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<mods:title id="BACD6818C32EB2EB8F7757167A7F538B">Late Neogene Lophophaenidae (Nassellaria, Radiolaria) from the eastern equatorial Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2FE12E9C77DD9026997C7072E6009435">Lazarus, David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7D63E39F6E838B98F3E6473E35A22C82">Noble, Paula</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03C96F50FF82FFEA75DFE049FE3EC165" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C96F50FF82FFEA75DFE049FE3EC165" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C96F50FF82FFEA75DFE049FE3EC165" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFF82FFE975DFE049FBD1C724" box="[151,1046,1086,1113]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF82FFE975DFE049FBD1C724" blockId="17.[151,1046,1086,1113]" box="[151,1046,1086,1113]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="D097692AFF82FFE975DFE049FBD1C724" bold="true" box="[151,1046,1086,1113]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE975DFE049FBD1C724" bold="true" box="[151,1046,1086,1113]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE975A6E049FD5FC724" ID-CoL="ZL7" authority="Haeckel, 1860" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[238,664,1086,1113]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE975A6E049FE50C725" bold="true" box="[238,407,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE974D7E049FD88C724" author="Haeckel, E." box="[415,591,1086,1112]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="794 - 817" refId="ref89359" refString="Haeckel, E. (1860) Uber neue, lebende Radiolarien des Mittelmeeres und die dazu gehorigen Abbildungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1860, 794 - 817. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1860">Haeckel, 1860</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE97714E049FD5FC724" author="Haeckel, E." box="[604,664,1086,1112]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, emend.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE9764FE049FBD1C724" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[775,1046,1086,1112]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFF82FFE975DFE0F4FC78C7E7" box="[151,959,1155,1179]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF82FFE975DFE0F4FC78C7E7" blockId="17.[151,959,1155,1179]" box="[151,959,1155,1179]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE9746EE0F4FC78C7E7" authority="(Haeckel, 1862) Petrushevskaya, 1971" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[294,959,1155,1179]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="circumtexta">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9746EE0F4FDF5C7E6" box="[294,562,1155,1179]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys circumtexta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE97777E0F4FD13C7E7" author="Haeckel, E." box="[575,724,1155,1179]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref89399" refString="Haeckel, E. (1862) Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 572 pp. [in German] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10155" type="book" year="1862">Haeckel, 1862</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE977A9E0F4FC78C7E7" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[737,959,1155,1179]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFF82FFE975DFE0BEFBA9C657" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF82FFE975DFE0BEFBA9C657" blockId="17.[151,1437,1225,2043]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE975DFE0BEFEEEC79F" bold="true" box="[151,297,1225,1251]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Description.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE97467E0BEFE2DC79F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[303,490,1225,1251]" family="Lophophaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="family">Lophophaenidae</taxonomicName>
with a gap in the shell wall between cephalis and thorax. This gap can be large (as in
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE975DFE09AFDE7C67B" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel, Hertwig" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,544,1261,1287]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="circumtexta">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE975DFE09AFE7BC67B" box="[151,444,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys circumtexta</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
) or small (as in
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE97784E09AFB92C67B" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel, Jorgensen" authorityYear="1905" box="[716,1109,1261,1287]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="umbellifera">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE97784E09AFC28C67B" box="[716,1007,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys umbellifera</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
). The thorax of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE971B7E09AFA5BC67B" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[1279,1436,1261,1287]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE971B7E09AFA5BC67B" box="[1279,1436,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically exhibits ~6–12 strong ribs, and the cephalis has multiple anastomosing spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFF82FFEA758FE142FE3EC165" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF82FFE9758FE142FBBFC417" blockId="17.[151,1437,1225,2043]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9758FE142FEFCC633" bold="true" box="[199,315,1333,1359]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</emphasis>
This genus was originally described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE977B5E142FC6DC633" author="Haeckel, E." box="[765,938,1333,1359]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="794 - 817" refId="ref89359" refString="Haeckel, E. (1860) Uber neue, lebende Radiolarien des Mittelmeeres und die dazu gehorigen Abbildungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1860, 794 - 817. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1860">Haeckel (1860)</bibRefCitation>
as having two segments separated by a deep stricture, with many spines on the cephalis and a thorax with strong ribs, resembling the structure and shape of an umbrella. In 1887, Haeckel added to this description of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE97659E10AFC69C6EB" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[785,942,1405,1431]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE97659E10AFC69C6EB" box="[785,942,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that there are numerous “siliceous threads” that form an “arachnoidal framework” around the exterior of the shell.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE976AAE1D6FB53C6C7" author="Haeckel, E." box="[994,1172,1441,1467]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
listed three subgenera under
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE975A1E1B2FE41C6A3" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[233,390,1477,1503]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE975A1E1B2FE41C6A3" box="[233,390,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE974E9E1B2FC95C6A3" box="[417,850,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE974E9E1B2FDB6C6A3" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[417,625,1477,1503]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorallium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Arachnocorallium</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE977CFE1B2FC95C6A3" box="[647,850,1477,1503]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Arachnocoronium">Arachnocoronium</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE976EEE1B2FBBFC6A3" box="[934,1144,1477,1503]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Arachnocorythium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE976EEE1B2FBBFC6A3" box="[934,1144,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorythium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE971D9E1B2FA5BC6A3" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[1169,1436,1477,1503]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya (1971)</bibRefCitation>
emended the concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE974EEE19EFD84C57F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[422,579,1513,1539]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE974EEE19EFD84C57F" box="[422,579,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to include Haeckel’s subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE976EAE19EFBAAC57F" box="[930,1133,1513,1539]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Arachnocoronium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE976EAE19EFBAAC57F" box="[930,1133,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocoronium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but not
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE97180E19EFA5BC57F" box="[1224,1436,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE97180E19EFA5FC57F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1224,1432,1513,1539]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorallium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Arachnocorallium</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which she elevated to a separate genus.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE97733E27AFCE9C55B" author="Haeckel, E." box="[635,814,1549,1575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
only included one species under the third subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE975DFE246FEAEC537" box="[151,361,1585,1611]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Arachnocorythium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE975DFE246FEAEC537" box="[151,361,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorythium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE97437E246FCC7C537" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[383,768,1585,1611]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="polyptera">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE97437E246FD54C537" box="[383,659,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys polyptera</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
), and he did not illustrate it. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE97190E246FA5BC530" author="Campbell, A. S." box="[1240,1436,1585,1612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref86440" refString="Campbell, A. S. (1954) Radiolaria. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. 3. Part D, Protista. Geological Society of America, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 11 - 195." type="book" year="1954">Campbell (1954)</bibRefCitation>
recognized
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE9745FE222FE2EC513" box="[279,489,1621,1647]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Arachnocorythium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9745FE222FE2EC513" box="[279,489,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorythium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid subgenus, with
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE9764DE222FBB4C513" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[773,1139,1621,1647]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="polyptera">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9764DE222FBD5C513" box="[773,1042,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys polyptera</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
as the
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FF82FFE971F4E222FB2BC513" box="[1212,1260,1621,1647]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
species, neither the species nor subgenus names have been used in subsequent literature. To our knowledge only one illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE975DFE2EAFD32C5CB" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[151,757,1693,1719]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="polyptera" subGenus="Arachnocorythium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE975DFE2EAFEF3C5CB" box="[151,308,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9740DE2EAFDD0C5CB" box="[325,535,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorythium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9776FE2EAFD55C5CB" box="[551,658,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">polyptera</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
has been published; it was hand-drawn by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE97192E2EAFA50C5CB" author="Popofsky, A." box="[1242,1431,1693,1719]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="216 - 416" refId="ref94175" refString="Popofsky, A. (1913) Die Nassellarien des Warmwassergebietes. Deutsche Su ¨ dpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie, 14, 216 - 416. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1913">Popofsky (1913)</bibRefCitation>
, and it is questionable whether this specimen fits
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE977F2E2B6FCABC5A7" author="Haeckel, E." box="[698,876,1729,1755]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
’s original concept of the species and/or subgenus. Therefore, here we follow
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE9749CE292FD1BC583" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[468,732,1765,1791]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya (1971)</bibRefCitation>
’s concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE97633E292FBDFC583" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[891,1048,1765,1791]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE97633E292FBDFC583" box="[891,1048,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which includes the broad genus concept defined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE97430E37EFDE6C45F" author="Haeckel, E." box="[376,545,1801,1827]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="794 - 817" refId="ref89359" refString="Haeckel, E. (1860) Uber neue, lebende Radiolarien des Mittelmeeres und die dazu gehorigen Abbildungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1860, 794 - 817. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1860">Haeckel (1860</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE97766E37EFDA0C45F" author="Haeckel, E." box="[558,615,1801,1827]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">1887</bibRefCitation>
) as well as the subgenus concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE97144E37EFA50C45F" authority="(Haeckel, 1887)" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1036,1431,1801,1827]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocoronium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE97144E37EFB10C45F" box="[1036,1239,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocoronium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE971AFE37EFA57C45F" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1255,1424,1801,1827]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but not the subgenera
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE974C2E35AFD90C43B" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[394,599,1837,1863]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorallium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE974C2E35AFD90C43B" box="[394,599,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorallium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which has been elevated to the genus level) nor
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE9713FE35AFA8EC43B" box="[1143,1353,1837,1863]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Arachnocorythium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9713FE35AFA8EC43B" box="[1143,1353,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorythium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which has not been sufficiently documented and may not be distinct from other
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE97682E326FBA0C417" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[970,1127,1873,1899]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE97682E326FBA0C417" box="[970,1127,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF82FFE9758FE302FC6DC487" blockId="17.[151,1437,1225,2043]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Here we observed the following species of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE977F1E302FC91C4F3" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[697,854,1909,1935]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE977F1E302FC91C4F3" box="[697,854,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF82FFE9762FE302FA88C4F3" authority="(Haeckel, 1862)" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[871,1359,1909,1935]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="circumtexta">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9762FE302FB57C4F3" box="[871,1168,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys circumtexta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF82FFE971E8E302FA80C4F3" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1184,1351,1909,1935]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref89399" refString="Haeckel, E. (1862) Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 572 pp. [in German] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10155" type="book" year="1862">Haeckel, 1862</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
Petru- shevskaya, 1971,
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9742BE3EEFD57C4CF" box="[355,656,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys jorogumoae</emphasis>
n. sp,
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE977A8E3EEFBD7C4CF" box="[736,1040,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys pentacantha</emphasis>
(Popofsky, 1913) Petrushevskaya, 1971,
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE975A8E3CAFD9FC4AB" box="[224,600,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys pentacantha wanii</emphasis>
n. subsp.,
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9779FE3CAFBCAC4AB" box="[727,1037,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys spinosissima</emphasis>
(Tan and Tchang, 1976) n. comb., and
<emphasis id="B9140254FF82FFE9758FE396FE2BC487" box="[199,492,2017,2043]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arachnocorys umbellifera</emphasis>
(Haeckel, 1862) Petrushevskaya, 1971.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF81FFEA758FE4E0FC1AC289" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,537]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
We consider the following
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA74B0E4E0FD2AC3CD" box="[504,749,151,177]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA74B0E4E0FD52C3CD" box="[504,661,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
to be
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA767CE4E0FC17C3CD" box="[820,976,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">nomina dubia</emphasis>
, due to a combination of inadequate text description, lack of illustration, and unavailable
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FF81FFEA77F6E4CCFD29C3A9" box="[702,750,187,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
materials:
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA7625E4CCFEFBC385" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="arachnodiscus" subGenus="Arachnocoronium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA7625E4CCFBCDC3A9" box="[877,1034,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA7154E4CCFB20C3A9" box="[1052,1255,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocoronium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA71B1E4CCFA5BC3A9" box="[1273,1436,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">arachnodiscus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA75DFE4A8FEFBC385" author="Haeckel, E." box="[151,316,223,249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA740FE4A8FC22C385" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[327,997,223,249]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="discoides" subGenus="Arachnocorallium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA740FE4A8FE23C385" box="[327,484,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA74BCE4A8FD06C385" box="[500,705,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorallium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA779AE4A8FCFDC385" box="[722,826,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">discoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA7609E4A8FC22C385" author="Haeckel, E." box="[833,997,223,249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA76B8E4A8FE69C261" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="enneaptera" subGenus="Arachnocoronium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA76B8E4A8FB4AC385" box="[1008,1165,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA71D6E4A8FAAEC385" box="[1182,1385,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocoronium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA7030E4A8FF3CC260" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">enneaptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA744DE574FE69C261" author="Haeckel, E." box="[261,430,259,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA74F5E574FBB4C261" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[445,1139,259,285]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="polyptera" subGenus="Arachnocorythium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA74F5E574FD9DC261" box="[445,602,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA7726E574FC78C261" box="[622,959,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorythium) polyptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA7682E574FBB4C261" author="Haeckel, E." box="[970,1139,259,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA71C9E574FDC6C23D" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="trifida" subGenus="Arachnocoronium">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA71C9E574FE90C23D" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys (Arachnocoronium) trifida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA7415E550FDC6C23D" author="Haeckel, E." box="[349,513,295,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA7743E550FB82C23D" authority="Pantanelli and Stefani, 1879" authorityName="Pantanelli and Stefani" authorityYear="1879" box="[523,1093,295,321]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA7743E550FCC2C23D" box="[523,773,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys simplex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA7643E550FB82C23D" author="Pantanelli, D. &amp; Stefani, D." box="[779,1093,295,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="59 - 60" refId="ref93199" refString="Pantanelli, D. &amp; Stefani, D. (1879) Radiolarie di Santa Barbara in Calabria. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, 2, 59 - 60. [in Italian]" type="journal article" year="1879">Pantanelli and Stefani, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was misspelled as
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA7050E550FED6C219" class="Insecta" family="Nabidae" genus="Arachnocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA7050E550FED6C219" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocoris simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFF81FFEA745FE53CFE95C219" box="[279,338,331,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
when the name was first created. No description or illustration was provided by the authors, or any subsequent authors we are aware of, making
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA77DBE518FB22C2F5" authority="Pantanelli and Stefani, 1879 a" authorityName="Pantanelli and Stefani" authorityYear="1879" box="[659,1253,367,393]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA77DBE518FC4AC2F5" box="[659,909,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys simplex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA76DDE518FB15C2F5" author="Pantanelli, D. &amp; Stefani, D." box="[917,1234,367,393]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="59 - 60" refId="ref93199" refString="Pantanelli, D. &amp; Stefani, D. (1879) Radiolarie di Santa Barbara in Calabria. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, 2, 59 - 60. [in Italian]" type="journal article" year="1879">Pantanelli and Stefani, 1879</bibRefCitation>
a
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA71A5E518FA51C2F5" box="[1261,1430,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">nomen oblitum</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA75DFE5E4FD1FC2D1" authority="Dogiel and Reshetnyak, 1952" authorityName="Dogiel and Reshetnyak" authorityYear="1952" box="[151,728,402,429]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="dubius">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA75DFE5E4FE41C2D1" box="[151,390,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arachnocorys dubius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA74C5E5E4FD1FC2D1" author="Dogiel, V. A. &amp; Reshetnyak, V. V." box="[397,728,402,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="5 - 36" refId="ref87657" refString="Dogiel, V. A. &amp; Reshetnyak, V. V. (1952) Material on radiolarians of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Investigations of the Far East Seas of the USSR, 3, 5 - 36. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1952">Dogiel and Reshetnyak, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is not included here because it was transferred by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA7044E5E4FF3DC2AD" author="Matsuzaki, K. M. &amp; Suzuki, N. &amp; Nishi, H. &amp; Hayashi, H. &amp; Gyawali, B. R. &amp; Takashima, R. &amp; Ikehara, M." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="17 - 33" refId="ref92001" refString="Matsuzaki, K. M., Suzuki, N., Nishi, H., Hayashi, H., Gyawali, B. R., Takashima, R. &amp; Ikehara, M. (2015) Early to Middle Pleistocene paleoceanographic history of southern Japan based on radiolarian data from IODP Exp. 314 / 315 Sites C 0001 and C 0002. Marine Micropaleontology, 118, 17 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marmicro. 2015.05.001" type="journal article" year="2015">
Matsuzaki
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA70C0E5E4FF7CC2AD" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.,</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA74C6E5C0FDDDC2AD" authorityName="Sugiyama" authorityYear="1993" box="[398,538,439,465]" genus="Cryptogyrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA74C6E5C0FDDDC2AD" box="[398,538,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cryptogyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given that it does not fit the definition of
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA76A5E5C0FA5BC2AD" box="[1005,1436,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA76A5E5C0FB49C2AD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[1005,1166,439,465]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Arachnocorys</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA71D0E5C0FAFEC2AD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[1176,1337,439,465]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Arachnocorys</taxonomicName>
? fimbria
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FF81FFEA75DFE5ACFEFBC289" author="Kozlova, G. E." box="[151,316,475,501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="196 - 210" refId="ref90613" refString="Kozlova, G. E. (1984) Zonal subdivision of the boreal Paleogene radiolarians. In: Petrushevskaya, M. G. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (Eds.), Morphology, Ecology and Evolution of Radiolarians. Proceedings of the Fourth Eurorad Conference, 15 - 19 October, Academy of Science, Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 196 - 210. [in Russian]" type="proceedings paper" year="1984">Kozlova, 1984</bibRefCitation>
was transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FF81FFEA775BE5ACFD58C289" baseAuthorityName="Butschli" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[531,671,475,501]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA775BE5ACFD58C289" box="[531,671,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceratocyrtis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the same author in 1999.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FF81FFEA7586E588FE3EC165" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,537]" box="[206,505,511,537]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B9140254FF81FFEA7586E588FEE6C165" bold="true" box="[206,289,511,537]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Range.</emphasis>
?Eocene—Recent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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