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<mods:title id="3258F87E70F322C1E32F8243752432AB">Two new endemicspecies ofAbantiades Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from Kangaroo Island, Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="131983807B4544DB0417D7E8A2EB3533">Moore, Michael D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4F4BD43536B0D4C74E720498A1ADEDB5">Beaver, Ethan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6FBF37C3F16C94D8579C7EE381BEDEFD">Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="43C8F6E4455D1B926C37E6EE02E2AB57">Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, SA 5000, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="C44C660E34041337D2A6F948FE6BF97C" bold="true" box="[151,472,1710,1737]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" reason="1">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034041337D2A6F948FE6BF97C" bold="true" box="[151,472,1710,1737]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
Systematics of
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<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034041337D360F948FE6BF97C" bold="true" box="[337,472,1710,1737]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Abantiades</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="9F04D16234041337D2A6F915FE30F8BB" blockId="1.[151,387,1779,1841]" box="[151,387,1779,1806]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
<heading id="C44C660E34041337D2A6F915FE30F8BB" bold="true" box="[151,387,1779,1806]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" reason="1">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034041337D2A6F915FE30F8BB" bold="true" box="[151,387,1779,1806]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Molecular analyses</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F04D16234041337D2A6F8F1FEA5F884" blockId="1.[151,387,1779,1841]" box="[151,278,1815,1841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
(see
<figureCitation id="0780CDE734041337D2FAF8F1FEB8F884" box="[203,267,1815,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[164,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum credibility tree from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene of all 36 Abantiades sequences used and 13 outgroup taxa. Included are 18 Abantiades species, including A. rubrus sp. nov. and A. penneshawensis sp. nov. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.7 are shown at each node. An * identifies specimens from Kangaroo Island, while ** identifies specimens of species known from Kangaroo Island. Details for all sequences including GenBank accessions and BOLD process IDs are available in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4668506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4668506/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F04D16234041334D2A6F8BAFDF0FD9B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1884,2015]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1010]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="573" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
The Bayesian analysis for each species (
<figureCitation id="0780CDE734041337D064F8BAFD26F8C3" box="[597,661,1884,1910]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[164,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum credibility tree from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene of all 36 Abantiades sequences used and 13 outgroup taxa. Included are 18 Abantiades species, including A. rubrus sp. nov. and A. penneshawensis sp. nov. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.7 are shown at each node. An * identifies specimens from Kangaroo Island, while ** identifies specimens of species known from Kangaroo Island. Details for all sequences including GenBank accessions and BOLD process IDs are available in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4668506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4668506/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) reveals a well supported (PP = 0.84) monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134041337D6ECF8BAFAE8F8C3" box="[1245,1371,1884,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034041337D6ECF8BAFAE8F8C3" box="[1245,1371,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Abantiades</emphasis>
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clade compared to our six outgroups taxa (PP = 1.0). Although this is only based on the single mtDNA (COI) gene, it does corroborate the morphological distinction of the two new species from the 16 other
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134041337D64CF847FB48F80E" box="[1149,1275,1953,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034041337D64CF847FB48F80E" box="[1149,1275,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Abantiades</emphasis>
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species in our analysis, which are each also defined by unique morphological characters (see Taxonomy section below).
<tableCitation id="D239E4D934041337D779F822FA2FF86B" box="[1352,1436,1988,2014]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[144,156,487,510]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Specimen data for species identification, location of specimens, GenBank accession numbers and collection data for all specimens listed in Figure 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" tableUuid="CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
details all specimens used, including GenBank or BOLD accessions and locality information. For instances where we obtained multiple individuals within species, we found close intraspecific sequence divergences (Supplementary
<tableCitation id="D239E4D934071334D2A6FF3AFF59FF43" box="[151,234,220,246]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[144,156,487,510]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Specimen data for species identification, location of specimens, GenBank accession numbers and collection data for all specimens listed in Figure 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" tableUuid="CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
). For example, the greatest sequence divergence observed within any of our
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D665FF3AFB61FF43" box="[1108,1234,220,246]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D665FF3AFB61FF43" box="[1108,1234,220,246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abantiades</emphasis>
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species varied up to 1.7%, indicating variation that we would expect within species included here (Supplementary
<tableCitation id="D239E4D934071334D6DDFF19FAF3FEAC" box="[1260,1344,255,281]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[144,156,487,510]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Specimen data for species identification, location of specimens, GenBank accession numbers and collection data for all specimens listed in Figure 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" tableUuid="CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
). These distances also correspond to those reported elsewhere for
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that generally indicate below 3% intraspecific while above 3% interspecific comparisons using the same COI gene (
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D193FEA3FC70FEEB" box="[930,963,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">e.g</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D1E3FEA2FB29FEEB" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[978,1178,324,350]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="86 - 91" refId="ref13497" refString="Grund, R., Stolarski, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2019) Rediscovery of Synemon selene (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in the mid-north of South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 143, 86 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03721426.2018.1532270" type="journal article" year="2019">
Grund
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D611FEA3FBEBFEEB" box="[1056,1112,324,350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D697FEA3FA36FEEB" author="Beaver, E. P. &amp; Moore, M. D. &amp; Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[1190,1413,324,351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="351 - 374" refId="ref12794" refString="Beaver, E. P., Moore, M. D., Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2020 a) Three new ghost moths of the genus Oxycanus Walker, 1856 from Australia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Zootaxa, 4732 (3), 351 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4732.3.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Beaver
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D6CDFEA3FA87FEEB" box="[1276,1332,324,350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2020a
</bibRefCitation>
,b;
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D2A6FE81FEC1FE37" author="Moore, M. D. &amp; Beaver, E. P. &amp; Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[151,370,359,386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="71 - 93" refId="ref14318" refString="Moore, M. D., Beaver, E. P., Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2020 b) Description of two new species of Abantiades Herrich-Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) and females of two further species with notes on their biogeography. Zootaxa, 4822 (1), 71 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4822.1.3" type="journal article" year="2020">
Moore
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D2D8FE81FEA9FE34" box="[233,282,359,385]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">et al</emphasis>
. 2020b
</bibRefCitation>
). However, sequence divergences have been found to vary outside these ranges for some
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D769FE81FF69FE16" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D769FE81FF69FE16" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D370FE6FFD87FE16" author="Simonsen, T. J. &amp; Moore, M. D. &amp; Dupont, S. T. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[321,564,393,419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="792 - 799" refId="ref14568" refString="Simonsen, T. J., Moore, M. D., Dupont, S. T. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2019) Testing DNA barcodes against morphology for the ' tripectinate Abantiades ' (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) reveals a complex relationship between COI sequence data and morphology. Austral Entomology, 58, 792 - 799. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12395" type="journal article" year="2019">
Simonsen
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D388FE6CFE41FE16" box="[441,498,393,419]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D071FE6CFCAEFE11" author="Moore, M. D. &amp; Beaver, E. P. &amp; Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[576,797,393,420]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="115 - 141" refId="ref14245" refString="Moore, M. D., Beaver, E. P., Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2020 a) Four new species of tri-forked Abantiades Herrich- Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from the &quot; dark obscura clade &quot;. Zootaxa, 4801 (1), 115 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4801.1.5" type="journal article" year="2020">
Moore
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D0A3FE6CFD78FE16" box="[658,715,393,419]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2020a
</bibRefCitation>
,b). We were also interested in the divergence within species that we had specimens for from Kangaroo Island and the mainland. For
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D1C6FE4AFA93FE73" authority="Tindale, 1932" authorityName="Tindale" authorityYear="1932" box="[1015,1312,428,454]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marcidus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D1C6FE4AFBCDFE73" box="[1015,1150,428,454]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. marcidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D6B4FE4AFA93FE73" author="Tindale, N. B." box="[1157,1312,428,454]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="500 - 505" refId="ref14745" refString="Tindale, N. B. (1932) Revision of the Australian Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera, Homoneura, Family Hepialidae) Part I. Records of the South Australian Museum, IV, 4, 500 - 505." type="journal article" year="1932">Tindale, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
specimens showed intraspecific variation up to 0.8%, and our outgroup taxon
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D195FE29FAADFE5C" authority="Simonsen, 2018" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" box="[932,1310,463,489]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Aenetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tindalei">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D195FE29FBEFFE5C" box="[932,1116,463,489]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Aenetus tindalei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D657FE29FAADFE5C" author="Simonsen, T. J." box="[1126,1310,463,489]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" refId="ref14503" refString="Simonsen, T. J. (2018) Splendid Ghost Moths and their Allies, A Revision of Australian Abantiades, Oncopera, Aenetus, Archaeoaenetus and Zelotypia (Hepialidae). In: Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Vol. 12. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9781486307487" type="book" year="2018">Simonsen, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
specimens showed intraspecific variation up to 0.6%, both consistent with population level divergences and the topology from
<figureCitation id="0780CDE734071334D2A6FDF2FF46FD9B" box="[151,245,532,558]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[164,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum credibility tree from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene of all 36 Abantiades sequences used and 13 outgroup taxa. Included are 18 Abantiades species, including A. rubrus sp. nov. and A. penneshawensis sp. nov. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.7 are shown at each node. An * identifies specimens from Kangaroo Island, while ** identifies specimens of species known from Kangaroo Island. Details for all sequences including GenBank accessions and BOLD process IDs are available in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4668506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4668506/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(see Supplementary
<tableCitation id="D239E4D934071334D3D1FDF2FD81FD9B" box="[480,562,532,558]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[144,156,487,510]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Specimen data for species identification, location of specimens, GenBank accession numbers and collection data for all specimens listed in Figure 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" tableUuid="CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F04D16234071334D2F6FDD1FD89FC47" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">
Sequence divergence comparisons among the
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D0E6FDD1FCE6FDE4" box="[727,853,567,593]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D0E6FDD1FCE6FDE4" box="[727,853,567,593]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species compared to our outgroup taxa ranged between 6.7–16% (Supplementary
<tableCitation id="D239E4D934071334D021FDBFFDD6FDC6" box="[528,613,601,627]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[144,156,487,510]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Specimen data for species identification, location of specimens, GenBank accession numbers and collection data for all specimens listed in Figure 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" tableUuid="CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Examining between
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D15FFDBFFC5FFDC6" box="[878,1004,601,627]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D15FFDBFFC5FFDC6" box="[878,1004,601,627]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species reveal interspecific sequence divergences of up to 12.7% (
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D3EAFD9BFDB7FD23" box="[475,516,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">e.g.</emphasis>
between
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D041FD9AFC1EFD23" authority="(Lucas, 1898)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[624,941,636,662]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D041FD9AFCB9FD23" box="[624,778,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. magnificus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D128FD9AFC16FD23" author="Lucas T. P." box="[793,933,636,662]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="59 - 86" refId="ref14049" refString="Lucas T. P. (1898) Descriptions of Queensland Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 13, 59 - 86." type="journal article" year="1898">Lucas, 1898</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D1D5FD9AFA9BFD23" authority="Tindale, 1932" authorityName="Tindale" authorityYear="1932" box="[996,1320,636,662]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurilegulus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D1D5FD9AFB30FD23" box="[996,1155,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. aurilegulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D6B8FD9AFA9BFD23" author="Tindale, N. B." box="[1161,1320,636,662]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="500 - 505" refId="ref14745" refString="Tindale, N. B. (1932) Revision of the Australian Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera, Homoneura, Family Hepialidae) Part I. Records of the South Australian Museum, IV, 4, 500 - 505." type="journal article" year="1932">Tindale, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Pairwise comparisons between our new
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D3C6FD79FDC6FD0C" box="[503,629,671,697]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D3C6FD79FDC6FD0C" box="[503,629,671,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D0E7FD79FCF2FD0C" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens, 2021" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens" authorityYear="2021" box="[726,833,671,697]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D0E7FD79FCF2FD0C" box="[726,833,671,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. rubrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D178FD79FC17FD0C" bold="true" box="[841,932,671,697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6FCB00B34071334D178FD79FC17FD0C" box="[841,932,671,697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
to other
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D63AFD79FB3AFD0C" box="[1035,1161,671,697]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D63AFD79FB3AFD0C" box="[1035,1161,671,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species ranged between 7.6–11.2%, and
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D360FD24FE0DFD6E" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens, 2021" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens" authorityYear="2021" box="[337,446,705,732]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D360FD24FE0DFD6E" box="[337,446,705,732]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. rubrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D3F6FD27FD91FD6E" bold="true" box="[455,546,705,731]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6FCB00B34071334D3F6FD27FD91FD6E" box="[455,546,705,731]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
groups with the other members of the “
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D1C3FD27FB35FD6E" baseAuthorityName="Donovan" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[1010,1158,705,731]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labyrinthicus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D1C3FD27FB35FD6E" box="[1010,1158,705,731]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">labyrinthicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” clade,
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D6D6FD24FEE4FD4A" authority="(Donovan, 1805)" baseAuthorityName="Donovan" baseAuthorityYear="1805" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labyrinthicus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D6D6FD24FA2FFD6E" box="[1255,1436,705,732]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. labyrinthicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D2AEFD02FEFCFD4A" author="Donovan, E." box="[159,335,740,767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="38" refId="ref13219" refString="Donovan, E. (1805) s. n. In: Bensley, Thomas. An epitome of the natural history of the insects of New Holland, New Zealand, New Guinea, Otaheite and other islands in the Indian, Southern, and Pacific Oceans: including figures and descriptions of one hundred and fifty-three species of the more splendid, beautiful, and interesting insects, hitherto discovered in those countries and which for the most parts have not appeared in the works of any preceding author. Printed for the author, and F. C. and J. Rivington, sold also by White, Faulder, Hatchard, and Symonds, London, pl. 38. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 123219" type="book chapter" year="1805">Donovan, 1805</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D3BEFD02FD57FD4B" authority="Simonsen, 2018" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" box="[399,740,740,766]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcquillani">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D3BEFD02FD94FD4B" box="[399,551,740,766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. mcquillani</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D01EFD02FD57FD4B" author="Simonsen, T. J." box="[559,740,740,766]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" refId="ref14503" refString="Simonsen, T. J. (2018) Splendid Ghost Moths and their Allies, A Revision of Australian Abantiades, Oncopera, Aenetus, Archaeoaenetus and Zelotypia (Hepialidae). In: Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Vol. 12. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9781486307487" type="book" year="2018">Simonsen, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(PP = 1.0;
<figureCitation id="0780CDE734071334D154FD02FC15FD4B" box="[869,934,740,766]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[164,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum credibility tree from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene of all 36 Abantiades sequences used and 13 outgroup taxa. Included are 18 Abantiades species, including A. rubrus sp. nov. and A. penneshawensis sp. nov. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.7 are shown at each node. An * identifies specimens from Kangaroo Island, while ** identifies specimens of species known from Kangaroo Island. Details for all sequences including GenBank accessions and BOLD process IDs are available in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4668506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4668506/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Pairwise comparisons between our second new species
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D312FCE1FE45FC94" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens, 2021" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens" authorityYear="2021" box="[291,502,775,801]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penneshawensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D312FCE1FE45FC94" box="[291,502,775,801]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. penneshawensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D3CCFCE1FDE5FC94" bold="true" box="[509,598,775,801]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6FCB00B34071334D3CCFCE1FDE5FC94" box="[509,598,775,801]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
to other
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D089FCE1FC85FC94" box="[696,822,775,801]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D089FCE1FC85FC94" box="[696,822,775,801]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species ranged between 5.8–12.2% and
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D6C9FCE1FF7CFCF6" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens, 2021" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penneshawensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D6C9FCE1FF7CFCF6" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. penneshawensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D2E6FCCFFE83FCF6" bold="true" box="[215,304,809,835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6FCB00B34071334D2E6FCCFFE83FCF6" box="[215,304,809,835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
aligns with
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D38AFCCCFCC7FCF6" authority="Moore &amp; Edwards, 2014" authorityName="Moore &amp; Edwards" authorityYear="2014" box="[443,884,809,836]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineacurva">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D38AFCCCFDE1FCF6" box="[443,594,809,836]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. lineacurva</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D068FCCCFCC7FCF6" author="Moore, M. D. &amp; Edwards, E. D." box="[601,884,809,836]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="29 - 44" refId="ref14165" refString="Moore, M. D. &amp; Edwards, E. D. (2014) Two New Species of Abantiades Herrich-Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from Western Australia. Australian Entomologist, 41 (1), 29 - 44." type="journal article" year="2014">Moore &amp; Edwards, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and place both species in the “
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D6E7FCCFFAFDFCF6" authorityName="Moore &amp; Edwards" authorityYear="2014" box="[1238,1358,809,835]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineacurva">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D6E7FCCFFAFDFCF6" box="[1238,1358,809,835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">lineacurva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” clade (
<figureCitation id="0780CDE734071334D291FCAAFF50FCD3" box="[160,227,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[164,1423,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum credibility tree from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene of all 36 Abantiades sequences used and 13 outgroup taxa. Included are 18 Abantiades species, including A. rubrus sp. nov. and A. penneshawensis sp. nov. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.7 are shown at each node. An * identifies specimens from Kangaroo Island, while ** identifies specimens of species known from Kangaroo Island. Details for all sequences including GenBank accessions and BOLD process IDs are available in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4668506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4668506/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). We also observed several interspecific sequence divergences that are below 3%, for example
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D71DFCAAFEFDFC3C" authority="Simonsen, 2018" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D71DFCAAFA2FFCD3" box="[1324,1436,844,870]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. pallida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D2A6FC89FEFDFC3C" author="Simonsen, T. J." box="[151,334,879,905]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" refId="ref14503" refString="Simonsen, T. J. (2018) Splendid Ghost Moths and their Allies, A Revision of Australian Abantiades, Oncopera, Aenetus, Archaeoaenetus and Zelotypia (Hepialidae). In: Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Vol. 12. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9781486307487" type="book" year="2018">Simonsen, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D3B8FC89FCB4FC3C" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver, 2020" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver" authorityYear="2020" box="[393,775,879,905]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tembyi">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D3B8FC89FE46FC3C" box="[393,501,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. tembyi</emphasis>
Moore &amp; Beaver, 2020
</taxonomicName>
(2.4%) and
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D1A6FC89FBFEFC3C" baseAuthorityName="Donovan" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[919,1101,879,905]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labyrinthicus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D1A6FC89FBFEFC3C" box="[919,1101,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A. labyrinthicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D6B6FC89FAF5FC3C" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" box="[1159,1350,879,905]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcquillani">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D6B6FC89FB13FC3C" box="[1159,1184,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">A.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D6FFFC89FAF5FC3C" box="[1230,1350,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">mcquillani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(2.2%) (Supplementary
<tableCitation id="D239E4D934071334D363FC77FE15FC1E" box="[338,422,913,939]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[144,156,487,510]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Specimen data for species identification, location of specimens, GenBank accession numbers and collection data for all specimens listed in Figure 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" tableUuid="CBC481EA34061335D2A1FE01F93DFE4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
), which has been observed in some ghost moths (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D627FC74FB45FC19" author="Moore, M. D. &amp; Beaver, E. P. &amp; Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[1046,1270,913,940]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="71 - 93" refId="ref14318" refString="Moore, M. D., Beaver, E. P., Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2020 b) Description of two new species of Abantiades Herrich-Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) and females of two further species with notes on their biogeography. Zootaxa, 4822 (1), 71 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4822.1.3" type="journal article" year="2020">
Moore
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D658FC74FB10FC1E" box="[1129,1187,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2020b
</bibRefCitation>
). Although sequence divergence can be low between a number of
<taxonomicName id="58BBAAE134071334D0C3FC52FCC3FC7B" box="[754,880,948,974]" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADCF0D7034071334D0C3FC52FCC3FC7B" box="[754,880,948,974]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, each correspond to clear morphological differences (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="FB2AAC9334071334D362FC31FD9DFC47" author="Moore, M. D. &amp; Beaver, E. P. &amp; Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[339,558,983,1010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" pagination="71 - 93" refId="ref14318" refString="Moore, M. D., Beaver, E. P., Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2020 b) Description of two new species of Abantiades Herrich-Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) and females of two further species with notes on their biogeography. Zootaxa, 4822 (1), 71 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4822.1.3" type="journal article" year="2020">
Moore
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).
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