1367 lines
153 KiB
XML
1367 lines
153 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1600/036364415x689302" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d9de9f56-76e3-4a73-b902-d96c2598e66e" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6338420" approvalRequired="8" approvalRequired_for_treatments="8" checkinTime="1646759635481" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Wahlert, Gregory A., Chiarini, Franco E. & Bohs, Lynn" docDate="2015" docId="03815163145D0605848181800D2A1FE6" docLanguage="en" docName="SystBot.40.3.853-887.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Systematic Botany 40 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364415x689302" docTitle="Solanum carolinense var. carolinense L. VAR. CAROLINENSE" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="869" masterDocId="FFB8291B145006158404805309291F1D" masterDocTitle="A Revision of Solanum Section Lathyrocarpum (the Carolinense Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="887" masterPageNumber="853" pageNumber="866" updateTime="1682098673665" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A Revision of Solanum Section Lathyrocarpum (the Carolinense Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Wahlert, Gregory A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rinorea@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Chiarini, Franco E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Museo Botánico de Córdoba, CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, 5000 Argentina.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Systematic Botany</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2015-10-01</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>40</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>853</mods:start>
|
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<mods:end>887</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
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<mods:location>
|
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364415x689302</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1600/036364415x689302</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">d9de9f56-76e3-4a73-b902-d96c2598e66e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6338420</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6339066" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193892296" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6339066" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03815163145D0605848181800D2A1FE6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03815163145D0605848181800D2A1FE6" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="869" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[133,652,467,489]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[133,652,467,489]" box="[133,652,467,489]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
2a.
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4XZVH" ID-ENA="50511" authority="L. VAR. CAROLINENSE" authorityName="L. VAR. CAROLINENSE" box="[170,652,467,489]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">SOLANUM CAROLINENSE L. VAR. CAROLINENSE</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[133,780,511,621]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="reference_group">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Dunal" page="305" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" year="1852">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7MP8V" authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." box="[133,658,511,533]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="pohlianum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,337,511,532]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[397,500,511,532]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">pohlianum</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13(1): 305. 1852
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
.—
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="materials_examined">
|
||
TYPE:
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3698877311" collectionCode="M" collectorName="J. B. E. Pohl" country="Brazil" location="BRAZIL" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" specimenCode="M0171734" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[342,435,540,561]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Without precise locality, s.d. (fr),
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,448,569,591]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<collectorName box="[236,383,569,591]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">J. B. E. Pohl</collectorName>
|
||
s. n.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus box="[471,573,569,591]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, designated here: M–
|
||
<specimenCode box="[216,326,598,619]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">M0171734</specimenCode>
|
||
[scan!])
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[133,779,653,734]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[133,622,653,675]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="reference_group">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[133,596,653,675]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Dunal" box="[133,596,653,675]" page="305" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" year="1852">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4Y3SR" authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." box="[133,422,653,675]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pleei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,270,653,674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Solanum pleei</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13(1): 305. 1852
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
.—
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="materials_examined">
|
||
TYPE:
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[695,779,653,674]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">U. S. A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
Am[erica] septentrionale, s.d. (fl, fr),
|
||
<emphasis box="[587,706,682,703]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">A. Plée 204</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus pageId="13" pageNumber="866">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: P–P00325315!; isotype: MPU–MPU022909 [scan!]).
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[133,780,766,876]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="reference_group">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl." journal="Gen. Pl." page="454" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" score="1.1334221679718919" volume="2" year="1891">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4XZFM" authority="Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl." authorityName="Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl." box="[133,752,766,788]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="albiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,335,766,787]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[393,491,766,787]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">albiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2: 454. 1891
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
.—
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="materials_examined">
|
||
TYPE:
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[375,457,795,816]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">U. S. A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[464,555,795,817]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
: St. Louis,
|
||
<date box="[668,778,795,816]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" value="1874-09-01">1 Sep 1874</date>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis box="[232,464,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">C. E. O. Kuntze 2768</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus box="[482,583,824,846]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, designated here:
|
||
<collectionCode box="[181,217,854,875]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
|
||
–NY00138948 [scan!]).
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[133,779,906,986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="reference_group">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Benke" journal="Am. Midl. Nat." page="213" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" score="499.15348234834784" volume="22" year="1939">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4XZVH" box="[133,336,906,927]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,336,906,927]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
f.
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,471,906,927]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">albiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kuntze)
|
||
<bibCitation author="Benke" page="213" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" score="499.15348234834784" volume="22" year="1939">
|
||
Benke,
|
||
<bibCitation journal="Am. Midl. Nat." page="213" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" score="499.15348234834784" volume="22" year="1939">Am. Midl. Nat. 22: 213. 1939</bibCitation>
|
||
</bibCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
—
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[400,462,936,957]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
: Based on
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kuntze." authorityName="Kuntze." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="albiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[579,778,936,957]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[227,325,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">albiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
Kuntze.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="867" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[827,1473,468,988]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,1148,468,490]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[851,1122,468,490]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Distribution and Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In the protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense, Linnaeus (1753)" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[998,1107,498,519]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1124,1298,498,520]" journalOrPublisher="Stockholm: L. Salvius" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" refId="ref55786" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum. Stockholm: L. Salvius." title="Species plantarum" type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
writes “
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
Habitat in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[859,943,528,549]" class="Gastropoda" family="Seguenziidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seguenziida" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,” but a more precise geographic origin of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[827,924,557,579]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen cannot be determined. While it is likely that it was collected in the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1292,1439,586,608]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the vicinity of the Carolinas, it is possible that it was collected from a plant grown in Europe from seed collected from North America (S. Knapp, pers. comm.). Furthermore, the native distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[1107,1410,703,724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1244,703,724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1301,1410,703,724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prior to European settlement in North America is not known with much precision at a local scale because of its weediness and ability to disperse and colonize areas outside of its native range. Based on the location data of ca. 500 herbarium specimens examined for this work, its inferred native distribution extends from central
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1177,1254,878,900]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
north to
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1360,1472,878,900]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[878,1033,907,929]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
and west to
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1185,1247,908,929]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1260,1375,907,929]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1389,1468,908,929]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Kansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[875,978,937,959]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
to about the 97th meridian west (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1349,1412,937,959]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[157,188,1975,1992]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,1032,1951]" captionTargetId="figure-498@13.[133,1476,1030,1953]" captionText="FIG. 5. Distribution of Solanum carolinense var. carolinense and S. carolinense var. floridanum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6338432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6338432/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species reaches
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1011,1095,966,988]" name="Canada" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
only in the southernmost areas
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6338432" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6338432" box="[157,961,1975,1992]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6338432/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" startId="13.[157,188,1975,1992]" targetBox="[134,1473,1032,1951]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[157,961,1975,1992]" box="[157,961,1975,1992]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<pageTitle box="[157,213,1975,1992]" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">FIG. 5.</pageTitle>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[367,667,1975,1992]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,533,1975,1992]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[578,667,1975,1992]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[712,956,1975,1992]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="866" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="floridanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[712,823,1975,1992]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[867,956,1975,1992]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="866">floridanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,806,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
of Ontario and Quebec Provinces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bassett, I. J. & D. B. Munro" box="[537,801,160,182]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="977 - 991" part="66" refId="ref53395" refString="Bassett, I. J. and D. B. Munro. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66: 977 - 991." title="The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal" type="journal article" year="1986">Bassett and Munro 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cayouette, R." box="[160,323,189,211]" journalOrPublisher="Naturaliste Canadien" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="135 - 136" part="99" refId="ref53637" refString="Cayouette, R. 1972. Additions to the adventitious flora of Quebec. Naturaliste Canadien 99: 135 - 136." title="Additions to the adventitious flora of Quebec" type="journal article" year="1972">Cayouette 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and except for a single unverified report of the species in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[307,381,218,240]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
from the states of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[584,662,218,239]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[675,802,218,240]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[213,351,248,269]" country="Mexico" name="Nuevo Leon" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Nuevo Leon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eberwein, R. K. & T. Litscher" box="[370,687,247,270]" journalOrPublisher="Rudolfinum - Jahrbuch des Landesmuseums fur Karnten" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="325 - 330" part="2005" refId="ref54298" refString="Eberwein, R. K. and T. Litscher. 2007. Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae), ein gefahrlicher Neuburger in Osterreich. Rudolfinum - Jahrbuch des Landesmuseums fur Karnten 2005: 325 - 330." title="Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae), ein gefahrlicher Neuburger in Osterreich" type="journal article" year="2007">Eberwein and Litscher 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we have not seen any additional evidence suggesting it occurred there as part of its native range. Recent floristic treatments and online databases record occasional occurrences in the western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[248,385,364,386]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[400,497,364,386]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[508,642,364,386]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[654,738,364,386]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[749,801,364,386]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[160,221,394,416]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[232,355,394,416]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[366,444,394,415]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[502,603,394,416]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
) where some states have classified the species as a noxious weed (e.g.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[713,801,423,445]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[160,265,452,474]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[322,403,452,474]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="USDA" box="[415,543,451,474]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" publicationUrl="http://plants.usda.gov" refId="ref57604" refString="USDA. 2014. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Database, National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401 - 4901 USA. Available online at website http: // plants. usda. gov." title="Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Database, National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401 - 4901 USA" type="url" year="2014">USDA 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,806,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
The species has been introduced in many areas around the world and has been reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[604,705,510,532]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[720,802,510,532]" name="Austria" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[160,277,540,562]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[288,367,540,562]" name="Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[378,440,540,562]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[451,526,540,562]" name="Croatia" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[537,622,540,562]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[634,702,540,561]" name="France" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Georgian Republic,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[264,360,569,590]" name="Germany" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[371,425,569,591]" name="Haiti" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Haiti</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[436,492,569,591]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[502,548,569,591]" name="Italy" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[559,620,569,590]" name="Japan" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[631,726,569,591]" name="Moldova" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Moldova</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[737,802,569,591]" name="Nepal" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[160,328,598,620]" name="Netherlands" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[339,483,598,620]" name="New Zealand" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[493,578,599,620]" name="Norway" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[589,719,598,620]" name="South Korea" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[730,802,598,620]" name="Turkey" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[210,293,627,649]" name="Ukraine" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cayouette, R." box="[311,476,628,649]" journalOrPublisher="Naturaliste Canadien" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="135 - 136" part="99" refId="ref53637" refString="Cayouette, R. 1972. Additions to the adventitious flora of Quebec. Naturaliste Canadien 99: 135 - 136." title="Additions to the adventitious flora of Quebec" type="journal article" year="1972">Cayouette 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Trapaidze, A. S." box="[491,653,627,649]" journalOrPublisher="Subtropicheskie Kul' tury" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="119 - 123" part="4" refId="ref57504" refString="Trapaidze, A. S. 1972. Horsenettle in western Georgia and ways of controlling it [English title]. Subtropicheskie Kul' tury 4: 119 - 123." title="Horsenettle in western Georgia and ways of controlling it [English title]" type="journal article" year="1972">Trapaidze 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Arcy, W. G." box="[667,801,627,649]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="819 - 867" part="61" refId="ref54144" refString="D' Arcy, W. G. 1974. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 819 - 867." title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida" type="journal article" year="1974">D’ Arcy 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gazi-Baskova, V. & N. Segulja" box="[160,493,657,679]" journalOrPublisher="Fragmenta Herbologica Jugoslavica" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="55 - 59" part="6" refId="ref54641" refString="Gazi-Baskova, V. and N. Segulja. 1978. The appearance of dangerous weeds of the genus Solanum on the Kvarner Island of Plavnik [English title]. Fragmenta Herbologica Jugoslavica 6: 55 - 59." title="The appearance of dangerous weeds of the genus Solanum on the Kvarner Island of Plavnik [English title]" type="journal article" year="1978">Gazi-Baskova and Segulja 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Izhevskii, S. S. & A. E. Livshits & G. E. Murusidze & G. G. Gogoladze" box="[507,720,657,679]" journalOrPublisher="Subtropicheskie Kul' tury" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="60 - 65" part="4" refId="ref55229" refString="Izhevskii, S. S., A. E. Livshits, G. E. Murusidze, and G. G. Gogoladze. 1981. Prospects of using alke-strain in integrated control of Solanum carolinense in tea plantations [English title]. Subtropicheskie Kul' tury 4: 60 - 65." title="Prospects of using alke-strain in integrated control of Solanum carolinense in tea plantations [English title]" type="journal article" year="1981">Izhevskii et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bassett, I. J. & D. B. Munro" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="977 - 991" part="66" refId="ref53395" refString="Bassett, I. J. and D. B. Munro. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66: 977 - 991." title="The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal" type="journal article" year="1986">Bassett and Munro 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouren, T." box="[356,481,686,707]" journalOrPublisher="Blyttia" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="175 - 185" part="45" refId="ref56619" refString="Ouren, T. 1987. Soyabonne-adventiver i Norge. Blyttia 45: 175 - 185." title="Soyabonne-adventiver i Norge" type="journal article" year="1987">Ouren 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Webb, C. J. & W. R. Sykes & P. J. Garnock-Jones" box="[496,679,686,708]" journalOrPublisher="Christchurch: Botany Division, D. S. I. R." pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref57772" refString="Webb, C. J., W. R. Sykes, and P. J. Garnock-Jones. 1988. Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV. Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Christchurch: Botany Division, D. S. I. R." title="Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV. Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons" type="book" year="1988">Webb et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Park, G. - J. & S. - H. Yoon & J. - K. Lee & Y. - J. Kim" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="97 - 102" part="21" refId="ref56675" refString="Park, G. - J., S. - H. Yoon, J. - K. Lee, and Y. - J. Kim. 2001. Studies on ecological characteristics and control of exotic weeds. 1. Distribution and ecological characteristics of exotic weeds in forage crop field. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science 21: 97 - 102." title="Studies on ecological characteristics and control of exotic weeds. 1. Distribution and ecological characteristics of exotic weeds in forage crop field" type="journal article" year="2001">Park et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Merluzzi, P. & G. Oriolo & M. Tomasella & S. Costalonga & F. Martini & M. Buccheri & P. Sergo" box="[221,428,715,737]" journalOrPublisher="Gortania" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="187 - 206" part="25" refId="ref56124" refString="Merluzzi, P., G. Oriolo, M. Tomasella, S. Costalonga, F. Martini, M. Buccheri, and P. Sergo. 2003. Segnalazioni floristiche dalla regione Friuli Venezia Giulia. XI-XIII. Gortania 25: 187 - 206." title="Segnalazioni floristiche dalla regione Friuli Venezia Giulia. XI-XIII" type="journal article" year="2003">Merluzzi et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Li, G. - Y. & S. - H. Jin & J. - G. Ai" box="[440,575,715,737]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="614 - 624" part="23" refId="ref55737" refString="Li, G. - Y., S. - H. Jin, and J. - G. Ai. 2006. Species, characteristics and control measures of injurious plants in Zhejiang Province. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College 23: 614 - 624." title="Species, characteristics and control measures of injurious plants in Zhejiang Province" type="journal article" year="2006">Li et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Imaizumi, T. & S. Kurokawa & M. Ito & B. Auld & G. X. Wang" box="[587,801,715,737]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="219 - 225" part="46" refId="ref55173" refString="Imaizumi, T., S. Kurokawa, M. Ito, B. Auld, and G. X. Wang. 2006. Population structure of Solanum carolinense along the Takano River in Kyoto, Japan as determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Weed Research 46: 219 - 225." title="Population structure of Solanum carolinense along the Takano River in Kyoto, Japan as determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis" type="journal article" year="2006">Imaizumi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eberwein, R. K. & T. Litscher" box="[160,452,744,766]" journalOrPublisher="Rudolfinum - Jahrbuch des Landesmuseums fur Karnten" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="325 - 330" part="2005" refId="ref54298" refString="Eberwein, R. K. and T. Litscher. 2007. Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae), ein gefahrlicher Neuburger in Osterreich. Rudolfinum - Jahrbuch des Landesmuseums fur Karnten 2005: 325 - 330." title="Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae), ein gefahrlicher Neuburger in Osterreich" type="journal article" year="2007">Eberwein and Litscher 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dirkse, G. & W. Holverda & S. Hochstenbach & F. Reijerse" box="[464,646,744,766]" journalOrPublisher="Gorteria" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="21 - 27" part="33" refId="ref54173" refString="Dirkse, G., W. Holverda, S. Hochstenbach, and F. Reijerse. 2007. Solanum carolinense L. and Pimpinella peregrina L. in The Netherlands. Gorteria 33: 21 - 27." title="Solanum carolinense L. and Pimpinella peregrina L" type="journal article" volumeTitle="The Netherlands" year="2007">Dirkse et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Viggiani, P." box="[658,801,744,766]" journalOrPublisher="Informatore Agrario" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="55 - 59" part="64" refId="ref57687" refString="Viggiani, P. 2008. Come cambiano le infestanti del mais. Informatore Agrario 64: 55 - 59." title="Come cambiano le infestanti del mais" type="journal article" year="2008">Viggiani 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yasuyuki, K. & S. Bhaskar & T. Mingki & H. Tag & T. Riba & K. Ando" box="[160,383,773,795]" journalOrPublisher="Mountain Research and Development" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="252 - 258" part="30" refId="ref58231" refString="Yasuyuki, K., S. Bhaskar, T. Mingki, H. Tag, T. Riba, and K. Ando. 2010. Roadside distribution patterns of invasive alien plants along an altitudinal gradient in Arunachal Himalaya, India. Mountain Research and Development 30: 252 - 258." title="Roadside distribution patterns of invasive alien plants along an altitudinal gradient in Arunachal Himalaya, India" type="journal article" year="2010">Yasuyuki et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Follak, S. & G. Strauss" box="[398,658,773,795]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="544 - 552" part="50" refId="ref54488" refString="Follak, S. and G. Strauss. 2010. Potential distribution and management of the invasive weed Solanum carolinense in Central Europe. Weed Research 50: 544 - 552." title="Potential distribution and management of the invasive weed Solanum carolinense in Central Europe" type="journal article" year="2010">Follak and Strauss 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chinnusamy, C. & M. R. Nandhakumar & K. Govindarajan & P. Muthukrishnan" journalOrPublisher="Weed management in a changing world, Cairns, Queensland, Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="26 - 29" refId="ref53761" refString="Chinnusamy, C., M. R. Nandhakumar, K. Govindarajan, and P. Muthukrishnan. 2011. Incidence of quarantine invasive weed Solanum carolinense L. in different ecosystems of Tamil Nadu. Proceedings of the 23 rd Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Vol. 2: Weed management in a changing world, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, 26 - 29 September 2011." title="Incidence of quarantine invasive weed Solanum carolinense L" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="different ecosystems of Tamil Nadu" year="2011">Chinnusamy et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Klingenhagen, G. & M. Wirth & B. Wiesmann & H. Ahaus" box="[275,531,803,825]" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Arbeitsbesprechung uber Fragen der Unkrautbiologie und - bekampfung" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref55541" refString="Klingenhagen, G., M. Wirth, B. Wiesmann, and H. Ahaus. 2012. Occurrence of horse nettle (Solanum carolinense L.) in North Rhine-Westphalia. 25. Deutsche Arbeitsbesprechung uber Fragen der Unkrautbiologie und - bekampfung, March 13 - 15, 2012, Braunschweig, Germany." title="Occurrence of horse nettle (Solanum carolinense L.) in North Rhine-Westphalia" type="book" year="2012">Klingenhagen et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Canadensys" box="[542,725,803,825]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" publicationUrl="http://www.canadensys.net" refId="ref53601" refString="Canadensys. 2014. Available online at website http: // www. canadensys. net." title="Available online at website" type="url" year="2014">Canadensys 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,806,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[184,553,832,853]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="pohlianum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,387,832,853]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[450,553,832,853]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">pohlianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from a Pohl collection that was likely made near the Brazilian port city of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[242,338,890,912]" name="El Salvador" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
from what was an adventive population established by an accidental introduction to the area (L. Giacomin pers. comm.). There is no evidence that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[681,806,949,970]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[681,806,949,970]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[383,443,978,1000]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
since the time of Pohl’ s collections (
|
||
<bibRefCitation accessDate="2013-11-18" author="Stehmann, J. R. & L. A. Mentz & M. F. Agra & M. Vignoli-Silva & L. Giacomin" box="[167,383,1007,1029]" journalOrPublisher="Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" publicationUrl="http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/" refId="ref57224" refString="Stehmann, J. R., L. A. Mentz, M. F. Agra, and M. Vignoli-Silva. M., and L. Giacomin. 2013. Solanaceae in Lista de especies da flora do Brasil. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at: http: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / jabot / floradobrasil /. Accessed on: 18 November 2013." title="Solanaceae in Lista de especies da flora do Brasil" type="url" year="2013">Stehmann et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, we have not seen any specimens or reports of the species from other locations in Central or South America or Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,806,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
In some areas outside of its native range (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[727,794,1095,1117]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[160,514,1124,1146]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,356,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[410,514,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs as a harmless exotic species, but in other areas the species is a serious pest (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[215,264,1183,1205]" name="Italy" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[277,342,1183,1204]" name="Japan" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Apparently it is inadvertently dispersed by humans over long distances through shipments of soybeans or livestock fodder that are contaminated with seeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouren, T." box="[167,301,1270,1291]" journalOrPublisher="Blyttia" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="175 - 185" part="45" refId="ref56619" refString="Ouren, T. 1987. Soyabonne-adventiver i Norge. Blyttia 45: 175 - 185." title="Soyabonne-adventiver i Norge" type="journal article" year="1987">Ouren 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Park, G. - J. & S. - H. Yoon & J. - K. Lee & Y. - J. Kim" box="[317,502,1270,1292]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="97 - 102" part="21" refId="ref56675" refString="Park, G. - J., S. - H. Yoon, J. - K. Lee, and Y. - J. Kim. 2001. Studies on ecological characteristics and control of exotic weeds. 1. Distribution and ecological characteristics of exotic weeds in forage crop field. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science 21: 97 - 102." title="Studies on ecological characteristics and control of exotic weeds. 1. Distribution and ecological characteristics of exotic weeds in forage crop field" type="journal article" year="2001">Park et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Follak, S. & G. Strauss" box="[518,795,1270,1292]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="544 - 552" part="50" refId="ref54488" refString="Follak, S. and G. Strauss. 2010. Potential distribution and management of the invasive weed Solanum carolinense in Central Europe. Weed Research 50: 544 - 552." title="Potential distribution and management of the invasive weed Solanum carolinense in Central Europe" type="journal article" year="2010">Follak and Strauss 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). New introductions to temperate and subtropical regions around the world are expected to continue as long as agricultural crops are exported abroad from the eastern and southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[306,454,1387,1409]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,806,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[184,545,1416,1438]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,383,1416,1437]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[438,545,1416,1437]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows in a wide variety of conditions, from dry, well drained soils to seasonally inundated swales, fields, and river banks, from deep shade to full sun, and in sands, clays, loams, gravels, serpentine and calcareous outcrops, and the margins of coal mine and dredge spoils. It grows in various plant communities including prairies, deciduous woodlands, swamps, and pine forests, and in disturbed areas such as roadsides, grazed and mowed pastures, ditches, cultivated fields, urban waste areas, and utility and railroad rights of way. It has been collected from cultivated fields of peanuts, wheat, maize, cotton, tomato, potato, alfalfa, green beans, and soybeans. The species grows at elevations from 0–850(–1200) m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="867" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,806,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,318,1796,1818]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,292,1796,1818]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Phenology</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In North America, the species flowers between May and October and fruits between June and November.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="867" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,806,160,1994]" lastBlockId="14.[853,1500,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,433,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,406,1855,1876]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Conservation Status</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The calculations for the extent of occurrence (ca. 3 × 10
|
||
<quantity box="[380,429,1879,1906]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" unit="km" value="6.0">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[380,389,1879,1893]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">6</superScript>
|
||
km
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[429,438,1879,1893]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">2</superScript>
|
||
) and area of occupancy (
|
||
<quantity box="[696,789,1884,1906]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.328" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" unit="km" value="7328.0">7,328 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[789,798,1879,1893]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">2</superScript>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[198,556,1913,1935]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,396,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[452,556,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were based on its estimated native range in North America (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[587,649,1942,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[157,188,1975,1992]" captionTargetBox="[134,1473,1032,1951]" captionTargetId="figure-498@13.[133,1476,1030,1953]" captionText="FIG. 5. Distribution of Solanum carolinense var. carolinense and S. carolinense var. floridanum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6338432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6338432/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Because it is invasive and has the potential to expand its population size when introduced to suitable habitat outside of its native range, it is assigned a preliminary conservation status of “least concern” (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[965,1001,218,240]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">LC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="867" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[853,1500,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis box="[877,1009,247,269]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[877,983,247,269]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet means “from the Carolinas” in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[919,1059,277,299]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the presumed
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1219,1265,277,298]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="867" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[853,1500,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis box="[877,1442,306,328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[877,1205,306,328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Vernacular Names and Uses</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
Solanum carolinense var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[853,960,335,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is widely known as horsenettle or
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1409,1499,335,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Seguenziidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seguenziida" pageId="14" pageNumber="866" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
horsenettle, but several less commonly used names include ball-nettle, bull-nettle, apple-of-Sodom, and sand-brier (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alex, J. F. & R. Cayouette & G. A. Mulligan" journalOrPublisher="Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Department of Agriculture" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref53138" refString="Alex, J. F., R. Cayouette, and G. A. Mulligan. 1980. Common and botanical names of weeds in Canada / Noms populaire et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada. Publication 1397. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Department of Agriculture." title="Common and botanical names of weeds in Canada / Noms populaire et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada. Publication 1397" type="book" year="1980">Alex et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Muenscher, W. C." box="[970,1145,423,445]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Macmillan Co" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref56311" refString="Muenscher, W. C. 1951. Poisonous plants of the United States. New York: Macmillan Co." title="Poisonous plants of the United States" type="book" year="1951">Muenscher 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bassett, I. J. & D. B. Munro" box="[1156,1417,423,445]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="977 - 991" part="66" refId="ref53395" refString="Bassett, I. J. and D. B. Munro. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66: 977 - 991." title="The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal" type="journal article" year="1986">Bassett and Munro 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given its wide distribution outside of North America, vernacular names in other languages include: morelle de la Caroline (French), ortiga de caballo (Spanish), Carolinsche-Pferdenessel, Carolina-Nachtschatten, and Trostbeere (German), Paardenetel (Dutch), паслён каролинский (Russian), and waru nasubi (Japanese) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alex, J. F. & R. Cayouette & G. A. Mulligan" box="[971,1125,598,620]" journalOrPublisher="Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Department of Agriculture" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref53138" refString="Alex, J. F., R. Cayouette, and G. A. Mulligan. 1980. Common and botanical names of weeds in Canada / Noms populaire et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada. Publication 1397. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Department of Agriculture." title="Common and botanical names of weeds in Canada / Noms populaire et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada. Publication 1397" type="book" year="1980">Alex et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eberwein, R. K. & T. Litscher" box="[1134,1418,598,620]" journalOrPublisher="Rudolfinum - Jahrbuch des Landesmuseums fur Karnten" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="325 - 330" part="2005" refId="ref54298" refString="Eberwein, R. K. and T. Litscher. 2007. Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae), ein gefahrlicher Neuburger in Osterreich. Rudolfinum - Jahrbuch des Landesmuseums fur Karnten 2005: 325 - 330." title="Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae), ein gefahrlicher Neuburger in Osterreich" type="journal article" year="2007">Eberwein and Litscher 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="867" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[853,1500,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
Some accounts have reported that the dried fruits and roots have been used as a sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic, and aphrodisiac, and that poultices, ointments, and teas made from the fruits or leaves have been used for the treatment of epilepsy, sore throat, toothache, contact dermatitis, worms, and mange in dogs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grieve, M." box="[1093,1228,773,795]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Hafner Press" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref54793" refString="Grieve, M. 1974. A modern herbal. New York: Hafner Press." title="A modern herbal" type="book" year="1974">Grieve 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foster, S. & J. A. Duke" box="[1244,1495,773,795]" journalOrPublisher="Boston: Houghton Mifflin" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref54572" refString="Foster, S. and J. A. Duke. 1990. A field guide to medicinal plants: Eastern and central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin." title="A field guide to medicinal plants: Eastern and central North America" type="book" year="1990">Foster and Duke 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yasuyuki, K. & S. Bhaskar & T. Mingki & H. Tag & T. Riba & K. Ando" box="[853,1085,803,825]" journalOrPublisher="Mountain Research and Development" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="252 - 258" part="30" refId="ref58231" refString="Yasuyuki, K., S. Bhaskar, T. Mingki, H. Tag, T. Riba, and K. Ando. 2010. Roadside distribution patterns of invasive alien plants along an altitudinal gradient in Arunachal Himalaya, India. Mountain Research and Development 30: 252 - 258." title="Roadside distribution patterns of invasive alien plants along an altitudinal gradient in Arunachal Himalaya, India" type="journal article" year="2010">Yasuyuki et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, all parts of the plant are considered to be poisonous, and the glycoalkaloids contained in the mature fruits are known to be toxic to livestock (cattle, sheep) and humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Muenscher, W. C." box="[1224,1403,890,912]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Macmillan Co" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref56311" refString="Muenscher, W. C. 1951. Poisonous plants of the United States. New York: Macmillan Co." title="Poisonous plants of the United States" type="book" year="1951">Muenscher 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hulbert, L. C. & F. W. Oehme" journalOrPublisher="Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas State University Press" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref55078" refString="Hulbert, L. C. and F. W. Oehme. 1963. Plants poisonous to livestock in the United States and Canada, 2 nd ed. Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas State University Press." title="Plants poisonous to livestock in the United States and Canada, 2 nd ed" type="book" year="1963">Hulbert and Oehme 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardin, J. W. & J. M. Arena" box="[1051,1319,920,942]" journalOrPublisher="Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref54936" refString="Hardin, J. W. and J. M. Arena. 1969. Human poisoning from native and cultivated plants. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press." title="Human poisoning from native and cultivated plants" type="book" year="1969">Hardin and Arena, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hamilton, M. W." box="[1331,1495,920,942]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="54 - 62" part="60" refId="ref54905" refString="Hamilton, M. W. 1980. Potentially poisonous or otherwise harmful higher plants of Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 60: 54 - 62." title="Potentially poisonous or otherwise harmful higher plants of Oklahoma" type="journal article" year="1980">Hamilton 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner, N. J. & A. F. Szczawinski" box="[853,1185,949,971]" journalOrPublisher="Portland, Oregon: Timber Press" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref57573" refString="Turner, N. J. and A. F. Szczawinski. 1991. Common poisonous plants and mushrooms of North America. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press." title="Common poisonous plants and mushrooms of North America" type="book" year="1991">Turner and Szczawinski 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wink, M. & B. - E. Van Wyk" box="[1200,1488,949,971]" journalOrPublisher="Portland, Oregon: Timber Press" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref58011" refString="Wink, M. and B. - E. Van Wyk. 2008. Poisonous plants of the World. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press." title="Poisonous plants of the World" type="book" year="2008">
|
||
Wink and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1321,1363,949,970]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Wyk 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cipollini, M. L. & D. J. Levey" box="[853,1143,978,1000]" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="782 - 798" part="78" refId="ref53833" refString="Cipollini, M. L. and D. J. Levey. 1997. Why are some fruits toxic? Glycoalkaloids in Solanum and fruit choice by vertebrates. Ecology 78: 782 - 798." title="Why are some fruits toxic? Glycoalkaloids in Solanum and fruit choice by vertebrates" type="journal article" year="1997">Cipollini and Levey (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that mature fruits contained
|
||
<quantity box="[932,1043,1007,1029]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" unit="mg" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">10–30 mg</quantity>
|
||
/g dry mass of glycoalkaloids, primarily α- solasonine and α- solamargine. A case of fatal human poisoning was documented in 1963 when a 6-yr-old boy in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[853,996,1095,1117]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
died after eating the fruit of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense (Kingsbury 1964)" authorityName="var. carolinense (Kingsbury" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="Kingsbury" baseAuthorityYear="1964" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1315,1451,1095,1116]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[853,962,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kingsbury, J. M." box="[977,1150,1124,1146]" journalOrPublisher="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref55516" refString="Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall." title="Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada" type="book" year="1964">Kingsbury 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[853,1500,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis box="[877,1152,1153,1175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[877,1125,1153,1175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Chromosome Number</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A gametophytic chromosome number of
|
||
<emphasis box="[978,991,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12 was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Arcy, W. G." box="[1253,1407,1183,1205]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="471 - 475" part="56" refId="ref54086" refString="D' Arcy, W. G. 1969. Chromosome numbers of phanerogams 3. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 56: 471 - 475." title="Chromosome numbers of phanerogams 3" type="journal article" year="1969">D’ Arcy (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardin, J. W. & G. Doerksen & D. Herndon & M. Hobson & F. Thomas" journalOrPublisher="The Southwestern Naturalist" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="403 - 412" part="16" refId="ref54968" refString="Hardin, J. W., G. Doerksen, D. Herndon, M. Hobson, and F. Thomas. 1972. Pollination ecology and floral biology of four weedy genera in southern Oklahoma. The Southwestern Naturalist 16: 403 - 412." title="Pollination ecology and floral biology of four weedy genera in southern Oklahoma" type="journal article" year="1972">Hardin et al. (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bassett, I. J. & D. B. Munro" box="[1053,1341,1212,1234]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="977 - 991" part="66" refId="ref53395" refString="Bassett, I. J. and D. B. Munro. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66: 977 - 991." title="The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal" type="journal article" year="1986">Bassett and Munro (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and a sporophytic number of 2
|
||
<emphasis box="[1059,1072,1242,1263]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 24 was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hill, L. M." box="[1316,1431,1241,1263]" journalOrPublisher="International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="17 - 19" part="13" refId="ref55053" refString="Hill, L. M. 1989. IOPB chromosome data 1. International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17 - 19." title="IOPB chromosome data 1" type="journal article" year="1989">Hill (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="868" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[853,1500,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis box="[877,988,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[877,961,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
As a weedy species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1239,1445,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[853,960,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits several attributes that make it a highly competitive and invasive weed: it colonizes early successional or disturbed habitats, produces many seeds per fruit, grows rapidly, reproduces vegetatively, resists mechanical methods of control, has generalized pollinators, and can grow in a variety of biotic and abiotic conditions (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kolar, C. S. & D. M. Lodge" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology & Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="199 - 204" part="16" refId="ref55598" refString="Kolar, C. S. and D. M. Lodge. 2001. Progress in invasion biology: Predicting invaders. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16: 199 - 204." title="Progress in invasion biology: Predicting invaders" type="journal article" year="2001">Kolar and Lodge 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These same characteristics that contribute to the invasiveness of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[1072,1378,1504,1526]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1072,1210,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1269,1378,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also make it difficult to control. Human disturbance such as plowing serve to open up new habitat for its dispersal and establishment. It is capable of producing ca. 40–170 seeds per fruit, with a single plant producing up to ca. 5,000 seeds that may be dispersed by birds and mammals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martin, A. C. & H. S. Zim & A. L. Nelson" box="[1245,1429,1650,1672]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Dover" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref55826" refString="Martin, A. C., H. S. Zim, and A. L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants. New York: Dover." title="American wildlife and plants" type="book" year="1951">Martin et al. 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gunn, G. R. & F. B. Gaffney" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture Technical" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" refId="ref54809" refString="Gunn, G. R. and F. B. Gaffney. 1974. Seed characteristics of 42 economically important species of Solanaceae in the United States. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1471. Washington D. C.: U. S. Department of Agriculture." title="Seed characteristics of 42 economically important species of Solanaceae in the United States" type="book" year="1974">Gunn and Gaffney 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solomon, B. P. & S. J. McNaughton" box="[1053,1397,1679,1701]" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="47 - 56" part="42" refId="ref57161" refString="Solomon, B. P. and S. J. McNaughton. 1979. Numerical and temporal relationships in a three-level food chain. Oecologia 42: 47 - 56." title="Numerical and temporal relationships in a three-level food chain" type="journal article" year="1979">Solomon and McNaughton 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cipollini, M. L. & D. J. Levey" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="782 - 798" part="78" refId="ref53833" refString="Cipollini, M. L. and D. J. Levey. 1997. Why are some fruits toxic? Glycoalkaloids in Solanum and fruit choice by vertebrates. Ecology 78: 782 - 798." title="Why are some fruits toxic? Glycoalkaloids in Solanum and fruit choice by vertebrates" type="journal article" year="1997">Cipollini and Levey 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[853,1500,160,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">
|
||
As with other weedy species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1233,1445,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[853,957,1767,1788]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pollinated by a variety of generalist insects. The flowers are odorless and without nectar, and provide pollen as a reward (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solomon, B. P." box="[1007,1168,1825,1848]" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Trends in Plants" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="89 - 93" part="1" refId="ref57128" refString="Solomon, B. P. 1987. The role of male flowers in Solanum carolinense: Pollen donor or pollinator attractors? Evolutionary Trends in Plants 1: 89 - 93." title="The role of male flowers in Solanum carolinense: Pollen donor or pollinator attractors?" type="journal article" year="1987">Solomon 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In North America, the species has been observed to be buzz pollinated by a variety of non-specialist bees, including sweat bees (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1366,1499,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
|
||
spp.), bumblebees (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1073,1151,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Bombus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.) carpenter bees (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1407,1498,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Xylocopa</emphasis>
|
||
spp.), and mining bees (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1129,1215,1942,1963]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="867">Andrena</emphasis>
|
||
spp.;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardin, J. W. & G. Doerksen & D. Herndon & M. Hobson & F. Thomas" box="[1289,1494,1942,1964]" journalOrPublisher="The Southwestern Naturalist" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="403 - 412" part="16" refId="ref54968" refString="Hardin, J. W., G. Doerksen, D. Herndon, M. Hobson, and F. Thomas. 1972. Pollination ecology and floral biology of four weedy genera in southern Oklahoma. The Southwestern Naturalist 16: 403 - 412." title="Pollination ecology and floral biology of four weedy genera in southern Oklahoma" type="journal article" year="1972">Hardin et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Quesada-Aguilar, A. & S. Kalisz & T. - L. Ashman" box="[853,1159,1972,1994]" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="14" pageNumber="867" pagination="974 - 984" part="95" refId="ref56787" refString="Quesada-Aguilar, A., S. Kalisz, and T. - L. Ashman. 2008. Flower morphology and pollinator dynamics in Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae): Implications for the evolution of andromonoecy. American Journal of Botany 95: 974 - 984." title="Flower morphology and pollinator dynamics in Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae): Implications for the evolution of andromonoecy" type="journal article" year="2008">Quesada-Aguilar et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[133,780,160,1994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
In its native range and in many introduced areas,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[298,405,189,210]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extremely difficult to control in cultivated areas and pastures once established. The magnitude of the economic impact to agriculture is difficult to estimate, but given its wide distribution in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[633,779,277,299]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and locations abroad, the costs associated with control of the species, crop losses, contaminated harvests and fodder, and reduced availability of pastureland are potentially enormous (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Follak, S. & G. Strauss" box="[186,444,394,416]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="544 - 552" part="50" refId="ref54488" refString="Follak, S. and G. Strauss. 2010. Potential distribution and management of the invasive weed Solanum carolinense in Central Europe. Weed Research 50: 544 - 552." title="Potential distribution and management of the invasive weed Solanum carolinense in Central Europe" type="journal article" year="2010">Follak and Strauss 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In North America, some crop yields have been decreased up to 60% by its presence, and the quality of pastures can be severely diminished (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gorrell, R. M. & S. W. Bingham & C. L. Foy" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="586 - 589" part="29" refId="ref54681" refString="Gorrell, R. M., S. W. Bingham, and C. L. Foy. 1981. Control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) fleshy roots in pastures. Weed Science 29: 586 - 589." title="Control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) fleshy roots in pastures" type="journal article" year="1981">Gorrell et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hackett, N. M. & D. S. Murray & D. L. Weeks" box="[193,386,481,503]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="780 - 784" part="35" refId="ref54861" refString="Hackett, N. M., D. S. Murray, and D. L. Weeks. 1987. Interference of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). Weed Science 35: 780 - 784." title="Interference of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)" type="journal article" year="1987">Hackett et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pimentel, D. & L. Lach & R. Zuniga & D. Morrison" box="[397,602,481,503]" journalOrPublisher="Bioscience" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="53 - 64" part="50" refId="ref56636" refString="Pimentel, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. Bioscience 50: 53 - 64." title="Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States" type="journal article" year="2000">Pimentel et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[133,780,160,1994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
Control of the species using mechanical methods or single herbicide applications is usually not effective (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ilnicki, R. D. & T. F. Tisdell & S. N. Fertig & A. H. Furrer" journalOrPublisher="Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="1 - 54" part="368" refId="ref55117" refString="Ilnicki, R. D., T. F. Tisdell, S. N. Fertig, and A. H. Furrer. 1962. Life history studies as related to weed control in the Northeast. 3 - Horsenettle. Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 368: 1 - 54." title="Life history studies as related to weed control in the Northeast. 3 - Horsenettle" type="journal article" year="1962">Ilnicki et al. 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nichols, R. L. & J. Cardina & R. L. Lynch & N. A. Minton & H. D. Wells" box="[196,396,569,591]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="320 - 325" part="40" refId="ref56504" refString="Nichols, R. L., J. Cardina, R. L. Lynch, N. A. Minton, and H. D. Wells. 1992. Insects, nematodes, and pathogens associated with horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures. Weed Science 40: 320 - 325." title="Insects, nematodes, and pathogens associated with horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures" type="journal article" year="1992">Nichols et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Plants that are mowed during the first half of the growing season re-emerge vigorously, and tilling causes vegetative reproduction from root fragments, which often increases the severity of the infestation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Furrer, A. H. & S. N. Fertig" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Northeastern Weed Control Conference" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="336 - 342" part="14" refId="ref54603" refString="Furrer, A. H. and S. N. Fertig. 1960. Life history studies of horse-nettle (Solanum carolinense). Proceedings of the Northeastern Weed Control Conference 14: 336 - 342." title="Life history studies of horse-nettle (Solanum carolinense)" type="journal article" year="1960">Furrer and Fertig 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Takematsu, T. & M. Konnai & Y. Takeuchi & N. Ichizen" box="[321,560,686,708]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the College of Agriculture. Utsunomiya University" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="93 - 102" part="10" refId="ref57426" refString="Takematsu, T., M. Konnai, Y. Takeuchi, and N. Ichizen. 1979. Study on the ecological properties and control of perennial weed horsenettle. Bulletin of the College of Agriculture. Utsunomiya University 10: 93 - 102." title="Study on the ecological properties and control of perennial weed horsenettle" type="journal article" year="1979">Takematsu et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gorrell, R. M. & S. W. Bingham & C. L. Foy" box="[575,775,686,708]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="586 - 589" part="29" refId="ref54681" refString="Gorrell, R. M., S. W. Bingham, and C. L. Foy. 1981. Control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) fleshy roots in pastures. Weed Science 29: 586 - 589." title="Control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) fleshy roots in pastures" type="journal article" year="1981">Gorrell et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wehtje, G. & J. W. Wilcut & T. V. Hicks & G. R. Sims" box="[133,342,715,737]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="356 - 359" part="35" refId="ref57855" refString="Wehtje, G., J. W. Wilcut, T. V. Hicks, and G. R. Sims. 1987. Reproductive biology and control of Solanum dimidiatum and Solanum carolinense. Weed Science 35: 356 - 359." title="Reproductive biology and control of Solanum dimidiatum and Solanum carolinense" type="journal article" year="1987">Wehtje et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Intensive herbicide applications with certain mixtures and treatments are somewhat effective (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whaley, C. M. & M. J. Vangessel" box="[188,494,773,795]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Technology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="293 - 300" part="16" refId="ref57970" refString="Whaley, C. M. and M. J. Vangessel. 2002. Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) control with a field corn (Zea mays) weed management program. Weed Technology 16: 293 - 300." title="Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) control with a field corn (Zea mays) weed management program" type="journal article" year="2002">Whaley and Vangessel 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Armel, G. R. & H. P. Wilson & R. J. Richardson & T. E. Hines" box="[508,700,773,795]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Technology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="65 - 72" part="17" refId="ref53284" refString="Armel, G. R., H. P. Wilson, R. J. Richardson, and T. E. Hines. 2003. Mesotrione combinations for postemergence control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 17: 65 - 72." title="Mesotrione combinations for postemergence control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) in corn (Zea mays)" type="journal article" year="2003">Armel et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Beeler, J. E. & G. N. Rhodes & G. E. Bates & C. L. Main & T. C. Mueller" journalOrPublisher="Weed Technology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="1091 - 1095" part="18" refId="ref53438" refString="Beeler, J. E., G. N. Rhodes, G. E. Bates, C. L. Main, and T. C. Mueller. 2004. Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) control in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and clover (Trifolium sp.) pastures with mixtures of 2,4 - D and picloram. Weed Technology 18: 1091 - 1095." title="Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) control in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and clover (Trifolium sp.) pastures with mixtures of 2,4 - D and picloram" type="journal article" year="2004">Beeler et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the use of biological control agents carries considerable risk given the relatively close phylogenetic relationship to other solanaceous crops such as tomato, potato, and eggplant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nichols, R. L. & J. Cardina & R. L. Lynch & N. A. Minton & H. D. Wells" box="[287,484,890,913]" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="320 - 325" part="40" refId="ref56504" refString="Nichols, R. L., J. Cardina, R. L. Lynch, N. A. Minton, and H. D. Wells. 1992. Insects, nematodes, and pathogens associated with horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures. Weed Science 40: 320 - 325." title="Insects, nematodes, and pathogens associated with horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures" type="journal article" year="1992">Nichols et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[133,780,160,1994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
In addition to being an aggressive agricultural pest,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[302,411,949,970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a host to many insects, fungi, and viruses that can cause damage to a variety of crops, especially solanaceous ones such as potato (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[547,738,1007,1028]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[547,738,1007,1028]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum tuberosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.), tomato (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[225,444,1036,1057]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycopersicum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[225,444,1036,1057]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum lycopersicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.), tobacco (
|
||
<emphasis box="[596,778,1036,1058]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Nicotiana tabacum</emphasis>
|
||
L.), pepper (
|
||
<emphasis box="[264,358,1066,1087]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Capsicum</emphasis>
|
||
spp.), and eggplant (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[586,779,1066,1087]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[586,779,1066,1087]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.). Thus, not only does
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[395,546,1095,1116]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,546,1095,1116]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
need to be controlled in fields and pastures as a direct competitor, but also it needs to be managed in adjacent areas in order to limit its ability to serve as a host. Some of the important phytophagous insect pests that use it as a host include
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[598,698,1212,1234]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
potato beetle [
|
||
<emphasis box="[212,460,1241,1263]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Leptinotarsa decemlineata</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)], false
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[605,701,1241,1263]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
potato beetle [
|
||
<emphasis box="[205,382,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Leptinotarsa juncta</emphasis>
|
||
(Germar)], eggplant lacebug [
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Gargaphia solani</emphasis>
|
||
(Heidemann)], potato stalk borer [
|
||
<emphasis box="[576,778,1299,1321]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Trichobaris trinotata</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)], eggplant flea beetle [
|
||
<emphasis box="[441,589,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Epitrix fuscula</emphasis>
|
||
(Crotch)], potato flea beetle [
|
||
<emphasis box="[267,448,1359,1380]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Epitrix cucumeris</emphasis>
|
||
(Harris)], tobacco hornworm [
|
||
<emphasis box="[141,288,1387,1409]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Manduca sexta</emphasis>
|
||
(Haworth)], pepper maggot [
|
||
<emphasis box="[605,779,1387,1409]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Zonosemata electa</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)], yellowstriped armyworm [
|
||
<emphasis box="[531,778,1416,1437]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Spodoptera ornithogalli</emphasis>
|
||
(Guenée)], eggplant leafminer [
|
||
<emphasis box="[444,650,1446,1467]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Tildenia inconspicuella</emphasis>
|
||
(Murtfeldt)], potato tuberworm [
|
||
<emphasis box="[351,590,1475,1496]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Phthorimaea operculella</emphasis>
|
||
(Zeller)], pepper weevil [
|
||
<emphasis box="[219,421,1504,1526]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Anthonomus eugenii</emphasis>
|
||
(Cano)], potato psyllid
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Paratrioza cacherelli</emphasis>
|
||
(Sulc.)], and eggplant tortoise beetle [
|
||
<emphasis box="[609,778,1533,1555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Gratiana pallidula</emphasis>
|
||
(Boheman)] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Somes, M. P." box="[271,398,1562,1584]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="39 - 44" part="9" refId="ref57193" refString="Somes, M. P. 1916. Some insects of Solanum carolinense L., and their economic relations. Journal of Economic Entomology 9: 39 - 44." title="Some insects of Solanum carolinense L., and their economic relations" type="journal article" year="1916">Somes 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Anderson, L. D. & H. G. Walker" box="[413,710,1563,1585]" journalOrPublisher="American Potato Journal" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="319 - 325" part="14" refId="ref53243" refString="Anderson, L. D. and H. G. Walker. 1937. Control of the potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris Harris on the eastern shore of Virginia. American Potato Journal 14: 319 - 325." title="Control of the potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris Harris on the eastern shore of Virginia" type="journal article" year="1937">Anderson and Walker 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foott, W. H." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="16 - 17" part="98" refId="ref54521" refString="Foott, W. H. 1968. The importance of Solanum carolinense L. as a host of the pepper maggot, Zonosemata electa (Say), (Diptera: Trypetidae) in southwestern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 98: 16 - 17." title="The importance of Solanum carolinense L. as a host of the pepper maggot, Zonosemata electa (Say), (Diptera: Trypetidae) in southwestern Ontario" type="journal article" year="1968">Foott 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bassett, I. J. & D. B. Munro" box="[194,448,1592,1614]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="977 - 991" part="66" refId="ref53395" refString="Bassett, I. J. and D. B. Munro. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66: 977 - 991." title="The biology of Canadian weeds: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal" type="journal article" year="1986">Bassett and Munro 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hare, J. D. & G. G. Kennedy" box="[461,717,1592,1614]" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="1031 - 1043" part="40" refId="ref55016" refString="Hare, J. D. and G. G. Kennedy. 1986. Genetic variation in plant-insect associations: Survival of Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations on Solanum carolinense. Evolution 40: 1031 - 1043." title="Genetic variation in plant-insect associations: Survival of Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations on Solanum carolinense" type="journal article" year="1986">Hare and Kennedy 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wise, M. J. & C. F. Sacchi" journalOrPublisher="Solanum carolinense. Oecologia" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="328 - 337" part="108" refId="ref58039" refString="Wise, M. J. and C. F. Sacchi. 1996. Impact of two specialist insect herbivores on reproduction of horse nettle, Solanum carolinense. Oecologia 108: 328 - 337." title="Impact of two specialist insect herbivores on reproduction of horse nettle" type="journal article" year="1996">Wise and Sacchi 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Capinera, J. L." box="[314,465,1621,1643]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Academic Press" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" refId="ref53618" refString="Capinera, J. L. 2001. Handbook of vegetable pests. New York: Academic Press." title="Handbook of vegetable pests" type="book" year="2001">Capinera 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kariyat, R. R. & K. E. Mauck & C. M. Balogh & A. G. Stephenson & M. C. Mescher & C. M. De Moraes" box="[477,670,1621,1643]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings. Biological Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="20130020" part="280" refId="ref55448" refString="Kariyat, R. R., K. E. Mauck, C. M. Balogh, A. G. Stephenson, M. C. Mescher, and C. M. De Moraes. 2013. Inbreeding in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) alters night-time volatile emissions that guide oviposition by Manduca sexta moths. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 280: 20130020." title="Inbreeding in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) alters night-time volatile emissions that guide oviposition by Manduca sexta moths" type="journal article" year="2013">Kariyat et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species also acts as a host reservoir to viral and fungal pathogens, including tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco vein mottling virus, tobacco etch virus, peach rosette mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tomato leafspot fungus (
|
||
<emphasis box="[593,778,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Septoria lycopersici</emphasis>
|
||
Speg.), and early blight of tomato [
|
||
<emphasis box="[527,698,1767,1788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Alternaria solani</emphasis>
|
||
(Ell. & G. Martin) Sor.];
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pritchard, F. J. & W. S. Porte" box="[306,563,1796,1818]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Agricultural Research" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="501 - 507" part="21" refId="ref56745" refString="Pritchard, F. J. and W. S. Porte. 1921. Relation of horse nettle (Solanum carolinense) to leafspot of tomato (Septoria lycopersici). Journal of Agricultural Research 21: 501 - 507." title="Relation of horse nettle (Solanum carolinense) to leafspot of tomato (Septoria lycopersici)" type="journal article" year="1921">Pritchard and Porte 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ellis, M. B." box="[574,673,1796,1818]" journalOrPublisher="Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" refId="ref54471" refString="Ellis, M. B. 1971. Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute." title="Dematiaceous hyphomycetes" type="book" year="1971">Ellis 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ramsdell, D. C. & R. L. Myers" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Epidemiology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="447 - 450" part="68" refId="ref56835" refString="Ramsdell, D. C. and R. L. Myers. 1978. Epidemiology of peach rosette mosaic virus in a Concord grape vineyard. Ecology and Epidemiology 68: 447 - 450." title="Epidemiology of peach rosette mosaic virus in a Concord grape vineyard" type="journal article" year="1978">Ramsdell and Myers 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Natsuaki et al. 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blancard, D." box="[553,703,1825,1847]" journalOrPublisher="London: Manson Publishing" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" refId="ref53510" refString="Blancard, D. 2012. Tomato diseases: Identification, biology and control, 2 nd edition. London: Manson Publishing." title="Tomato diseases: Identification, biology and control" type="book" year="2012">Blancard 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Goyal, G. & H. K. Gill & R. McSorley" journalOrPublisher="Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" refId="ref54723" refString="Goyal, G., H. K. Gill, and R. McSorley. 2012. Common weed hosts of insecttransmitted viruses of Florida vegetable crops. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services, No. ENY- 863." title="Common weed hosts of insecttransmitted viruses of Florida vegetable crops" type="journal volume" year="2012">Goyal et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[133,780,160,1994]" lastBlockId="15.[827,1473,160,1994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis box="[157,613,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,385,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Reproductive Biology</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[413,778,1884,1905]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
Solanum carolinense var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[675,778,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a weakly andromonoecious species with a system of selfincompatibility, and several studies have investigated the ecology, evolution, and biochemistry of its reproductive biology. The developmentally terminal and indeterminate inflorescence develops acropetally and produces variable numbers of hermaphroditic flowers at the proximal end and staminate flowers at the distal end. Studies of andromonoecy in the species have shown that sex expression in the inflorescence (i.e. the ratio of hermaphroditic:staminate flowers) can be influenced by various environmental and ecological factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solomon, B. P." box="[910,1058,364,386]" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="1321 - 1332" part="66" refId="ref57102" refString="Solomon, B. P. 1985. Environmentally influenced changes in sex expression in an andromonoecious plant. Ecology 66: 1321 - 1332." title="Environmentally influenced changes in sex expression in an andromonoecious plant" type="journal article" year="1985">Solomon 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Steven, J. C. & P. A. Peroni & E. Rowell" box="[1070,1254,364,386]" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="247 - 252" part="141" refId="ref57347" refString="Steven, J. C., P. A. Peroni, and E. Rowell. 1999. The effects of pollen addition on fruit set and sex expression in the andromonoecious herb horsenettle (Solanum carolinense). American Midland Naturalist 141: 247 - 252." title="The effects of pollen addition on fruit set and sex expression in the andromonoecious herb horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)" type="journal article" year="1999">Steven et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wise, M. J. & J. J. Cummins" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ecology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="629 - 636" part="94" refId="ref58110" refString="Wise, M. J. and J. J. Cummins. 2006. Strategies of Solanum carolinense for regulating maternal investment in response to foliar and floral herbivory. Journal of Ecology 94: 629 - 636." title="Strategies of Solanum carolinense for regulating maternal investment in response to foliar and floral herbivory" type="journal article" year="2006">Wise and Cummins 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wise, M. J. & J. J. Cummins & C. De Young" box="[887,1052,394,416]" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Ecology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="19 - 37" part="22" refId="ref58189" refString="Wise, M. J., J. J. Cummins, and C. De Young. 2008. Compensation for floral herbivory in Solanum carolinense: Identifying mechanisms of tolerance. Evolutionary Ecology 22: 19 - 37." title="Compensation for floral herbivory in Solanum carolinense: Identifying mechanisms of tolerance" type="journal article" year="2008">Wise et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wise, M. J. & J. B. Hebert" box="[1064,1297,394,416]" journalOrPublisher="Solanum carolinense. Ecology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="937 - 943" part="91" refId="ref58150" refString="Wise, M. J. and J. B. Hebert. 2010. Herbivores affect natural selection for floral-sex ratio in a field population of horsenettle, Solanum carolinense. Ecology 91: 937 - 943." title="Herbivores affect natural selection for floral-sex ratio in a field population of horsenettle" type="journal article" year="2010">Wise and Hébert 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas others have found evidence that sex expression is a heritable trait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elle, E." box="[833,938,452,474]" journalOrPublisher="Heredity" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="481 - 488" part="80" refId="ref54361" refString="Elle, E. 1998. The quantitative genetics of sex allocation in the andromonoecious perennial, Solanum carolinense (L.). Heredity 80: 481 - 488." title="The quantitative genetics of sex allocation in the andromonoecious perennial, Solanum carolinense (L.)" type="journal article" year="1998">Elle 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elle, E." box="[954,1005,452,473]" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="278 - 286" part="86" refId="ref54392" refString="Elle, E. 1999. Sex allocation and reproductive success in the andromonoecious perennial Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae). I. Female success. American Journal of Botany 86: 278 - 286." title="Sex allocation and reproductive success in the andromonoecious perennial Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae). I. Female success" type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elle, E. & T. R. Meagher" box="[1022,1287,452,474]" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="622 - 636" part="156" refId="ref54428" refString="Elle, E. and T. R. Meagher. 2000. Sex allocation and reproductive success in the andromonoecious perennial Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae). II. Paternity and functional gender. American Naturalist 156: 622 - 636." title="Sex allocation and reproductive success in the andromonoecious perennial Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae). II. Paternity and functional gender" type="journal article" year="2000">Elle and Meagher 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other research has shown that the androecium of both hermaphroditic and staminate flowers is fully developed and produces fertile pollen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solomon, B. P." box="[909,1062,540,562]" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="1321 - 1332" part="66" refId="ref57102" refString="Solomon, B. P. 1985. Environmentally influenced changes in sex expression in an andromonoecious plant. Ecology 66: 1321 - 1332." title="Environmentally influenced changes in sex expression in an andromonoecious plant" type="journal article" year="1985">Solomon 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and that the production of pollen in staminate flowers functions as a reward to attract pollinators as well as a source of pollen for other flowers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solomon, B. P." journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Trends in Plants" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="89 - 93" part="1" refId="ref57128" refString="Solomon, B. P. 1987. The role of male flowers in Solanum carolinense: Pollen donor or pollinator attractors? Evolutionary Trends in Plants 1: 89 - 93." title="The role of male flowers in Solanum carolinense: Pollen donor or pollinator attractors?" type="journal article" year="1987">Solomon 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Connolly, B. A. & G. J. Anderson" box="[893,1222,627,649]" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="235 - 243" part="240" refId="ref53870" refString="Connolly, B. A. and G. J. Anderson. 2003. Functional significance of the androecium in staminate and hermaphroditic flowers of Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 240: 235 - 243." title="Functional significance of the androecium in staminate and hermaphroditic flowers of Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae)" type="journal article" year="2003">Connolly and Anderson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vallejo-Marin, M. & M. D. Rausher" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="404 - 412" part="61" refId="ref57648" refString="Vallejo-Marin, M. and M. D. Rausher. 2007. The role of male flowers in andromonoecious species: Energetic costs and siring success in Solanum carolinense L. Evolution 61: 404 - 412." title="The role of male flowers in andromonoecious species: Energetic costs and siring success in Solanum carolinense L" type="journal article" year="2007">Vallejo-Marín and Rausher 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[827,1473,160,1994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
While
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[928,1310,686,707]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,1134,686,707]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1203,1310,686,707]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits most traits of a weedy species, a notable exception is its system of self-incompatibility (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1044,1067,744,766]" country="Argentina" name="Museo Botánico (SI)" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" type="Herbarium">SI</collectionCode>
|
||
), which contrasts with self-compatible breeding systems in most weedy species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Travers, S. E. & J. Mena-Ali & A. G. Stephenson" journalOrPublisher="Plant Species Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="127 - 135" part="19" refId="ref57535" refString="Travers, S. E., J. Mena-Ali, and A. G. Stephenson. 2004. Plasticity in the self-incompatibility system of Solanum carolinense. Plant Species Biology 19: 127 - 135." title="Plasticity in the self-incompatibility system of Solanum carolinense" type="journal article" year="2004">Travers et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As with other species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Source" authorityYear="2014" box="[1208,1325,803,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1337,1472,803,824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[876,982,832,853]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been shown to have a gametophytic SI system under control of the single
|
||
<emphasis box="[1198,1211,861,882]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S</emphasis>
|
||
-locus gene, which regulates stigma-pollen compatibility (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Richman, A. D. & T. - H. Kao & S. W. Schaeffer & M. K. Uyenoyama" box="[1247,1468,890,912]" journalOrPublisher="Heredity" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="405 - 415" part="75" refId="ref56871" refString="Richman, A. D., T. - H. Kao, S. W. Schaeffer, and M. K. Uyenoyama. 1995. S - allele sequence diversity in natural populations of Solanum carolinense (Horesenettle). Heredity 75: 405 - 415." title="S - allele sequence diversity in natural populations of Solanum carolinense (Horesenettle)" type="journal article" year="1995">Richman et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Travers, S. E. & J. Mena-Ali & A. G. Stephenson" box="[827,1034,920,942]" journalOrPublisher="Plant Species Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="127 - 135" part="19" refId="ref57535" refString="Travers, S. E., J. Mena-Ali, and A. G. Stephenson. 2004. Plasticity in the self-incompatibility system of Solanum carolinense. Plant Species Biology 19: 127 - 135." title="Plasticity in the self-incompatibility system of Solanum carolinense" type="journal article" year="2004">Travers et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Studies into the SI system of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[996,1102,949,970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have shown that the diversity of
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,840,978,999]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S</emphasis>
|
||
-alleles is lower than in other SI species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Richman, A. D. & T. - H. Kao & S. W. Schaeffer & M. K. Uyenoyama" journalOrPublisher="Heredity" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="405 - 415" part="75" refId="ref56871" refString="Richman, A. D., T. - H. Kao, S. W. Schaeffer, and M. K. Uyenoyama. 1995. S - allele sequence diversity in natural populations of Solanum carolinense (Horesenettle). Heredity 75: 405 - 415." title="S - allele sequence diversity in natural populations of Solanum carolinense (Horesenettle)" type="journal article" year="1995">Richman et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the SI system is plastic because of variability in the strength of SI alleles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mena-Ali, J. I. & A. G. Stephenson" box="[1115,1463,1036,1059]" journalOrPublisher="Genetics" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="501 - 510" part="177" refId="ref55997" refString="Mena-Ali, J. I. and A. G. Stephenson. 2007. Segregation analyses of partial self-incompatibility in self and cross progeny of Solanum carolinense reveal a leaky S - allele. Genetics 177: 501 - 510." title="Segregation analyses of partial self-incompatibility in self and cross progeny of Solanum carolinense reveal a leaky S - allele" type="journal article" year="2007">Mena-Ali and Stephenson 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Even though the SI system becomes less stringent as flowers age or when there is a lack of cross pollen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Travers, S. E. & J. Mena-Ali & A. G. Stephenson" journalOrPublisher="Plant Species Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="127 - 135" part="19" refId="ref57535" refString="Travers, S. E., J. Mena-Ali, and A. G. Stephenson. 2004. Plasticity in the self-incompatibility system of Solanum carolinense. Plant Species Biology 19: 127 - 135." title="Plasticity in the self-incompatibility system of Solanum carolinense" type="journal article" year="2004">Travers et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), selfed progeny do not experience the deleterious effects of inbreeding depression, which may facilitate colonization and establishment of the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mena-Ali, J. I. & L. Kesser & A. G. Stephenson" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="10" part="8" refId="ref56039" refString="Mena-Ali, J. I., L. Kesser, and A. G. Stephenson. 2008. Inbreeding depression in Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae), a species with a plastic self-incompatibility response. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 10." title="Inbreeding depression in Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae), a species with a plastic self-incompatibility response" type="journal article" year="2008">Mena-Ali et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kariyat, R. R. & S. R. Scanlon & M. C. Mescher & C. M. De Moraes & A. G. Stephenson" box="[890,1087,1212,1234]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="28459" part="6" refId="ref55388" refString="Kariyat, R. R., S. R. Scanlon, M. C. Mescher, C. M. De Moraes, and A. G. Stephenson. 2011. Inbreeding depression in Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae) under field conditions and implications for mating system evolution. PLoS One 6: e 28459." title="Inbreeding depression in Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae) under field conditions and implications for mating system evolution" type="journal article" year="2011">Kariyat et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="869" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[827,1473,160,1994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,1148,1241,1263]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[851,913,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Notes</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[942,1320,1241,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
Solanum carolinense var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1214,1320,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is similar to both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[881,1019,1270,1292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dimidiatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[881,1019,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. dimidiatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1074,1202,1270,1292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perplexum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1074,1202,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. perplexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on habit and overall morphology, but it can be separated by its unbranched or rarely once-branched inflorescence (compared to a 1- to several-branched inflorescence in the other two species). It is further distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1137,1274,1387,1409]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dimidiatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1137,1274,1387,1409]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. dimidiatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its light brown stellate hairs with 4–5(–6) lateral rays and the central ray 1(–2)-celled and longer than the lateral rays (compared to white stellate hairs with (4–)6–10 lateral rays and the central ray 1-celled and equal to or shorter than lateral rays).
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1087,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1282,1407,1533,1555]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perplexum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1282,1407,1533,1555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. perplexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its shorter prickles on the stems and leaves (up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1322,1400,1562,1584]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs. up to
|
||
<quantity box="[854,927,1592,1614]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[960,1085,1592,1613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perplexum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[960,1085,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. perplexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), its smaller leaves (up to 15 ×
|
||
<quantity box="[1410,1472,1592,1613]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
vs. up to 22 ×
|
||
<quantity box="[984,1049,1621,1642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" unit="cm" value="18.0">18 cm</quantity>
|
||
), and its smaller corollas (up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1392,1443,1621,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter vs. up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1023,1090,1650,1672]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" unit="cm" value="4.6">4.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[827,1473,160,1994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[851,1203,1679,1701]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,1045,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1101,1203,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Linnean name lectotypified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S. & C. E. Jarvis" box="[958,1229,1709,1731]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society. Bot" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="325 - 367" part="104" refId="ref55632" refString="Knapp, S. and C. E. Jarvis. 1990. The typification of the names of New World Solanum species described by Linnaeus. Journal of the Linnean Society. Bot 104: 325 - 367." title="The typification of the names of New World Solanum species described by Linnaeus" type="journal article" year="1990">Knapp and Jarvis (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We have placed two names,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" box="[908,1267,1738,1760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="pohlianum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[908,1039,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1094,1195,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">pohlianum</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" box="[1324,1468,1738,1760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pleei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1324,1394,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. pleei</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in synonymy under
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1053,1253,1767,1788]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1053,1253,1767,1788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because their types unambiguously match the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1108,1201,1796,1818]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1341,1472,1796,1818]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[874,978,1825,1846]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Another name,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" box="[1160,1366,1825,1847]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentale">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1160,1290,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. occidentale</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been previously treated as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1207,1338,1855,1876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1207,1338,1855,1876]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Arcy, W. G." journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" pagination="819 - 867" part="61" refId="ref54144" refString="D' Arcy, W. G. 1974. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 819 - 867." title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida" type="journal article" year="1974">D’ Arcy 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it is now recognized as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anguivi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1370,1473,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="868">S. anguivi</emphasis>
|
||
Lam.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Source 2014" authorityName="Source" authorityYear="2014" box="[895,1143,1913,1935]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solanaceae Source" box="[895,1143,1913,1935]" pageId="15" pageNumber="868" publicationUrl="http://solanaceae.myspecies.info/" refId="ref57083" refString="Solanaceae Source. 2014. Available online at website http: // solanaceae. myspecies. info /." title="Available online at website" type="url" year="2014">Solanaceae Source 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Two infraspecific names have been proposed to include only white-flowered individuals of the species, and we have also placed these in synonymy under
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[160,807,160,1992]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. carolinense" authorityName="var. carolinense, Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[160,450,160,181]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,291,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[347,450,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. White- and blue-flowered plants are commonly found in mixed populations across the entire range of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[259,391,218,240]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carolinense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[259,391,218,240]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we do not consider corolla color to be a useful character in delimiting an infraspecific taxon. In the protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Kuntze" authorityName="Kuntze" box="[350,720,277,298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="albiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[350,481,277,298]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[535,631,277,298]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">albiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
, Kuntze
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not cite a type specimen. We have chosen the specimen
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">C. E. O. Kuntze 2768</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[306,343,335,357]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
|
||
) as the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[439,534,335,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, which is from Kuntze’ s herbarium and is annotated with the name of the taxon in his handwriting.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, F." box="[377,515,393,416]" editor="A. P. De Candolle" journalOrPublisher="Paris: Victoris Masson" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" pagination="1 - 690" refId="ref54236" refString="Dunal, F. 1852. Solanaceae. Pp. 1 - 690 in Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis vol. 13, ed. A. P. De Candolle. Paris: Victoris Masson." title="Solanaceae" type="book" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
makes reference to a Pohl and Sendtner collection from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[499,562,423,445]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[160,451,452,473]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="carolinense" variety="pohlianum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,293,452,473]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">S. carolinense</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[351,451,452,473]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">pohlianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have located a single specimen collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[340,400,481,503]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
by Pohl, but because it is not possible to determine with certainty whether or not it was the same sheet Dunal used in his description, we have designated the specimen
|
||
<emphasis box="[264,429,569,591]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">J. B. E. Pohl s. n.</emphasis>
|
||
(M–M0171734) as a
|
||
<typeStatus box="[643,739,569,591]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[160,807,160,1992]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,469,596,614]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,446,596,613]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Selected Specimens Examined</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[472,566,597,614]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">CANADA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[575,644,597,614]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Lambton County, Point Edward,
|
||
<date box="[297,410,621,638]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1902-08-19">19 Aug 1902</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[453,599,620,637]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">C. K. Dodge s. n.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[611,659,619,637]" country="South Korea" name="Sangmiung University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">SMU</collectionCode>
|
||
); Point Edward,
|
||
<date box="[160,272,644,661]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1901-08-14">14 Aug 1901</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[315,457,644,661]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">J. Macoun 54532</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[469,503,643,661]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[160,807,160,1992]" lastBlockId="16.[853,1501,161,251]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[184,260,668,685]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">U. S. A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[268,348,668,685]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Houston County, near W bank of Chattahoochee River,
|
||
<quantity box="[216,262,692,709]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi.</quantity>
|
||
NE of Chattahoochee St. Park,
|
||
<quantity box="[540,595,692,709]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="10.0">10 mi.</quantity>
|
||
SE of Gordon,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[732,802,691,709]" degrees="31" direction="north" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" precision="925" value="31.033333">31°02′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[160,232,715,733]" degrees="85" direction="west" minutes="01" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" precision="925" value="-85.01667">85°01′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[241,335,716,733]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1988-07-10">10 Jul 1988</date>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis box="[379,538,716,733]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">R. Burckhalter 1442</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[550,599,714,732]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15757" name="University of Alabama Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">UNA</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[613,695,716,733]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[704,805,716,733]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
County,
|
||
<quantity box="[237,283,740,757]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi.</quantity>
|
||
S of Prairie Grove, T14N, R32W, SWSE, S1,
|
||
<date box="[690,806,740,757]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1977-05-30">30 May 1977</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,315,763,780]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">D. Griffin I-8</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[329,378,762,780]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[395,505,763,780]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
: New Haven County, Mill Rock, Hamden,
|
||
<date box="[255,369,787,804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1955-06-28">28 Jun 1955</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,567,787,804]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">J. J. Neale s. n.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[583,638,786,804]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15676" name="Florida Museum of Natural History, Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">FLAS</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[658,747,787,804]" country="United States of America" name="Delaware" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Delaware</collectingRegion>
|
||
: N of Leipsic,
|
||
<date box="[236,342,811,828]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1949-06-30">30 Jun 1949</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[388,529,811,828]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">S. C. Hood 2271</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[542,597,810,828]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15676" name="Florida Museum of Natural History, Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">FLAS</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[612,803,811,828]" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">District of Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Near U. St.,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[274,384,834,851]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, D.C.,
|
||
<date box="[448,552,834,852]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1895-08-03">3 Aug 1895</date>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis box="[599,745,834,851]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">L. H. Dewey 316</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[758,796,833,851]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[160,228,858,875]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Wakulla County, St. Marks Nat’ l Wildlife Refuge, Wakulla Unit, S side of Northline Rd., at second crossing, ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[659,723,882,899]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="1.5">1.5 mi.</quantity>
|
||
WSW of Wakulla Beach Rd.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[355,460,906,923]" degrees="30.13884" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" precision="1" value="30.13884">30.13884 N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[474,583,906,923]" degrees="84.27885" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" precision="1" value="-84.27885">84.27885 W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[596,708,906,923]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="2007-06-12">12 Jun 2007</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">L. C. Anderson 23179</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[313,355,928,946]" country="Germany" name="Jena Microbial Resource Collection" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">FSU</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[371,445,930,947]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Toombs County, ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[643,691,930,947]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi.</quantity>
|
||
E of Vidalia on
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[190,216,953,970]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
280,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[265,335,952,970]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" precision="925" value="32.2">32°12′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[346,419,952,970]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" precision="925" value="-82.416664">82°25′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[429,543,953,970]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1976-05-18">18 May 1976</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[587,746,953,970]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">J. C. Solomon 5559</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[760,797,952,970]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[160,214,977,994]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Canyon County, New Plymouth,
|
||
<quantity box="[537,596,977,994]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="m" value="670.0">670 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[609,720,977,994]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1910-09-10">10 Sep 1910</date>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">J. F. Macbride 732</emphasis>
|
||
(P).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[311,372,1001,1018]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Tazewell County, near 10 Mile Creek,
|
||
<date box="[712,805,1001,1018]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1951-09-08">8 Sep 1951</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[197,353,1025,1042]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">V. H. Chase 12158</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[365,414,1023,1041]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[429,500,1025,1042]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Porter County,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[647,673,1025,1042]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
30, ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[742,788,1025,1042]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi.</quantity>
|
||
E of Valparaiso,
|
||
<date box="[289,379,1048,1066]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1961-07-04">4 Jul 1961</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[425,632,1048,1066]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">N. C. Henderson 61–543</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[647,687,1047,1065]" country="Germany" name="Jena Microbial Resource Collection" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">FSU</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[703,749,1049,1065]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Story County, just N of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[321,415,1072,1089]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Iowa State</collectingRegion>
|
||
University and Squaw Creek, R24W, T84N,
|
||
<date box="[160,260,1096,1113]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1969-07-13">13 Jul 1969</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[306,446,1096,1113]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">G. Davidse 1788</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[461,498,1095,1113]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[515,578,1096,1112]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Kansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Morris County, Bridwell Ranch,
|
||
<quantity box="[225,271,1120,1137]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2874752" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="8.0">8 mi.</quantity>
|
||
S and
|
||
<quantity box="[332,377,1120,1137]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi.</quantity>
|
||
E of Council Grove,
|
||
<date box="[562,663,1120,1137]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1966-06-20">20 Jun 1966</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">D. E. Dallas 12</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[195,240,1142,1160]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" name="Vanderbilt University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">VDB</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[258,343,1143,1160]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Madison County, Fort Boonesborough State Park, SW of jct. of Ky. 627 and the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[436,519,1167,1184]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
River,
|
||
<date box="[586,692,1167,1184]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1992-06-25">25 Jun 1992</date>
|
||
(fl, fr),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">J. R. Abbott et al. 2691</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[344,396,1190,1208]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15676" name="Florida Museum of Natural History, Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">FLAS</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[416,502,1191,1208]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Ouachita Parish, W of LA 557 between Cypress Creek and Caldwell Parish line, SW of Luna, T15N, R2E, S15,
|
||
<date box="[204,310,1239,1256]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1986-05-06">6 May 1986</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[357,533,1239,1256]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">R. D. Thomas 95925</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[547,592,1239,1256]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[604,654,1239,1256]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15676" name="Florida Museum of Natural History, Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">FLAS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[666,698,1237,1255]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[716,803,1239,1256]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Howard County, Rt. 94,
|
||
<quantity box="[382,444,1262,1279]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="1.5">1.5 mi.</quantity>
|
||
S of Lisbon,
|
||
<date box="[566,673,1262,1279]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1966-09-19">19 Sep 1966</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">C. F. Reed 80284</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[228,265,1285,1303]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[286,412,1286,1303]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Middlesex County, center of Cambridge, vicinity of Harvard University,
|
||
<date box="[442,532,1310,1327]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1975-07-07">7 Jul 1975</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[579,735,1310,1327]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">H. E. Ahles 80522</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[750,797,1309,1327]" country="South Korea" name="Sangmiung University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">SMU</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[160,246,1333,1350]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Cass County, Howard Twp., T7S, R16W, S16,
|
||
<date box="[669,768,1333,1350]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1950-07-25">25 Jul 1950</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,351,1357,1374]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">G. W. Parmelee 1610</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[367,413,1356,1374]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" name="Vanderbilt University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">VDB</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[433,536,1357,1374]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[549,655,1357,1374]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
County, NE of Stoneville, Delta Experimental Forest, T19N, R7W, S33,
|
||
<date box="[685,806,1381,1398]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1987-05-29">29 May 1987</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,354,1405,1422]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">C. T. Bryson 5832</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[367,416,1404,1422]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[432,513,1405,1422]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Lincoln County, ca. ½ mi. N of Big Creek, dirt road W of MO 61,
|
||
<date box="[477,592,1429,1446]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1978-08-10">10 Aug 1978</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[638,806,1429,1446]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">W. G. D’ Arcy 1061</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[166,207,1451,1469]" country="Germany" name="Jena Microbial Resource Collection" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">FSU</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[224,332,1453,1469]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Cumberland County, Stow Creek Twp., Gum Tree Corner, N of Gum Tree Corner Wildlife Management Area, Canton quadrangle,
|
||
<date box="[275,379,1500,1517]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="2004-08-04">4 Aug 2004</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[426,554,1500,1517]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">G. Moore 6686</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[567,613,1499,1517]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" name="Vanderbilt University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">VDB</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[629,747,1500,1517]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Doña Ana County, Las Cruces,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[402,571,1524,1541]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">New Mexico State</collectingRegion>
|
||
University, Frenger Mall between Foster Hall and Science Hall,
|
||
<quantity box="[524,593,1548,1565]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.219" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="m" value="1219.0">1219 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[606,706,1548,1565]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="2002-10-09">9 Oct 2002</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">R. W. Spellenberg s. n.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[304,349,1571,1588]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
, NMC-n.v.).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[461,554,1571,1588]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Stewart Park, Ithaca,
|
||
<date pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1933-08-01">1 Aug 1933</date>
|
||
(fl, fr),
|
||
<emphasis box="[269,473,1595,1612]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">G. Wakeman-Bonne s. n.</emphasis>
|
||
(P).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[516,651,1595,1612]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">
|
||
North
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Carteret County" authorityName="Carteret County" box="[575,802,1595,1612]" class="Gastropoda" family="Seguenziidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seguenziida" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Carolina: Carteret County</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[191,237,1619,1636]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi.</quantity>
|
||
NW of Beaufort,
|
||
<date box="[396,507,1619,1636]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1952-08-29">29 Aug 1952</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[552,739,1619,1636]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">H. L. Blomquist 15697</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[752,797,1618,1636]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" name="Vanderbilt University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">VDB</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[160,207,1643,1660]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[215,300,1643,1660]" country="United States of America" name="Delaware" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Delaware</collectingRegion>
|
||
County, below Stratford,
|
||
<date box="[534,639,1642,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1928-09-15">15 Sep 1928</date>
|
||
(fr),
|
||
<emphasis box="[685,806,1643,1660]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">R. Crane 3223</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[166,207,1665,1683]" country="Germany" name="Jena Microbial Resource Collection" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">FSU</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[229,325,1666,1683]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Creek County, Deep Fork Wildlife Management Area, T14N, R9E, S28,
|
||
<date box="[369,476,1690,1707]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1998-06-23">23 Jun 1998</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[521,735,1690,1707]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">D. Benesh et al. DFX254</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[748,797,1689,1707]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[160,282,1714,1731]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Bedford County,
|
||
<quantity box="[449,511,1714,1731]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="1.5">1.5 mi.</quantity>
|
||
E of West End,
|
||
<date box="[662,768,1714,1731]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1970-08-05">5 Aug 1970</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,464,1738,1755]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">H. Duppstadt & D. Duppstadt 2833</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[475,522,1738,1755]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[531,583,1738,1755]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15676" name="Florida Museum of Natural History, Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">FLAS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[593,625,1738,1754]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[634,683,1738,1755]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15757" name="University of Alabama Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">UNA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[693,739,1736,1754]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" name="Vanderbilt University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">VDB</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">
|
||
South
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Pickens County" authorityName="Pickens County" box="[160,379,1761,1778]" class="Gastropoda" family="Seguenziidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seguenziida" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Carolina: Pickens County</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, by
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[416,442,1761,1778]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
178,
|
||
<quantity box="[488,547,1761,1778]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="0.6">0.6 mi.</quantity>
|
||
N of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[597,727,1761,1778]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">
|
||
South
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hwy" authorityName="Hwy" box="[653,776,1761,1778]" class="Gastropoda" family="Seguenziidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seguenziida" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Carolina Hwy</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
11,
|
||
<date box="[160,277,1785,1802]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1972-05-25">25 May 1972</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,465,1785,1802]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">J. L. Collins 553</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[481,526,1784,1802]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" name="Vanderbilt University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">VDB</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[543,631,1785,1801]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Anderson County,
|
||
<quantity box="[160,246,1809,1826]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.248399999999999" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="ft" value="20500.0">20,500 ft.</quantity>
|
||
N,
|
||
<quantity box="[287,372,1809,1826]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.985772" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="ft" value="65150.0">65,150 ft.</quantity>
|
||
E, Corp of Engineer Map, 1959,
|
||
<date box="[694,806,1809,1826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1961-06-10">10 Jun 1961</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[200,357,1833,1850]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">W. H. Ellis 28609</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[372,413,1831,1849]" country="Germany" name="Jena Microbial Resource Collection" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">FSU</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[431,483,1833,1849]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Van Zandt County,
|
||
<quantity box="[678,742,1832,1850]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="1.5">1.5 mi.</quantity>
|
||
SW of Van, on Hwy. 20 frontage road at exit 450,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[580,683,1855,1873]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" precision="15" seconds="32" value="32.50889">32°30′32″N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[697,803,1855,1873]" degrees="95" direction="west" minutes="39" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" precision="15" seconds="18" value="-95.655">95°39′18″W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[160,216,1880,1897]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="m" value="147.0">147 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[226,338,1880,1897]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="2012-05-20">20 May 2012</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[381,533,1880,1897]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">G. A. Wahlert 144</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[545,590,1880,1897]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[600,636,1880,1897]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[645,676,1881,1897]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[687,717,1879,1897]" country="Iran" name="University of Tehran" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">UT</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[732,803,1880,1897]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Isle of Wight County, behind cemetery of Mill Swamp Baptist Church, St. Rts. 621 & 623, ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[359,421,1928,1945]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1155072" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="mi" value="3.8">3.8 mi.</quantity>
|
||
N of Raynor,
|
||
<date box="[547,641,1928,1945]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1989-06-08">8 Jun 1989</date>
|
||
(fl)
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">G. M. Plunkett 295</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[206,255,1950,1968]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[273,400,1951,1968]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Wetzel County, near Littleton,
|
||
<date box="[701,805,1951,1969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1972-07-26">26 Jul 1972</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,360,1975,1992]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">O. E. Haught 7302</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[373,419,1974,1992]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15685" name="Vanderbilt University" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">VDB</collectionCode>
|
||
); between Hot Springs and White Sulphur Springs,
|
||
<date box="[934,1026,163,180]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1938-07-03">3 Jul 1938</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis box="[1072,1285,163,180]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">G. Wakeman-Bonne s. n.</emphasis>
|
||
(P).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1330,1423,163,180]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Vernon County,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[932,987,187,204]" name="Iceland" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
8, Mississippi River, mi. 688.4, T14N, R7W, S18, large island E side of main channel,
|
||
<quantity box="[1126,1182,210,227]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.36" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" unit="m" value="636.0">636 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[1192,1278,210,228]" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" value="1975-07-03">3 Jul 1975</date>
|
||
(fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="869">S. R. Ziegler & M. F. Leykom 1581</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[970,1017,233,251]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15843" name="Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="869" type="Herbarium">BRIT</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |