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<document id="4BE062423F322C5A47D650EA0CEE8647" ID-CLB-Dataset="209394" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.576.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="87841c94-3925-497b-8801-549e93467c87" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7440876" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1671098255579" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Martínez-González, César Ramiro, Gallegos-Vázquez, Clemente, Mascorro- Gallardo, José O. &amp; Barrientos-Priego, Alejandro F." docDate="2022" docId="03C1C014FFC20314559DFF5AFD64CE9E" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.576.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 576 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.7:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Opuntia megacantha Salm-Dyck 1834" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFF8B86CFFC4031C5515FFAEFFA2CA36" masterDocTitle="Molecular and morphological notes on Opuntia ser. Streptacanthae (Cactaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1699413488360" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="698D45710F00570F89549F7D58E1EBB1">Molecular and morphological notes on Opuntia ser. Streptacanthae (Cactaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="011103C21C0941D580977E00AAD77A79">Martínez-González, César Ramiro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DB879D87B8DE01A0594D6C3EBEC82DB7">Posgrado en Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto de Horticultura, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Chapingo, México, 56230, Texcoco, Estado de México, México. &amp; cgallegosvazquez @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2506 - 8274</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="6385FA667234F0866D27A88F0BDF67B9">Posgrado en Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto de Horticultura, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Chapingo, México, 56230, Texcoco, Estado de México, México. &amp; jomg 1 @ yahoo. com. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9713 - 4758</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC2031A559DFF5AFEDECB39" bold="true" box="[136,380,244,271]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Opuntia megacantha</emphasis>
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(designated by 
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Scheinvar 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC2031A54CFFEB2FDA6CB07" box="[474,516,284,305]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
. 2010: 278
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): 
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. 
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, 
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Villa 
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&amp; 
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7632
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(
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!).
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<caption id="DF17218AFFC2031A559DF81AFD02CDD9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440882" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7440882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440882/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[136,229,1972,1994]" targetBox="[169,1419,388,1938]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BD77102FFC2031A559DF81AFD02CDD9" blockId="6.[136,1452,1972,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC2031A559DF81AFF55CDFC" bold="true" box="[136,247,1972,1994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C680A81FFC2031A5417F81BFE6ECDFC" authorityName="Salm-Dyck" authorityYear="1834" box="[258,460,1973,1994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megacantha">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC2031A5417F81BFE6ECDFC" box="[258,460,1973,1994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Opuntia megacantha</emphasis>
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. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC2031A54CDF81BFE4DCDFC" bold="true" box="[472,495,1973,1994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A.</emphasis>
Arborescent habit, 2.10 m high, with fruits. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC2031A5683F81BFC0ECDFC" bold="true" box="[918,940,1973,1994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B.</emphasis>
Defined trunk, grayish scaly bark with yellowish and black tones. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC2031A5414F876FEBACDD8" bold="true" box="[257,280,2008,2030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C.</emphasis>
Juvenile cladode with prominent tubers.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD77102FFC3031B559DF8F5FE17CD8F" blockId="7.[136,1452,1883,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B559DF8F5FF5CCD46" bold="true" box="[136,254,1883,1905]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C680A81FFC3031B5410F8F2FE72CD46" authorityName="Salm-Dyck" authorityYear="1834" box="[261,464,1883,1905]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megacantha">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B5410F8F2FE72CD46" box="[261,464,1883,1905]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Opuntia megacantha</emphasis>
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. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B54C8F8F5FE57CD46" bold="true" box="[477,501,1883,1904]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A.</emphasis>
Elliptical cladode. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B57A7F8F5FD6ACD46" bold="true" box="[690,712,1883,1904]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B.</emphasis>
Elliptical areola, short black trichomes. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B5146F8F5FBC9CD47" bold="true" box="[1107,1131,1883,1905]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C.</emphasis>
White, radial, and diffuse spines with yellowish apex. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B5442F8D1FECCCDA2" bold="true" box="[343,366,1919,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D.</emphasis>
Acute flower buds, green perianth segments with reddish acuminate apex, obovate pericarpel. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B5014F8D1FABACDA2" bold="true" box="[1281,1304,1919,1940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E.</emphasis>
Flower button, top view. 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B55F3F80DFF5ACD8E" bold="true" box="[230,248,1955,1976]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">F.</emphasis>
Flower in anthesis.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B559DF849FE9AC234" bold="true" box="[136,312,2023,2050]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description:—</emphasis>
Arborescent 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B54D9F849FDB2C237" bold="true" box="[460,528,2023,2049]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">habit,</emphasis>
2.0– 
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high (
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). Defined 
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of 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFC3031B5138F846FBD4C234" box="[1069,1142,2024,2050]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
in diameter, grayish scaly bark (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFC3031B55D8F7A2FE8AC210" box="[205,296,2060,2086]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1972,1994]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,388,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-54@6.[151,1436,367,1948]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Opuntia megacantha. A. Arborescent habit, 2.10 m high, with fruits. B. Defined trunk, grayish scaly bark with yellowish and black tones. C. Juvenile cladode with prominent tubers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440882/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Glabrous 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B54A4F7A5FD85C213" bold="true" box="[433,551,2059,2085]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">epidermis</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFC3031B572FF7A2FD34C210" box="[570,662,2060,2086]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1662,1684]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,201,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[151,1436,190,1638]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opuntia megacantha. A. Epidermal cells of the middle part of the thorn, with fissures between the cells and smooth texture.B. Epidermal cells of the apical part of the thorn. C. Glabrous epidermis. D. Irregular epidermal cells, tetracytic stoma. E. Polyhedron-shaped pollen grain, pantoaperturate. F. Approach to a pore, warty walls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440894/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). Elliptical to oval 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFC3031B566CF7A2FC42C210" bold="true" box="[889,992,2060,2086]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">cladodes</emphasis>
, 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFC3031B56E4F7A2FBC6C210" box="[1009,1124,2060,2087]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="31.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="28.0">28–35 cm</quantity>
long × 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFC3031B51D0F7A2FA95C210" box="[1221,1335,2060,2086]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="23.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="18.0">18–28 cm</quantity>
wide and 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC0314559DFF30FF7CCA8F" box="[136,222,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
thick, green in color, covered with a light layer of wax (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC0314566CFF30FC74CA8E" box="[889,982,158,184]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[183,1404,199,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[170,1416,190,1859]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Opuntia megacantha. A. Elliptical cladode. B. Elliptical areola, short black trichomes. C. White, radial, and diffuse spines with yellowish apex. D. Acute flower buds, green perianth segments with reddish acuminate apex, obovate pericarpel. E. Flower button, top view. F. Flower in anthesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440888/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Areolas arranged in 8–9 series, 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC03145049FF30FA09CA8F" box="[1372,1451,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="2.4">2.4 cm</quantity>
spacing between series, 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC03145488FF6CFE49CAEB" box="[413,491,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="2.2">2.2 cm</quantity>
spacing between areolas, elliptical shape, 0.3 × 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC0314510CFF6CFBC8CAEB" box="[1049,1130,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="0.2">0.2 cm</quantity>
, short black trichomes (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC0314506BFF6CFF0ECB36" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[183,1404,199,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[170,1416,190,1859]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Opuntia megacantha. A. Elliptical cladode. B. Elliptical areola, short black trichomes. C. White, radial, and diffuse spines with yellowish apex. D. Acute flower buds, green perianth segments with reddish acuminate apex, obovate pericarpel. E. Flower button, top view. F. Flower in anthesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440888/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). Very short brown 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC03145499FF48FE4CCB36" bold="true" box="[396,494,230,256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">glochids</emphasis>
(
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC031454EBFF48FDF3CB36" box="[510,593,230,256]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="0.1">0.1 cm</quantity>
). 1–7 flexible, radial and diffuse white 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC03145118FF48FBF4CB36" bold="true" box="[1037,1110,230,256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">spines</emphasis>
, yellowish apex, conical rigid central spines, some twisted, erect, diffuse and radial, unequal of 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC0314567EFEA4FC4ACB13" box="[875,1000,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="0.4">0.4–2.6 cm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC03145127FEA4FB2ECB12" box="[1074,1164,266,292]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[183,1404,199,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[170,1416,190,1859]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Opuntia megacantha. A. Elliptical cladode. B. Elliptical areola, short black trichomes. C. White, radial, and diffuse spines with yellowish apex. D. Acute flower buds, green perianth segments with reddish acuminate apex, obovate pericarpel. E. Flower button, top view. F. Flower in anthesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440888/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031451B5FEA4FAD0CB12" bold="true" box="[1184,1394,266,292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Juvenile cladodes</emphasis>
with prominent tubers, areolas with short brown to black trichomes, reddish bristel hairs, green erect subulate leaves, with reddish uncinate apex, white spines with reddish apex (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC0314562BFEFCFC3ACB5A" box="[830,920,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1972,1994]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,388,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-54@6.[151,1436,367,1948]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Opuntia megacantha. A. Arborescent habit, 2.10 m high, with fruits. B. Defined trunk, grayish scaly bark with yellowish and black tones. C. Juvenile cladode with prominent tubers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440882/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Acute 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031456ECFEFCFB25CB5A" bold="true" box="[1017,1159,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">flower buds</emphasis>
, green perianth segments with reddish acuminate apex, obovate to elliptical pericarpel, slightly elevated tubers, areolas with short light brown trichomes, brown glochids and yellow bristle areolas (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC031457E1FE34FC08CB82" box="[756,938,410,436]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[183,1404,199,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[170,1416,190,1859]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Opuntia megacantha. A. Elliptical cladode. B. Elliptical areola, short black trichomes. C. White, radial, and diffuse spines with yellowish apex. D. Acute flower buds, green perianth segments with reddish acuminate apex, obovate pericarpel. E. Flower button, top view. F. Flower in anthesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440888/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4D and 4E</figureCitation>
). Yellow 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC03145103FE34FBCFCB82" bold="true" box="[1046,1133,410,436]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">flowers</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC0314516BFE34FB77CB82" box="[1150,1237,410,436]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[183,1404,199,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[170,1416,190,1859]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Opuntia megacantha. A. Elliptical cladode. B. Elliptical areola, short black trichomes. C. White, radial, and diffuse spines with yellowish apex. D. Acute flower buds, green perianth segments with reddish acuminate apex, obovate pericarpel. E. Flower button, top view. F. Flower in anthesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440888/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
), 6.0–7.0 cm long, turbinate pericarp, ca. 3.2 × 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC031454ABFE10FDA9CBEF" box="[446,523,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="2.6">2.6 cm</quantity>
, areolas arranged in 4–5 series, 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC0314567FFE10FC18CBEF" box="[874,954,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="0.6">0. 6 cm</quantity>
spacing between each other, with crass basal scale, oblanceolated outer segments of perianth, mucroned apex, smooth, yellow edges, with medium green striation, oblanceolated inner segments, emarginated apex, yellow, slightly toothed upper edges, stamens 1/3 of the length of the perianth, white filaments with yellowish tones, yellow anthers, white cuneiform style, ca. 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC0314518AFD84FB49C873" box="[1183,1259,554,581]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="1.9">1.9 cm</quantity>
long, usually ten green papillary lobes of the stigma, ca. 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC03145755FDE0FD2EC85F" box="[576,652,590,617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="0.6">0.6 cm</quantity>
long, with medium white striation (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC0314510BFDE0FBDAC85E" box="[1054,1144,590,616]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1972,1994]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,388,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-54@6.[151,1436,367,1948]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Opuntia megacantha. A. Arborescent habit, 2.10 m high, with fruits. B. Defined trunk, grayish scaly bark with yellowish and black tones. C. Juvenile cladode with prominent tubers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440882/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). Elliptical to obovate (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC0314506BFDE0FF09C8BB" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,203,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,190,1910]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Opuntia megacantha. A. Flower side view. B. Flower longitudinal cut, white filaments with yellowish tones and yellow anthers, white cuneiform style, ten green stigma lobes. C. Elliptical fruit. D. Longitudinal cut of the fruit, red funicles. E. Areola of the fruit, circular with long trichomes, brown gloquids. F. Kidney shaped seed with irregular lateral aril." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440892/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
), red 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031455FAFDDCFE92C8BA" bold="true" box="[239,304,626,652]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">fruits</emphasis>
, 5.1–7.0 cm long, striated and slightly sunken floral scar, large, circular areolas (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC031451CCFDDCFA90C8BB" box="[1241,1330,626,653]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,203,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,190,1910]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Opuntia megacantha. A. Flower side view. B. Flower longitudinal cut, white filaments with yellowish tones and yellow anthers, white cuneiform style, ten green stigma lobes. C. Elliptical fruit. D. Longitudinal cut of the fruit, red funicles. E. Areola of the fruit, circular with long trichomes, brown gloquids. F. Kidney shaped seed with irregular lateral aril." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440892/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
), arranged in 6–7 series, 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC0314543EFD38FEC7C887" box="[299,357,662,689]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
spacing from each other and 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC031457D5FD38FD58C887" box="[704,762,662,689]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
between series, long black trichomes, absent spines, brown glochids, sweet and juicy red funicles (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC03145754FD14FD39C8E3" box="[577,667,698,725]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,203,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,190,1910]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Opuntia megacantha. A. Flower side view. B. Flower longitudinal cut, white filaments with yellowish tones and yellow anthers, white cuneiform style, ten green stigma lobes. C. Elliptical fruit. D. Longitudinal cut of the fruit, red funicles. E. Areola of the fruit, circular with long trichomes, brown gloquids. F. Kidney shaped seed with irregular lateral aril." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440892/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). Kidney shaped 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC03145675FD14FC31C8E2" bold="true" box="[864,915,698,724]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">seed</emphasis>
with irregular lateral aril, lateral yellow-micropillar region, micropiles and funicles included (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC03145789FD70FD53C8CF" box="[668,753,734,761]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,203,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,190,1910]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Opuntia megacantha. A. Flower side view. B. Flower longitudinal cut, white filaments with yellowish tones and yellow anthers, white cuneiform style, ten green stigma lobes. C. Elliptical fruit. D. Longitudinal cut of the fruit, red funicles. E. Areola of the fruit, circular with long trichomes, brown gloquids. F. Kidney shaped seed with irregular lateral aril." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440892/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD77102FFCC031455A8FCACFDD0C9E6" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,1193]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031455A8FCACFE1EC92A" bold="true" box="[189,444,770,796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Micromorphology:—</emphasis>
Thornswith lignified epidermal cells 140.51 ± 3.1 × 36.32 ± 2.3 μm in the distal part (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC0314506BFCACFF09C976" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1662,1684]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,201,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[151,1436,190,1638]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opuntia megacantha. A. Epidermal cells of the middle part of the thorn, with fissures between the cells and smooth texture.B. Epidermal cells of the apical part of the thorn. C. Glabrous epidermis. D. Irregular epidermal cells, tetracytic stoma. E. Polyhedron-shaped pollen grain, pantoaperturate. F. Approach to a pore, warty walls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440894/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
), 94.97 ± 1.50 × 18.20 ± 2.40 μm, non-continuous epidermal cells with fissures between cells and smooth texture, in the middle part (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC03145474FCE4FE19C952" box="[353,443,842,868]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1662,1684]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,201,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[151,1436,190,1638]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opuntia megacantha. A. Epidermal cells of the middle part of the thorn, with fissures between the cells and smooth texture.B. Epidermal cells of the apical part of the thorn. C. Glabrous epidermis. D. Irregular epidermal cells, tetracytic stoma. E. Polyhedron-shaped pollen grain, pantoaperturate. F. Approach to a pore, warty walls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440894/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Glabrous epidermis, irregular epidermal cells (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC031456CBFCE4FB94C952" box="[990,1078,842,868]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1662,1684]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,201,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[151,1436,190,1638]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opuntia megacantha. A. Epidermal cells of the middle part of the thorn, with fissures between the cells and smooth texture.B. Epidermal cells of the apical part of the thorn. C. Glabrous epidermis. D. Irregular epidermal cells, tetracytic stoma. E. Polyhedron-shaped pollen grain, pantoaperturate. F. Approach to a pore, warty walls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440894/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
) and tetracytic stomas (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC03145051FCE4FA3DC952" box="[1348,1439,842,868]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1662,1684]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,201,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[151,1436,190,1638]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opuntia megacantha. A. Epidermal cells of the middle part of the thorn, with fissures between the cells and smooth texture.B. Epidermal cells of the apical part of the thorn. C. Glabrous epidermis. D. Irregular epidermal cells, tetracytic stoma. E. Polyhedron-shaped pollen grain, pantoaperturate. F. Approach to a pore, warty walls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440894/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Polyhedron-shaped pollen grain, pantoaperturate (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC031457ACFCC0FCB2C9BE" box="[697,784,878,904]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1662,1684]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,201,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[151,1436,190,1638]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opuntia megacantha. A. Epidermal cells of the middle part of the thorn, with fissures between the cells and smooth texture.B. Epidermal cells of the apical part of the thorn. C. Glabrous epidermis. D. Irregular epidermal cells, tetracytic stoma. E. Polyhedron-shaped pollen grain, pantoaperturate. F. Approach to a pore, warty walls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440894/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
), 102.08 ± 1.90 μm in diameter, 8050.69 μm 
<quantity id="4C90DCE7FFCC03145016FCDEFA8BC9BE" box="[1283,1321,878,907]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2.0">² in</quantity>
area, 16.27 ± 1.80 μm distance between each distal opening (pores), with a diameter of 22.21 ± 1.50 μm, 20–22 pores with walls of 1.15 ± 2.00 μm width and wart (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC03145705FC18FDC7C9E6" box="[528,613,950,976]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1662,1684]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,201,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[151,1436,190,1638]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opuntia megacantha. A. Epidermal cells of the middle part of the thorn, with fissures between the cells and smooth texture.B. Epidermal cells of the apical part of the thorn. C. Glabrous epidermis. D. Irregular epidermal cells, tetracytic stoma. E. Polyhedron-shaped pollen grain, pantoaperturate. F. Approach to a pore, warty walls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440894/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD77102FFCC031455A8FC74FC31C9C2" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,1193]" box="[189,915,986,1013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031455A8FC74FE19C9C2" bold="true" box="[189,443,986,1012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Vernacular names:—</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031454A9FC75FDBEC9C3" box="[444,540,987,1013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sangrita</emphasis>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF90CF3FFCC03145776FC74FC2AC9C2" author="Reyes-Aguero, J. A. &amp; Aguirre, J. R. &amp; Carlin, F. &amp; Gonzalez A." box="[611,904,986,1013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref12446" refString="Reyes-Aguero, J. A., Aguirre, J. R., Carlin, F. &amp; Gonzalez A. (2009) Catalogo de las principales variantes silvestres y cultivadas de Opuntia en la Altiplanicie Meridional de Mexico. UASLP., SAGARPA and CONACYT, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 350 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Reyes-Aguëro 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC03145619FC75FC9FC9C2" box="[780,829,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD77102FFCC031455A8FC50FAAFCE2E" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,1193]" box="[189,1293,1022,1049]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031455A8FC50FEFDCE2E" bold="true" box="[189,351,1022,1048]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phenology:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C680A81FFCC0314544AFC51FDE9CE2E" authorityName="Salm-Dyck" authorityYear="1834" box="[351,587,1022,1049]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megacantha">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC0314544AFC51FDE9CE2E" box="[351,587,1022,1049]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Opuntia megacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
blooms from March–April, whereas fruiting time if June–July.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD77102FFCC031455A8FB8CFD64CE9E" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,1193]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031455A8FB8CFDACCE0A" bold="true" box="[189,526,1058,1084]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Habitat and distribution:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C680A81FFCC0314571BFB8DFD5FCE0A" authorityName="Salm-Dyck" authorityYear="1834" box="[526,765,1058,1085]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megacantha">
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC0314571BFB8DFD5FCE0A" box="[526,765,1058,1085]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Opuntia megacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is species endemic to 
<collectingCountry id="F37F3192FFCC0314511FFB8CFBC0CE0A" box="[1034,1122,1058,1084]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, it is known in the states of 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC0314559DFBE8FE96CE56" box="[136,308,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="Aguascalientes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aguascalientes</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC03145453FBE8FE0CCE56" box="[326,430,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="Coahuila de Zaragoza" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC031454AAFBE9FD86CE57" box="[447,548,1095,1121]" country="Mexico" name="Durango" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Durango</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC03145720FBE8FD1BCE56" box="[565,697,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="Guanajuato" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Guanajuato</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC031457DFFBE8FC85CE56" box="[714,807,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC0314562DFBE8FC25CE56" box="[824,903,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC0314568CFBE8FC52CE56" box="[921,1008,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC03145114FBE8FBD6CE56" box="[1025,1140,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="Queretaro de Arteaga" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Querétaro</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC03145190FBE8FAE6CE56" box="[1157,1348,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="San Luis Potosi" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">San Luis Potosí</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC03145040FBE8FA05CE56" box="[1365,1447,1094,1120]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sonora</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC0314559DFBC4FEAECEB2" box="[136,268,1130,1156]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC03145403FBC4FED4CEB2" box="[278,374,1130,1156]" country="Mexico" name="Tlaxcala" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tlaxcala</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="49ACBFE0FFCC031454B9FBC5FDB8CEB3" box="[428,538,1131,1157]" country="Mexico" name="Zacatecas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zacatecas</collectingRegion>
(see e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF90CF3FFCC0314579EFBC4FCC8CEB2" author="Guzman, U. L. &amp; Arias, S. &amp; Davila, P." box="[651,874,1130,1157]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref10119" refString="Guzman, U. L., Arias, S. &amp; Davila, P. (2003) Catalogo de cactaceas mexicanas. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Mexico City, 315 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Guzmán 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031457E4FBC5FC83CEB2" box="[753,801,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF90CF3FFCC03145660FBC4FBC7CEB2" author="Scheinvar, L. &amp; Gallegos-Vazquez, C. &amp; Olalde-Parra, G. &amp; Rodriguez-Fuentes, A." box="[885,1125,1130,1156]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="277 - 296" refId="ref12968" refString="Scheinvar, L., Gallegos-Vazquez, C., Olalde-Parra, G. &amp; Rodriguez-Fuentes, A. (2010) Opuntia ser, Streptacanthae (Cactaceae) - neotypifications and taxonomic notes for four species. Schumannia 6: 277 - 296." type="journal article" year="2010">
Scheinvar 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031456FEFBC5FB81CEB2" box="[1003,1059,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF90CF3FFCC0314517AFBC4FACACEB2" author="Hernandez, H. M. &amp; Gomez, H. C. &amp; Barcenas, R. T. &amp; Puente, P. &amp; Reyes, A. J." box="[1135,1384,1130,1156]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref10193" refString="Hernandez, H. M., Gomez, H. C., Barcenas, R. T., Puente, P. &amp; Reyes, A. J. (2014) A checklist of the subfamily Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) from North and Central America. In: Hunt, D. R. (Ed.) Further Studies in Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Succulent Plant Research 8: 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="2014">
Hernández 
<emphasis id="B91CAD10FFCC031451FAFBC5FA85CEB2" box="[1263,1319,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="13536D87FFCC0314506BFBC4FF3BCE9E" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[390,1207,1141,1927]" captionTargetId="figure-32@5.[274,1314,1132,1931]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogram of Opuntia s.s., based on the concatenated matk, ycf1, trnL-trnF, psbJ-petA, ITS and ppc sequence alignment. The support of the clades is represented with a corresponding thick line with subsequent Bayesian probability PP≥ 0.95. Posterior probability (left of slash) from Bayesian analysis and Bootstrap support (right of slash). The phylogenetic position of Opuntia ser. Streptacanthae Britton &amp; Rose is shown in bold." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7440878/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). It grows in xerophytic scrub (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF90CF3FFCC031454EDFB20FD1BCE9E" author="Rzedowski, J." box="[504,697,1166,1192]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref12504" refString="Rzedowski, J. (1978) Vegetacion de Mexico. Limusa, Mexico City, 432 pp." type="book" year="1978">Rzedowski 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>