896,1919]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,339,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[158,1429,337,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Leucascus leptoraphis. A – E, ZMAPOR 13265; F, BMNH 1907.8. 6.65, Holotype. A, Preserved specimen; B, Cortical membrane; C, Transverse section showing the cortex (ct), choanocyte tubes, and atrium (at); D, Atrial membrane; E, Tripods (SEM); F, Choanosomal triactine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221857/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Figure 5</figureCitation>
E): Regular or irregular with an elevated centre. Actines are the same length or not. They are conical, curved, with blunt tips. However, they are not stout as typical tripods;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF4728A8C0C4FB82" blockId="10.[151,1436,898,1776]" box="[199,1257,1005,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
(
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF5028ABC4CDFB82" box="[208,224,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">ii</emphasis>
) Triactines (
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC1E744FFEEE28A8C5E3FB82" box="[366,462,1005,1029]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1896,1919]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,339,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[158,1429,337,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Leucascus leptoraphis. A – E, ZMAPOR 13265; F, BMNH 1907.8. 6.65, Holotype. A, Preserved specimen; B, Cortical membrane; C, Transverse section showing the cortex (ct), choanocyte tubes, and atrium (at); D, Atrial membrane; E, Tripods (SEM); F, Choanosomal triactine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221857/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Figure 5</figureCitation>
F): Regular. Actines are cylindrical, very long and thin, with blunt tips;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF472F55C119FBAF" blockId="10.[151,1436,898,1776]" box="[199,1332,1040,1065]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
(
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF502F54C4CAFBAF" box="[208,231,1041,1064]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">iii</emphasis>
) Tetractines: Very rare. They are similar to the triactines. The apical actine could not be observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1E744FFF472F71C77BF901" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF472F71C4C1FB79" blockId="10.[151,1436,898,1776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF472F71C51FFBCB" box="[199,306,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Remarks:</emphasis>
Jenkin (1908) described
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFDE32F70C749FBCB" box="[611,868,1076,1100]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFDE32F70C749FBCB" box="[611,868,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucascus leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFC132F71C0B9FBCB" box="[915,1172,1076,1100]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenia">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFC132F71C0B9FBCB" box="[915,1172,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucandra primigenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFB202F70C178FBCB" box="[1184,1365,1076,1100]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" rank="variety" variety="leptoraphis">
var.
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFB562F71C178FBCB" box="[1238,1365,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, after transferring
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFEA72F1DC6E8FBE8" authority="Haeckel, 1872" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[295,709,1111,1135]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenia">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFEA72F1DC63DFBE8" box="[295,528,1112,1135]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucetta primigenia</emphasis>
Haeckel, 1872
</taxonomicName>
to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFCF42F12C7C0FBE8" box="[884,1005,1111,1135]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFCF42F12C7C0FBE8" box="[884,1005,1111,1135]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Haeckel (1872) described
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFABC2F1DC53FFB14" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenia">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFABC2F1DC53FFB14" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucetta primigenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprising three varieties:
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFDE22F3EC6C7FB14" box="[610,746,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">microraphis</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFD7E2F3EC74BFB14" box="[766,870,1147,1171]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="isoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFD7E2F3EC74BFB14" box="[766,870,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">isoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFC282F3EC001FB14" box="[936,1068,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">megaraphis</emphasis>
. Jenkin (1908) added the new variety
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFF6E2FDAC543FB30" box="[238,366,1183,1207]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF6E2FDAC543FB30" box="[238,366,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that, according to him, was similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFCB12FDAC7B4FB30" box="[817,921,1183,1207]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="isoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFCB12FDAC7B4FB30" box="[817,921,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">isoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except for the size of the spicules that were more slender in his variety. He also mentioned the presence of “alate triradiates”, which we understand as being the tripods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF472E4FC77BF901" blockId="10.[151,1436,898,1776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
In 1929, Burton elevated
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFE6D2E4FC6C7FAA5" box="[493,746,1290,1314]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenia">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFE6D2E4FC6C7FAA5" box="[493,746,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucandra primigenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFD742E4FC78BFAA5" box="[756,934,1290,1314]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" rank="variety" variety="leptoraphis">
var.
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFCA62E4FC78BFAA5" box="[806,934,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the species rank and transferred it to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFF602E6BC56DFAC2" box="[224,320,1326,1349]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF602E6BC56DFAC2" box="[224,320,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucetta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He also synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFDCC2E6BC6C4FAC2" box="[588,745,1325,1349]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFDCC2E6BC6C4FAC2" box="[588,745,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">L. leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFCAC2E6BC0B2FAC2" authority="Dendy, 1918" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1918" box="[812,1183,1325,1349]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFCAC2E6BC02BFAC2" box="[812,1030,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucetta antarctica</emphasis>
Dendy, 1918
</taxonomicName>
but without justifying his action. Nevertheless, according to its original description, in
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFC1F2E17C018FAEE" box="[927,1077,1362,1385]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFC1F2E17C018FAEE" box="[927,1077,1362,1385]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">L. antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the cortical and choanosomal triactines are similar, while in
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFE672E30C6AEFA0B" box="[487,643,1396,1420]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFE672E30C6AEFA0B" box="[487,643,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">L. leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the cortical skeleton is composed of tripods. Years later, Burton (1963) also synonymized “
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFEF32EDCC5FEFA37" box="[371,467,1433,1456]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFEF32EDCC5FEFA37" box="[371,467,1433,1456]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucetta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFE662EDDC64BFA37" box="[486,614,1432,1456]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFE662EDDC64BFA37" box="[486,614,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFD252EDCC759FA37" box="[677,884,1432,1456]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="isoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFD252EDCC759FA37" box="[677,884,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucetta isoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFCFB2EDCC0E8FA37" authority="Brondsted, 1931" authorityName="Brondsted" authorityYear="1931" box="[891,1221,1432,1456]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" rank="variety" variety="apicalis">
var.
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFC2A2EDDC02EFA37" box="[938,1027,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">apicalis</emphasis>
Brøndsted, 1931
</taxonomicName>
. However, they are very different species, being the former currently accepted as
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFC052EF9C1B5FA54" authority="Borojevic et al., 2002" authorityName="Borojevic et al." authorityYear="2002" box="[901,1432,1467,1492]" class="Calcarea" family="Dendyidae" genus="Soleneiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFC052EF9C040FA53" box="[901,1133,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Soleneiscus apicalis</emphasis>
(Borojevic
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFA802EF8C115FA53" box="[1280,1336,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">et al</emphasis>
., 2002)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFF172E9AC5BEFA70" box="[151,403,1503,1527]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primigenia">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF172E9AC5BEFA70" box="[151,403,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucandra primigenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFE1A2EA5C667FA70" box="[410,586,1503,1527]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" rank="variety" variety="leptoraphis">
var.
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFE4B2E9AC667FA70" box="[459,586,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indeed a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFCC92EA5C793FA70" box="[841,958,1504,1527]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFCC92EA5C793FA70" box="[841,958,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucascus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as it is formed by anastomosed tubes and has cortical and atrial membranes. It should be noted that the spicule composition and organisation as well as general morphology is quite similar to what is found in
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFCCA2D63C02AF9B9" box="[842,1031,1574,1598]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Ascaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFCCA2D63C02AF9B9" box="[842,1031,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Ascaltis abyssus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described from the Weddell Sea,
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFF172D0FC521F9E5" box="[151,268,1610,1634]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1E744FFF172D0FC521F9E5" box="[151,268,1610,1634]" name="Antarctica" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
(Rapp
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFEE52D0EC5B7F9E5" box="[357,410,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">et al</emphasis>
. 2011). However, the spicules are generally smaller in
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFBA22D0EC0EEF9E5" box="[1058,1219,1610,1634]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leptoraphis">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFBA22D0EC0EEF9E5" box="[1058,1219,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">L. leptoraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the true atrial membrane characteristic for
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFE582D2AC661F901" box="[472,588,1647,1670]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFE582D2AC661F901" box="[472,588,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Leucascus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is absent in
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFD582D2BC77BF901" box="[728,854,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC1E744FFD582D2BC77EF901" box="[728,851,1646,1670]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Ascaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssus">A. abyssus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC1E744FFF472DD4C526F977" pageId="10" pageNumber="285" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC1E744FFF472DD4C526F977" blockId="10.[151,1436,898,1776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFF472DD4C574F92E" box="[199,345,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1E744FFEE02DD4C5E5F92E" box="[352,456,1681,1705]" name="Antarctica" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Ocean: McMurdo Bay (Jenkin 1908), and Turtle Rock, McMurdo Sound—Antarctica;
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1E744FFF172DF0C52BF94A" box="[151,262,1717,1741]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Gappa &amp; Landoni 2005). Spalding
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC1E744FFD352DF3C6C7F94A" box="[693,746,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">et al</emphasis>
. (2007) corresponding ecoregions: Ross Sea and
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC1E744FFAAC2DF0C1B9F94A" box="[1324,1428,1717,1741]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="285">Malvinas</collectingCountry>
/ Falklands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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