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<document id="AFE19BDB67E6CEBAEA77060F920CFFAF" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.15" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55aa73dd-1cf2-4d0e-a6ba-cc920d306a5d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="234234" ID-ZooBank="54E60C63-EC98-424A-B66E-A72CA79B65E8" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461262674199" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Götting, Miriam" docDate="2015" docId="971C05018930FFAADFCD95B5FBCF63A0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04019p413.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4019 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Malacoceros Quatrefages 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="383" masterDocId="6B257D798934FFAFDF5A9666FFA36020" masterDocTitle="Spionidae (Annelida: ‘ Polychaeta’: Canalipalpata) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Malacoceros, Scolelepis, Spio, Microspio, and Spiophanes" masterLastPageNumber="413" masterPageNumber="378" pageNumber="382" updateTime="1698609830037" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7C568392F4A7290B442D7764CC7541C8">Spionidae (Annelida: ‘ Polychaeta’: Canalipalpata) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Malacoceros, Scolelepis, Spio, Microspio, and Spiophanes</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CF4B3176A4898AECF22016395B53B735">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="971C05018930FFAADFCD95B5FBCF63A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5665394" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119637352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5665394" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:971C05018930FFAADFCD95B5FBCF63A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/971C05018930FFAADFCD95B5FBCF63A0" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">
<subSubSection id="57AFE79C8930FFABDFCD95B5FDD163CD" box="[151,626,978,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1F0AB4178930FFABDFCD95B5FDD163CD" blockId="4.[151,626,978,1005]" box="[151,626,978,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">
<heading id="4442037B8930FFABDFCD95B5FDD163CD" bold="true" box="[151,626,978,1005]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" reason="1">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDFCD95B5FDD163CD" bold="true" box="[151,626,978,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDFB495B4FDD163CD" ID-CoL="84PY6" authority="Quatrefages, 1843" authorityName="Quatrefages" authorityYear="1843" box="[238,626,978,1005]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDFB495B4FE2A63CC" bold="true" box="[238,393,978,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Malacoceros</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDED595B5FDD163CD" author="Quatrefages" box="[399,626,979,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Quatrefages, A. de (1843) Description de quelques especes nouvelles d'Annelides errantes recueillies sur cotes de la Manche. Magasin de Zoologie de Paris, Serie 2, 5, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1843">Quatrefages, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AFE79C8930FFABDFCD927FFD9D64E9" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="1F0AB4178930FFABDFCD927FFA38644C" blockId="4.[151,1435,1049,1225]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDFCD927FFE7E640F" ID-CoL="84PY6" authority="Quatrefages, 1843" authorityName="Quatrefages" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,477,1049,1071]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDFCD927FFEB9640F" box="[151,282,1049,1071]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Malacoceros</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDE7A927FFE7E640F" author="Quatrefages" box="[288,477,1049,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Quatrefages, A. de (1843) Description de quelques especes nouvelles d'Annelides errantes recueillies sur cotes de la Manche. Magasin de Zoologie de Paris, Serie 2, 5, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1843">Quatrefages, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; type-species:
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDD28927CFC39640F" ID-CoL="4Z688" authority="Johnston, 1827" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1827" box="[626,922,1049,1071]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDD28927CFD5B640F" box="[626,760,1049,1071]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Spio vulgaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDDA4927FFC39640F" author="Johnston" box="[766,922,1049,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Johnston, G. (1827) Contributions to the British Fauna. Zoological Journal, London, 3, 321 - 336." type="journal article" year="1827">Johnston, 1827</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDB6C927FFB7A640F" author="Pettibone" box="[1078,1241,1049,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Pettibone, M. H. (1963) Revision of some genera of polychaete worms of the family Spionidae, including the description of a new species of Scolelepis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 76, 89 - 104." type="journal article" year="1963">Pettibone, 1963</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDFCD925EFE70646E" ID-CoL="379cb80f-ace1-4e86-b9a6-dc74fcee2319" authority="Schmarda, 1861" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,467,1080,1102]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Colobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDFCD925EFE84646E" box="[151,295,1080,1102]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Colobranchus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDE76925EFE70646E" author="Schmarda" box="[300,467,1080,1102]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Schmarda, L. K. (1861) Neue wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Vol. 1. Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, xviii + 66, 15 fine hand-coloured plates." type="journal article" year="1861">Schmarda, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; type-species:
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDD33925EFBB1646E" ID-CoL="X6PQ" authority="Schmarda, 1861" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityYear="1861" box="[617,1042,1080,1102]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Colobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tetracerus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDD33925EFCC5646E" box="[617,870,1080,1102]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Colobranchus tetracerus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDC36925EFBB1646E" author="Schmarda" box="[876,1042,1080,1102]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Schmarda, L. K. (1861) Neue wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Vol. 1. Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, xviii + 66, 15 fine hand-coloured plates." type="journal article" year="1861">Schmarda, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDFCD923EFE14644C" ID-CoL="84TT" authority="Quatrefages, 1865" authorityName="Quatrefages" authorityYear="1865" box="[151,439,1110,1133]" class="Leotiomycetes" family="Hyaloscyphaceae" genus="Uncinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Helotiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDFCD923EFF4A644D" box="[151,233,1112,1133]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Uncinia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDFAE9230FE14644C" author="Quatrefages" box="[244,439,1110,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Quatrefages, A. de (1865) Histoire naturelle des Anneles marinaet d'eau douce. Annelides et Gephyriens. Paris a la librairie encyclopedique de Roret, 1, 1 - 588." type="journal article" year="1865">Quatrefages, 1865</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; type-species:
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDD0D9230FC5B644C" ID-CoL="X6PN" authority="Keferstein, 1862" authorityName="Keferstein" authorityYear="1862" box="[599,1016,1110,1132]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Colobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ciliatus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDD0D9230FC9D644C" box="[599,830,1110,1132]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Colobranchus ciliatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDC109230FC5B644C" author="Keferstein" box="[842,1016,1110,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Keferstein, W. (1862) Untersuchungen uber niedere Seethiere. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 12, 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="1862">Keferstein, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDB7D9231FAC9644C" ID-CoL="X6PQ" authority="Schmarda, 1861" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityYear="1861" box="[1063,1386,1110,1133]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Colobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tetracerus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDB7D9231FB11644D" box="[1063,1202,1111,1133]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">C. tetracerus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDBE79230FAC9644C" author="Schmarda" box="[1213,1386,1110,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Schmarda, L. K. (1861) Neue wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Vol. 1. Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, xviii + 66, 15 fine hand-coloured plates." type="journal article" year="1861">Schmarda, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), by
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0AB4178930FFABDF9D9210FE9064AB" blockId="4.[151,1435,1049,1225]" box="[199,307,1142,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">monotypy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0AB4178930FFABDFCD92F2FD9D64E9" blockId="4.[151,1435,1049,1225]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDFCD92F2FE64648A" authority="Malmgren, 1867" authorityName="Malmgren" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,455,1172,1194]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Scolecolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDFCD92F2FEB5648A" box="[151,278,1172,1194]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Scolecolepis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDE4192F2FE64648A" author="Malmgren" box="[283,455,1172,1194]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Malmgren, A. J. (1867) Annulata Polychaeta; Spetsbergiae, Groenlandiae, Islandiae et Scandinaviae. Hactenus cognita, Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 24, 1 - 127. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13358" type="journal article" year="1867">Malmgren, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; type-species:
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDD0692F3FC27648A" ID-CoL="4Z688" authority="Johnston, 1827" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1827" box="[604,900,1172,1194]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDD0692F3FD40648A" box="[604,739,1172,1194]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Spio vulgaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDDB392F2FC27648A" author="Johnston" box="[745,900,1172,1194]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Johnston, G. (1827) Contributions to the British Fauna. Zoological Journal, London, 3, 321 - 336." type="journal article" year="1827">Johnston, 1827</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation. [Synonymy
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDE4992D5FE9A64E9" box="[275,313,1203,1225]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDE1A92D5FD9B64E9" author="Blake" box="[320,568,1203,1225]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978</bibRefCitation>
]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AFE79C8930FFABDFCD9293FF7C669E" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1F0AB4178930FFABDFCD9293FF7C669E" blockId="4.[151,1437,1269,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDFCD9293FEB2652E" bold="true" box="[151,273,1269,1294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
(after
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDE049293FD77652E" author="Delgado-Blas" box="[350,724,1269,1294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Delgado-Blas, V. H. &amp; Diaz-Diaz, O. (2013) Malacoceros longiseta, a new species of Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Venezuela. Marine Biodiversity, 43, 181 - 187. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 013 - 0144 - 9" type="journal article" year="2013">Delgado-Blas &amp; Díaz-Díaz 2013</bibRefCitation>
, amended). Prostomium broad anteriorly, T-shaped, triangularshaped, bell-shaped; broadly rounded along anterior margin; occipital antenna absent. Eyes present, irregularly arranged or arranged in pairs, or eyes absent. Caruncle entire, trilobed or buttonlike. Nuchal organs as two small ciliated grooves posteriolaterally to the caruncle. Palps ventrally grooved. Peristomium reduced to moderately developed. Eversible, sac-like proboscis. Cirriform branchiae from chaetiger 1 to end or nearly end of body; basally fused or free to notopodial lamellae; branchiae usually overlapping at dorsal midline in anterior segments, reduced in length and thickness in middle and posterior segments. Dorsal ciliated organs present or absent. Transverse ciliated bands across the dorsum present. Parapodia 1–
<date id="6B0B92D78930FFABDCEC9394FC67662A" box="[950,964,1522,1546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">3</date>
may be shifted dorsally to subsequent segments. Chaetae include simple capillaries, scalpel chaetae, neuropodial uni-, bi-, tri- or quadridentate hooded hooks. Sabre chaetae present. Pygidium with 2, 4, 6, 6–8, or 15–30 anal cirri or with two anal cirri and a rounded or spatuliform dorsal lobe. Eggs with complex thick egg membranes ornamented resembling honeycombs with numerous cortical alveoli (
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDE9F90E7FD7966BA" author="Blake" box="[453,730,1665,1690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Arnofsky, P. L. (1999) Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny. Hydrobiologia, 402, 57 - 106. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 2887 - 4 _ 4" type="journal article" year="1999">Blake &amp; Arnofsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Male gametes are ect-aquasperm
<typeStatus id="C00E0AB58930FFABDB3290E4FB3B66BA" box="[1128,1176,1666,1690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">type</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDBF290E7FF70669E" author="Guerin" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Guerin, J. P. &amp; Kerambrun, P. (1984) Role of reproductive characters in the taxonomy of spionids and elements of speciation in the Malacoceros fuliginosus complex. Fortschritte der Zoologie, 29, 317 - 333." type="journal article" year="1984">Guérin &amp; Kerambrun 1984</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AFE79C8930FFAADF9D90AFFBCF63A0" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1F0AB4178930FFAADF9D90AFFE736238" blockId="4.[151,1437,1269,2014]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,896]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDF9D90AFFE9866C2" bold="true" box="[199,315,1737,1762]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Remarks.</emphasis>
The generic diagnosis provided by
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDDAC90AFFB2E66C2" author="Delgado-Blas" box="[758,1165,1737,1762]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Delgado-Blas, V. H. &amp; Diaz-Diaz, O. (2013) Malacoceros longiseta, a new species of Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Venezuela. Marine Biodiversity, 43, 181 - 187. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 013 - 0144 - 9" type="journal article" year="2013">Delgado-Blas &amp; Díaz-Díaz (2013)</bibRefCitation>
includes a number of characters which formerly had not been considered. Hence it can be regarded an appropriate attempt for the refinement of diagnosis. Many generic diagnoses are evidently not sufficient and the assignment of species is not reliable. This applies also to
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDEB89153FDD0676E" box="[482,627,1845,1870]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDEB89153FDD0676E" box="[482,627,1845,1870]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Malacoceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The latest example is the publication by
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDB0E9153FAA6676E" author="Sikorski" box="[1108,1285,1845,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Sikorski, A. V. (2013) New combination for Malacoceros jirkovi and a key for Spio (Polychaeta: Annelida) from Norwegian waters and adjacent Arctic areas. Zoosystematica Rossica, 22, 172 - 180." type="journal article" year="2013">Sikorski (2013)</bibRefCitation>
in which the author proposes the transfer of
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDEA9913FFCDD6752" authority="Sikorski, 1992" authorityName="Sikorski" authorityYear="1992" box="[499,894,1881,1906]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jirkovi">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDEA9913FFD776752" box="[499,724,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Malacoceros jirkovi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDD81913FFCDD6752" author="Sikorski" box="[731,894,1881,1906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Sikorski, A. V. (1992) A new species of Malacoceros (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Norwegian Sea. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 43, 105 - 108." type="journal article" year="1992">Sikorski, 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDCF8913CFB2B6752" authority="Fabricius, 1785" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1785" box="[930,1160,1881,1906]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDCF8913CFC776751" box="[930,980,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Spio</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDC80913FFB2B6752" author="Fabricius" box="[986,1160,1881,1906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Fabricius, O. (1785) Von dem Spio - Geschlecht einem neuen Wurmgeschlecht. Nereis seticornis und Nereis filicornis, mit Abbildungen. Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde, 6, 256 - 270." type="journal article" year="1785">Fabricius, 1785</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In the same publication the author considers that the morphologically similar
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDDAE9119FCCF67B6" box="[756,876,1917,1942]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDDAE9119FCCF67B6" box="[756,876,1917,1942]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">M. indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might also belong to
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDB399118FB3667B5" box="[1123,1173,1918,1941]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDB399118FB3667B5" box="[1123,1173,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDBFE9118FF7B679A" authority="Sikorski, 1992" authorityName="Sikorski" authorityYear="1992" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jirkovi" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDBFE9118FA8567B6" box="[1188,1318,1917,1942]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Spio jirkovi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68930FFABDA6C911BFF73679A" author="Sikorski" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" refString="Sikorski, A. V. (1992) A new species of Malacoceros (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Norwegian Sea. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 43, 105 - 108." type="journal article" year="1992">Sikorski, 1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36F2D57E8930FFABDFBA91C7FEFE6799" box="[224,349,1953,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is established based on 1) the fixed number of four anal cirri opposed to a size-variable number of anal cirri in
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948930FFABDE1391A3FE7967FE" box="[329,474,1989,2014]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="382" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058930FFABDE1391A3FE7967FE" box="[329,474,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="382">Malacoceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2) the absence of anterolateral horns and 3) the arrangement of teeth in a tandem pattern instead of a pair-wise arrangement. These arguments seem disputable. A fixed number of four anal cirri is not exclusive for
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADE3696DBFE3D60F4" box="[364,414,189,212]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADE3696DBFE3D60F4" box="[364,414,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but quite widespread among
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADC5C96DAFCD960F5" box="[774,890,188,213]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Spionidae</taxonomicName>
. None of the published generic diagnoses for
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADFCD96B9FE8B60D8" box="[151,296,223,248]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADFCD96B9FE8B60D8" box="[151,296,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Malacoceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
state a size-variable number of anal cirri to be diagnostic. The term anterolateral horns might refer to morphologically similar but non-homologous structures within
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADCE49762FB8D613D" box="[958,1070,260,285]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Spionidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADB149762FB7C613D" box="[1102,1247,260,285]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Rhynchospio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADB149762FB7C613D" box="[1102,1247,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Rhynchospio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADBA69762FA37613D" box="[1276,1428,260,285]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Glandulospio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADBA69762FA37613D" box="[1276,1428,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Glandulospio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADFCD9741FE9E6160" box="[151,317,295,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Scolecolepides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADFCD9741FE9E6160" box="[151,317,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Scolecolepides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADE149741FE486160" box="[334,491,295,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Glyphochaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADE149741FE486160" box="[334,491,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Glyphochaeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADEA6974FFD336160" box="[508,656,297,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pygospiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADEA6974FFD336160" box="[508,656,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Pygospiopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADDFA9741FCB36160" box="[672,784,295,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Lindaspio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADDFA9741FCB36160" box="[672,784,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Lindaspio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADC7B9741FC386160" box="[801,923,295,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Atherospio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADC7B9741FC386160" box="[801,923,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Atherospio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADCF69741FB8E6160" box="[940,1069,295,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spiophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADCF69741FB8E6160" box="[940,1069,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Spiophanes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADB67974FFB0C6160" box="[1085,1199,297,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Microspio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADB67974FFB0C6160" box="[1085,1199,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Microspio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, etc.) and a detailed review of this character is certainly required for all taxa (Meißner
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADC20972BFC116145" box="[890,946,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">et al.</emphasis>
2014). However, the prostomial shape of
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADADD972BFF4361A8" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jirkovi">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADADD972BFF4361A8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">S. jirkovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being subtriangular, seems rather unusual for
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADDAC9716FC8B61A7" box="[758,808,368,391]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADDAC9716FC8B61A7" box="[758,808,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The absence of paired teeth is not uncommon among
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADFCD97F2FE8B618D" box="[151,296,404,429]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADFCD97F2FE8B618D" box="[151,296,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Malacoceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADE8D97F3FC74618C" authority="Graff, Blake &amp; Wishner, 2008" authorityName="Graff, Blake &amp; Wishner" authorityYear="2008" box="[471,983,404,429]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jennicus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADE8D97F3FDFC618C" box="[471,607,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">M. jennicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68931FFAADD3697F2FC74618C" author="Graff" box="[620,983,404,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" refString="Graff, J. R., Blake, J. A. &amp; Wishner, K. F. (2008) A new species of Malacoceros (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Kick'em Jenny, a hydrothermally active submarine volcano in the Lesser Antilles Arc. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88, 925 - 930. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408001884" type="journal article" year="2008">Graff, Blake &amp; Wishner, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADCB297F3FACF618C" authority="Claparede, 1870" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1870" box="[1000,1388,404,429]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="fuliginosus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADCB297F3FB2D618D" box="[1000,1166,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">M. fuliginosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68931FFAADBF897F2FAC6618C" author="Claparede" box="[1186,1381,404,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" refString="Claparede, E. (1870) Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Troisieme partie. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 20 (2), 365 - 542." type="journal article" year="1870">Claparède, 1870</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADA2797F3FE7D61F0" authority="Schmarda, 1861" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityYear="1861" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Colobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tetracerus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADA2797F3FEAA61F0" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">M. tetracerus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68931FFAADE4397D1FE7661F0" author="Schmarda" box="[281,469,439,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" refString="Schmarda, L. K. (1861) Neue wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Vol. 1. Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, xviii + 66, 15 fine hand-coloured plates." type="journal article" year="1861">Schmarda, 1861</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADEB197DFFB8961F0" authority="Delgado-Blas &amp; Diaz-Diaz, 2010" authorityName="Delgado-Blas &amp; Diaz-Diaz" authorityYear="2010" box="[491,1066,439,464]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cariacoensis">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADEB197DFFD3C61F0" box="[491,671,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">M. cariacoensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68931FFAADDF397D1FB8961F0" author="Delgado-Blas" box="[681,1066,439,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" refString="Delgado-Blas, V. H. &amp; Diaz-Diaz, O. (2010) Description of two new species of Malacoceros and Rhynchospio spionids (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Grand Caribbean region. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 83, 249 - 257. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4067 / s 0716 - 078 x 2010000200006" type="journal article" year="2010">Delgado-Blas &amp; Díaz-Díaz, 2010</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). On the other hand,
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADA4797DFFA3661F0" box="[1309,1429,439,464]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADA4797DFFA3661F0" box="[1309,1429,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">M. indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the species
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68931FFAADE4497BAFE7361D4" author="Sikorski" box="[286,464,476,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" refString="Sikorski, A. V. (2013) New combination for Malacoceros jirkovi and a key for Spio (Polychaeta: Annelida) from Norwegian waters and adjacent Arctic areas. Zoosystematica Rossica, 22, 172 - 180." type="journal article" year="2013">Sikorski (2013)</bibRefCitation>
considers closely related to
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADC4797BBFC2661D5" box="[797,901,476,501]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jirkovi">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADC4797BBFC2661D5" box="[797,901,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">S. jirkovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has paired apical teeth and hence contradicts Sikorski´s line of argument.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0AB4178931FFAADF9D9442FBCF63A0" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">
There are also good reasons why
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADD149443FD15621D" box="[590,694,548,573]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jirkovi">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADD149443FD15621D" box="[590,694,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">S. jirkovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not in agreement with the generic diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADA5A9443FA92621C" box="[1280,1329,549,572]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADA5A9443FA92621C" box="[1280,1329,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For this species nuchal organs being small elongate grooves lateral to the posterior tip of the prostomium have been observed (Meißner
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADE2C940BFE1362A5" box="[374,432,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">et al.</emphasis>
2014). Metameric dorsal ciliated organs are not discernable (Meißner
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADB86940BFAB662A5" box="[1244,1301,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">et al.</emphasis>
2014). The same applies to
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADE1594F7FE646288" box="[335,455,655,680]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADE1594F7FE646288" box="[335,455,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">M. indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(this paper and cited literature herein). For
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADCE794F6FC4C6287" box="[957,1007,656,679]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADCE794F6FC4C6287" box="[957,1007,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nuchal organs with short median and long lateral ciliary bands, extending to chaetiger 2 or 3, are typical and metameric dorsal ciliated organs are usually present and easily detected under the light microscope after methyl green staining. Ventral epidermal glands are usually present in anterior and middle chaetigers of
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADDBD949BFCBA6334" box="[743,793,765,788]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADDBD949BFCBA6334" box="[743,793,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Such glands could not be detected in
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADA76949BFA3F6335" box="[1324,1436,764,789]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jirkovi">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADA76949BFA3F6335" box="[1324,1436,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">M. jirkovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor in
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADFBE9547FEFF6318" box="[228,348,799,824]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADFBE9547FEFF6318" box="[228,348,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">M. indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore we do not agree with the new combination proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="7B24C9E68931FFAADB339579FAB96318" author="Sikorski" box="[1129,1306,799,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" refString="Sikorski, A. V. (2013) New combination for Malacoceros jirkovi and a key for Spio (Polychaeta: Annelida) from Norwegian waters and adjacent Arctic areas. Zoosystematica Rossica, 22, 172 - 180." type="journal article" year="2013">Sikorski (2013)</bibRefCitation>
and regard
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADFCD9522FEDE637D" box="[151,381,836,861]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jirkovi">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADFCD9522FEDE637D" box="[151,381,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Malacoceros jirkovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the valid name for the species. Nethertheless we admit, that the generic diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="D8B5CF948931FFAADFCD9501FE8B63A0" box="[151,296,871,896]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Malacoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="383" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC168058931FFAADFCD9501FE8B63A0" box="[151,296,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="383">Malacoceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and of several other genera) might not be sufficient in its current version.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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