418 lines
52 KiB
XML
418 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="E861388208EF9D8FBE9842D476D11437" ID-CLB-Dataset="20998" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4846.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2c8355fa-af80-4a52-be9a-a3c36a99bb19" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4017497" ID-ZooBank="6F6EBF63-5598-416C-8694-14C4A8687693" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1599482548208" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Garbino, Guilherme S. T., Lim, Burton K. & Tavares, Valéria Da C." docDate="2020" docId="03BAA52EF861FFE27090F9F17FAA5A8A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4846.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4846 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chiroderma villosum Peters 1860" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FF83DD56F84EFFD07007FF847C1D5D16" masterDocTitle="Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)" masterLastPageNumber="93" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1698845824709" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D3F9D8620C452570F2CEF8EEA91EC7D4">
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<mods:title id="F7F73103A7D9127AE8BBDCCBDEC03020">Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F1E254BFE65F9AB273AA3DF42B18AA76" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="61414C0307C9ED951A266D70992BD569">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B02472E378098CB2BE3C4EBCA605F0D5">Garbino, Guilherme S. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6B237527EEFB132925660E646ADEB966">Pós-graduação, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270 - 901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="C3762C2FBE75D13D613E55E3E01CDAEE" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5A343759AC6CB509376545433164838A">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4B1D85DB2E5875C42B5A477D18FA85D4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E827B746D580895E0E92F1C6DE45EAD0">Lim, Burton K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8B9C25BB8FEF8462CF3CAED9BEE17E9E">Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="82FB85C139E892A180C381731B3D5274">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2B13D69C58272B834EDB46486F73EA7E">Tavares, Valéria Da C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9AE74BB9D659725BA6C113AFA0ED5698">Laboratório de Mamíferos, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN / DSE, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, 58059 - 900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="35619E805035CBC6EE12BE7FC211D30E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6177ED663C4A72B56801520DA4010347">
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<mods:date id="1E464CDA50881011DE0C338D268F95DC">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="788E3E7850096740128B535219FBB106">2020-09-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="172D314D8982E5D20C13E785CB24676A">4846</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03BAA52EF861FFE27090F9F17FAA5A8A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4332637" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167515838" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4332637" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAA52EF861FFE27090F9F17FAA5A8A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BAA52EF861FFE27090F9F17FAA5A8A" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C30947B3F861FFFF7090F9F17DF35BC4" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF7090F9F17E2A5B99" blockId="47.[151,567,1653,1680]" box="[151,567,1653,1680]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0E4A354F861FFFF7090F9F17E2A5B99" bold="true" box="[151,567,1653,1680]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF7090F9F17E2A5B99" ID-CoL="5Y55Y" authority="Peters, 1860" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,567,1653,1680]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7090F9F17E2A5B99" bold="true" box="[151,567,1653,1680]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7090F9F17D855B86" bold="true" box="[151,408,1653,1680]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chiroderma villosum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F861FFFF7198F9F27E2A5B99" author="Peters, W." box="[415,567,1653,1680]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref45779" refString="Peters, W. (1860) Eine neute Gattung von Flederthieren, Chiroderma villosum, aus Brasilien vor. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861,747 - 755." type="book" year="1860">Peters, 1860</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF7090F93E7DF35BC4" blockId="47.[151,494,1721,1746]" box="[151,494,1721,1746]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Synonyms: See under subspecies.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30947B3F861FFE07090F8847D105C55" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF7090F8847F805AD8" blockId="47.[151,1437,1791,2034]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7090F8847D555A0C" bold="true" box="[151,328,1791,1818]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Type Material.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B7B1E65F861FFFF7149F88479765A28" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2857124537" collectionCode="ZMB" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="ZMB 408" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
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The
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<typeStatus id="54A8AA9AF861FFFF7187F8847DFA5A0C" box="[384,487,1792,1818]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF720CF8847EE45A0C" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[523,761,1792,1818]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF720CF8847EE45A0C" box="[523,761,1792,1818]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chiroderma villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<specimenCode id="DBB5BC43F861FFFF7300F8847F675A0C" box="[775,890,1792,1818]" collectionCode="ZMB" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">ZMB 408</specimenCode>
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), designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F861FFFF742AF88478C15A0C" author="Thomas, O." box="[1069,1244,1792,1818]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="881 - 883" refId="ref48200" refString="Thomas, O. (1891) Note on Chiroderma villosum with the description of a new species for the genus. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Series 2, 10, 881 - 883." type="journal article" year="1891">Thomas (1891)</bibRefCitation>
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, is a stuffed skin. The skull is inside the skin and the skin around the lips is everted, exposing all of the teeth except M2 and m2.
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</materialsCitation>
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The free portion of the noseleaf spear is broken. The wing patagia are crumbly and several fragments have fallen off. The tips of the ears are also crumbly. The skin appears to preserve the original color, the interocular stripes are barely visible, but the genal pair is not visible. Dorsal pelage is pale brown and three bands can be distinguished: a dark brown base, and buff middle. The dorsal stripe appears to be lacking.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFE070C0F85C7D105C55" blockId="47.[151,1437,1791,2034]" lastBlockId="48.[151,1437,153,323]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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The I1s are parallel to each other, not in contact, and have slightly diverging tips. The p2 is small and clearly separated from p4. The forearm measures
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<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF87EFFE0726AFF1D7EC95DA5" box="[621,724,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.79" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="47.9">47.9 mm</quantity>
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. According to
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F87EFFE07372FF1D783E5DA5" author="Thomas, O." box="[885,1059,153,179]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="881 - 883" refId="ref48200" refString="Thomas, O. (1891) Note on Chiroderma villosum with the description of a new species for the genus. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Series 2, 10, 881 - 883." type="journal article" year="1891">Thomas (1891)</bibRefCitation>
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, the individual depicted in Peters’ (1906) plate, published posthumously, is probably the
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<typeStatus id="54A8AA9AF87EFFE07305FF397F2B5DC1" box="[770,822,189,215]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
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. In the illustration, the skull is separate from the skin, suggesting that the skull could have been removed and later re-inserted in the skin (
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<figureCitation id="132808BDF87EFFE0744DFF6578835DED" box="[1098,1182,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1187,1212]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[189,1398,345,1162]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 31. Plate of the lectotype of Chiroderma villosum by Wilhelm Peters, published posthumously." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017559/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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). The other possibility is that the skull Peters illustrated belonged to the partial skeleton referred to, but not examined by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F87EFFE074EAFE817D145C55" author="Carter, D. C. & Dolan, P. G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 136" refId="ref39338" refString="Carter, D. C. & Dolan, P. G. (1978) Catalogue of type specimens of neotropical bats in selected european museums. Museum of Texas Tech University Special Publications 15. Museum of Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 1 - 136." type="book chapter" year="1978">Carter & Dolan (1978:59)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF6C44B0F87EFFE07090FB2778DD59AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017559" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4017559" box="[151,1216,1187,1212]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017559/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[151,250,1187,1212]" targetBox="[189,1398,345,1162]" targetPageId="48">
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87EFFE07090FB2778DD59AA" blockId="48.[151,1216,1187,1212]" box="[151,1216,1187,1212]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE07090FB277D3D59AA" bold="true" box="[151,288,1187,1212]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
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Plate of the lectotype of
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<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87EFFE07219FB207EEB59AA" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[542,758,1188,1212]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE07219FB207EEB59AA" box="[542,758,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Chiroderma villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by Wilhelm Peters, published posthumously.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C30947B3F87EFFE070C0FB6D7E405812" box="[199,605,1257,1284]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87EFFE070C0FB6D7E405812" blockId="48.[151,1437,1257,2041]" box="[199,605,1257,1284]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE070C0FB6D7D7C5812" bold="true" box="[199,353,1257,1284]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
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See under subspecies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30947B3F87EFFE270C0FA897FAA5A8A" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87EFFE070C0FA897E585BEA" blockId="48.[151,1437,1257,2041]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE070C0FA897E24583E" bold="true" box="[199,569,1293,1320]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Description and Comparisons.</emphasis>
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Dorsal pelage may be pale brown, dark brown, reddish brown, or grayish brown. Most of the
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<specimenCount id="9D15DFB1F87EFFE07170FAB67E00585A" box="[375,541,1330,1356]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">328 specimens</specimenCount>
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we examined have a pale brown dorsum (61%, n=201). The second most common color of the dorsal pelage is dark brown (38%, n=125). Dorsal hairs are tri-banded, the base is always dark brown, and the middle band is pale buff. Facial stripes were not detected in 191 (58%) of the 328 analyzed specimens. In 36.2% of the sample (n=119), the stripes were detected, but not conspicuous. The interocular pair was the only pair of facial stripes detected in 82.3% of the specimens, while both pairs were present in 17.7%. Only
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<specimenCount id="9D15DFB1F87EFFE07587FA467D115B16" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
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(3.9% of the sample) had conspicuous facial stripes, with the interocular pair more conspicuous than the genal. The dorsal stripe was not detected in 152 of
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<specimenCount id="9D15DFB1F87EFFE07307F98E7FBB5B32" box="[768,934,1546,1572]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">333 specimens</specimenCount>
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(45.6%) scored for this character. The stripe was faint in
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<specimenCount id="9D15DFB1F87EFFE07124F9A97DD75B5E" box="[291,458,1581,1608]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">154 specimens</specimenCount>
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(46.2%), and, in some the only evidence of a stripe was a short white mid-dorsal line. Only
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<specimenCount id="9D15DFB1F87EFFE070D0F9D67D725B7A" box="[215,367,1618,1644]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">22 specimens</specimenCount>
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(6.6%) had a conspicuous dorsal stripe. Five specimens (1.5%) had a median dorsal stripe, but they were not scored as to conspicuousness. The tragus and base of the ears are yellow, but the remainder is uniformly brownish. The tip of the noseleaf is notched in 49 (74.2%) of the
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<specimenCount id="9D15DFB1F87EFFE073BBF91E78495BA2" box="[956,1108,1690,1716]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">66 specimens</specimenCount>
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scored for this character. The noseleaf is nearly uniformly pale brown, with the central rib of the spear having a more pinkish tone and the lateral margin of the horseshoe slightly paler.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87EFFE070C0F8827FD25AA7" blockId="48.[151,1437,1257,2041]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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The skull of
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<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87EFFE07159F8837DFD5A36" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[350,480,1798,1825]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE07159F8837DFD5A36" box="[350,480,1798,1825]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C. villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is similar in size to
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE072D5F8837F7B5A36" box="[722,870,1798,1825]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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C. d.
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<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87EFFE07313F8837F7B5A36" authorityName="Taddei and Lim" authorityYear="2010" box="[788,870,1799,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vizottoi">vizottoi</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87EFFE073A5F883782B5A36" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1966" box="[930,1078,1799,1825]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopaeum">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE073A5F883782B5A36" box="[930,1078,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C. scopaeum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and measurements have some overlap with small
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE0716AF8AF7DEF5A52" box="[365,498,1834,1861]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
C. d.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87EFFE071AEF8AE7DEF5A52" box="[425,498,1834,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">doriae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87EFFE071F8F8AF7E765A52" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[511,619,1834,1861]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE071F8F8AF7E765A52" box="[511,619,1834,1861]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C. salvini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87EFFE072E2F8AF7F685A52" box="[741,885,1835,1861]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trinitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE072E2F8AF7F685A52" box="[741,885,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C. trinitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6912183F87EFFE07384F8AE7FFF5A53" box="[899,994,1834,1861]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,239,153,177]" captionText="TABLE 7. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, range in parentheses, and sample size) of adult specimens of Chiroderma salvini, C. scopaeum, C. doriae (including subspecies), C. gorgasi and C. trinitatum. See Materials and Methods for measure abbreviations and descriptions." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Tables 7</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6912183F87EFFE07410F8AE783A5A52" box="[1047,1063,1834,1860]" captionStart="TABLE 8" captionStartId="23.[151,239,1112,1136]" captionText="TABLE 8. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, range in parentheses, and sample size) of adult specimens of Chiroderma improvisum and C. villosum (including subspecies). See Materials and Methods for measure abbreviations and descriptions." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">8</tableCitation>
|
||
). The braincase is relatively deep and globose. A sagittal crest is present in 356 (85.5%) of the 416
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87EFFE07387F8CB781D5A7E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[896,1024,1870,1897]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87EFFE07387F8CB781D5A7E" box="[896,1024,1870,1897]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
crania scored for this character, and varied from high and conspicuous to low and inconspicuous. The orbits are relatively large. The nasal notch is long, extending back into the interorbital region close to post-orbital processes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87EFFE170C0F83E7FF65DC1" blockId="48.[151,1437,1257,2041]" lastBlockId="49.[151,1437,153,395]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
A posterior palatine process was present in 280 (83%) of the 336 skulls scored for this character, and varied from a long and conspicuous to a small nub. When cranium and mandible are in occlusion, a wide lateral gap, bordered by C, P3 and P4, and p2 and p4, is evident (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF87FFFE172E8FF1D7F295DA5" box="[751,820,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1486,1511]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,181,1461]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Lateral view of skull and mandible in occlusion for A) Chiroderma salvini (ROM 99703), B) Chiroderma scopaeum (TTU 110649), C) Chiroderma d. doriae (TTU 99569), D) Chiroderma villosum (USNM 560607), and E) Chiroderma improvisum (ROM 126002)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017515/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The occluded teeth also form a W-shaped frontal gap rimmed by lower canines, lower incisors, and upper inner incisors (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF87FFFE1738DFF397FC05DC1" box="[906,989,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1932,1957]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,989,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,989,1907]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. Frontal view of skull and mandible in occlusion for A) Chiroderma salvini (ROM 99703), B) Chiroderma scopaeum (TTU 110649), C) Chiroderma d. doriae (TTU 99569), D) Chiroderma villosum (USNM 560607), E) Chiroderma improvisum (ROM 126002)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017525/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87FFFE170C0FF6579125C9D" blockId="49.[151,1437,153,395]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The I1s were parallel to each other (76.2%, n=314), medially convergent (22.3%, n=92) or divergent (1.4%, n=6) in the 512 crania scored for this character (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF87FFFE172BFFE817F105C09" box="[696,781,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1564,1589]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,417,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[154,1434,417,1539]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 32. Individual variation in the disposition of the inner upper incisors in Chiroderma villosum. A) parallel (USNM 520558, Panamá); B) convergent (USNM 520557, Panamá); C) divergent tips (USNM 540676, Trinidad); and D) base and tips divergent (USNM 499481, Colombia)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017561/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
). M2 usually has a cingulum around the protocone, which projects lingually. Lower canines are narrow and tall, with the tips level with the top of the coronoid process when the mandible is viewed laterally. The crown of p2 is approximately ¼ the height of p4. The p2 is in contact with the canine, but not with p4. Compared to the other species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE17318FEF57FB35C9D" box="[799,942,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE17318FEF57FB75C9D" authorityName="Garbino & Lim & Tavares" authorityYear="2020" box="[799,938,369,395]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chiroderma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the protoconid of p4 is narrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6C44B0F87FFFE17090F9987E3C5B6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017561" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4017561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017561/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" startId="49.[151,250,1564,1589]" targetBox="[154,1434,417,1539]" targetPageId="49">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87FFFE17090F9987E3C5B6B" blockId="49.[151,1437,1564,1661]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE17090F9987D3F5B23" bold="true" box="[151,290,1564,1589]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
|
||
Individual variation in the disposition of the inner upper incisors in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE173EAF99978DB5B23" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[1005,1222,1565,1589]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE173EAF99978DB5B23" box="[1005,1222,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chiroderma villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A) parallel (USNM 520558, Panamá); B) convergent (USNM 520557, Panamá); C) divergent tips (USNM 540676, Trinidad); and D) base and tips divergent (USNM 499481, Colombia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87FFFE170C0F92F7D215A24" blockId="49.[151,1436,1707,1986]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE17170F9287DEC5BD3" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1900" box="[375,497,1708,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="villosum" variety="jesupi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE17170F9287DEC5BD3" box="[375,497,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C. v. jesupi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE17221F9287EA05BD3" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[550,701,1707,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="villosum" variety="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE17221F9287EA05BD3" box="[550,701,1707,1734]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C. v. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in size, with the former averaging smaller in forearm length and in every cranial dimension we analyzed (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6912183F87FFFE172A2F94B7EE25BFC" box="[677,767,1743,1770]" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="24.[151,239,153,177]" captionText="TABLE 9. Morphological comparisons of discrete characters among the species of Chiroderma." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Table 9</tableCitation>
|
||
). As previously mentioned, our decision to recognize two subspecies was mainly due to the presence of haplotypes exclusive to the trans-Andean portion of the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE170B1F89C7D285A27" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[182,309,1815,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE170B1F89C7D285A27" box="[182,309,1815,1842]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87FFFE170C0F8BF7EA45AD4" blockId="49.[151,1436,1707,1986]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The two smallest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE17197F8BF7E055A43" authorityName="Garbino & Lim & Tavares" authorityYear="2020" box="[400,536,1851,1877]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE17197F8BF7E055A43" box="[400,536,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chiroderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE1722FF8B87E825A43" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1960" box="[552,671,1852,1878]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gorgasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE1722FF8B87E825A43" box="[552,671,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C. gorgasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE172D1F8B87F7A5A43" box="[726,871,1852,1878]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trinitatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE172D1F8B87F7A5A43" box="[726,871,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C. trinitatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE173FBF8B878615A43" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[1020,1148,1851,1878]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE173FBF8B878615A43" box="[1020,1148,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by size, presence of conspicuous facial and dorsal stripes, bicolored noseleaf, shorter nasal notch, convergent I1s, and taller p2. The insular
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE17090F8007D275A8B" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,314,1924,1950]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE17090F8007D275A8B" box="[151,314,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87FFFE1727DF8007EE45A8B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[634,761,1923,1950]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87FFFE1727DF8007EE45A8B" box="[634,761,1923,1950]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its larger size, relatively lower braincase, longer rostrum, more robust dentition, and p
|
||
<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF87FFFE171D3F82C7DE25AD7" box="[468,511,1959,1986]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
contact with p4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87CFFE270C0FF1D7D055CB9" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,611]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Among similar-sized species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27211FF1D7E885DA5" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[534,661,153,179]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27211FF1D7E885DA5" box="[534,661,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated by the weaker facial and dorsal stripes (conspicuous in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE270F7FF397D475DC1" box="[240,346,189,215]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE270F7FF397D475DC1" box="[240,346,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE2716EFF397DC85DC1" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[361,469,189,215]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE2716EFF397DC85DC1" box="[361,469,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. salvini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27215FF397EBE5DC1" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1966" box="[530,675,189,215]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopaeum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27215FF397EBE5DC1" box="[530,675,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. scopaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), paler dorsal pelage (usually darker in
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27464FF3978F45DC1" box="[1123,1257,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
C. d.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE274A7FF3978F45DC1" box="[1184,1257,189,215]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">doriae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27527FF3979915DC1" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[1312,1420,189,215]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27527FF3979915DC1" box="[1312,1420,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. salvini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), notched tip of noseleaf (simple tip in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27242FF657EAD5DED" box="[581,688,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27242FF657EAD5DED" box="[581,688,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE272C7FF657F295DED" box="[704,820,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE272C7FF657F325DED" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[704,815,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">C. salvini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE2736AFF65781D5DED" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1966" box="[877,1024,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopaeum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE2736AFF65781D5DED" box="[877,1024,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. scopaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), deeper braincase (shallow in
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27562FF657CFD5C09" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
C. d.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27090FE817CFD5C09" box="[151,224,261,287]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">doriae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), longer nasal notch (shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE2724CFE817EAB5C09" box="[587,694,261,287]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE2724CFE817EAB5C09" box="[587,694,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE272C2FE817F2C5C09" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[709,817,261,287]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE272C2FE817F2C5C09" box="[709,817,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. salvini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27377FE81781C5C09" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1966" box="[880,1025,261,287]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopaeum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27377FE81781C5C09" box="[880,1025,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. scopaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), larger orbits (smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE2752CFE8179885C09" box="[1323,1429,261,287]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE2752CFE8179885C09" box="[1323,1429,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27090FEAD7D1B5C55" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,262,297,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27090FEAD7D1B5C55" box="[151,262,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. salvini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE2714DFEAD7DC35C55" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1966" box="[330,478,297,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopaeum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE2714DFEAD7DC35C55" box="[330,478,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. scopaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), I1s parallel or divergent (convergent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE273C0FEAD78295C55" box="[967,1076,297,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE273C0FEAD78295C55" box="[967,1076,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27441FEAD78A95C55" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[1094,1204,297,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27441FEAD78A95C55" box="[1094,1204,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. salvini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE274FFFEAD79915C55" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1966" box="[1272,1420,297,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopaeum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE274FFFEAD79915C55" box="[1272,1420,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. scopaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), smaller p2 (large in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE2717DFEC97DF85C71" box="[378,485,333,359]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE2717DFEC97DF85C71" box="[378,485,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), narrower and taller canines (wider and shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE2742EFEC9788E5C71" box="[1065,1171,333,359]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE2742EFEC9788E5C71" box="[1065,1171,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE274CCFEC979415C71" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1966" box="[1227,1372,333,359]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopaeum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE274CCFEC979415C71" box="[1227,1372,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. scopaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and presence of a frontal gap when cranium and mandible are in occlusion (gap absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27458FEF578D45C9D" box="[1119,1225,369,395]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27458FEF578D45C9D" box="[1119,1225,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE274DFFEF579575C9D" box="[1240,1354,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE274DFFEF5795B5C9D" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[1240,1350,369,395]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">C. salvini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27584FEF57D1A5CB9" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopaeum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27584FEF57D1A5CB9" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. scopaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87CFFE270C0FE3C7CE45F75" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,611]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE270C0FE3C7ED35CC5" bold="true" box="[199,718,440,467]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Geographic Variation and Phylogeography.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of COI representing 133
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27584FE3D7CEB5CE1" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27584FE3D7CEB5CE1" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered a clade composed of sequences exclusively from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F87CFFE273A0FE597FE25CE1" box="[935,1023,477,503]" name="Mexico" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">México</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Central America, and trans-Andean South America (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF87CFFE2714BFD857DB55F0D" box="[332,424,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1527,1552]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,637,1502]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,633,1502]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 33. Haplotype network of Chiroderma villosum and C. improvisum, built using the “Median Joining” algorithm (epsilon = 0; 2,000 iterations)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017563/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF87CFFE271B4FD847DCF5F0D" box="[435,466,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1937,1962]" captionTargetBox="[557,1029,175,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[556,1030,174,1912]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 35. Phylogenetic relationships between Chiroderma improvisum and C. villosum, based on 141 sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Localities in parentheses are detailed in the gazetteer (Appendix 1). This subtree is a detailed version of the clades named “improvisum” and “villosum” in figure 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017567/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">35</figureCitation>
|
||
). The samples from cis-Andean South America, however, form a polytomy, which does not suggest geographic structuring because specimens from distant regions, such as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F87CFFE27459FDA178AD5F29" box="[1118,1200,549,575]" name="Bolivia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F87CFFE274ECFDA179505F29" box="[1259,1357,549,575]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, group together.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6C44B0F87CFFE27090FA737DB65B22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017563" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4017563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017563/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[151,250,1527,1552]" targetBox="[151,1426,637,1502]" targetPageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87CFFE27090FA737DB65B22" blockId="50.[151,1437,1527,1588]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27090FA737D3D5B06" bold="true" box="[151,288,1527,1552]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 33.</emphasis>
|
||
Haplotype network of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE2720BFA7C7EF95B06" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[524,740,1528,1552]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE2720BFA7C7EF95B06" box="[524,740,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Chiroderma villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE27312FA7C7FB75B19" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[789,938,1528,1551]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE27312FA7C7FB75B19" box="[789,938,1528,1551]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, built using the “Median Joining” algorithm (epsilon = 0; 2,000 iterations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87CFFE270C0F9E679445A6E" blockId="50.[151,1437,1634,1948]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
There is geographic variation in size among the subpopulations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE273C2F9E6785A5B6A" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[965,1095,1634,1660]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE273C2F9E6785A5B6A" box="[965,1095,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specimens from the Atlantic rainforest of eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F87CFFE27179F9027DDF5BB6" box="[382,450,1670,1696]" name="Brazil" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(n=48) are larger than the other geographic groups (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6912183F87CFFE27409F902786F5BB6" box="[1038,1138,1670,1696]" captionStart="TABLE 13" captionStartId="53.[151,239,153,177]" captionText="TABLE 13. Loadings of the first and second principal components, extracted from the variance-covariance matrix of a principal component analysis of 13 cranio-dental measurements of Chiroderma villosum." pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Table 13</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF87CFFE27478F90278CF5BB6" box="[1151,1234,1670,1696]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1895,1920]" captionTargetBox="[179,1409,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1409,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 34. Predefined groups of C. villosum used in the geographic variation analysis (above). Boxplot of the first principal component (PC1), extracted from the variance-covariance matrix of a principal component analysis of 13 cranio-dental measurements (below). A = México/Central America/trans-Andean South America; B = northern Venezuela; C = Trinidad and Tobago; D =northern Amazonia and the Guianas; E = Southern Amazonia; F = Chaco and Cerrado; G = Atlantic coast." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017565/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
). Specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F87CFFE27090F92E7D985BD2" box="[151,389,1706,1732]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
also had larger dimensions; however, the sample size was smaller (n=7). Populations from the Amazon north of the Amazonas River and from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F87CFFE272DBF94A7F2F5BFE" box="[732,818,1742,1768]" name="Mexico" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">México</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Central America and trans-Andean South America had the smaller dimensions. We suggest there is clinal variation in size, with larger specimens in the extreme east and southeast part of the distribution and smaller individuals in the northwestern part of the range. There is overlap between measurements from adjacent geographic groups, but the populations from the western portion of the distribution, which would correspond to subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE272A3F8DA7F3D5A6E" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1900" box="[676,800,1886,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="villosum" variety="jesupi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE272A3F8DA7F3D5A6E" box="[676,800,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C. v. jesupi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are significantly smaller than the others (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF87CFFE274FFF8DA79515A6E" box="[1272,1356,1886,1912]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1895,1920]" captionTargetBox="[179,1409,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[178,1409,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 34. Predefined groups of C. villosum used in the geographic variation analysis (above). Boxplot of the first principal component (PC1), extracted from the variance-covariance matrix of a principal component analysis of 13 cranio-dental measurements (below). A = México/Central America/trans-Andean South America; B = northern Venezuela; C = Trinidad and Tobago; D =northern Amazonia and the Guianas; E = Southern Amazonia; F = Chaco and Cerrado; G = Atlantic coast." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017565/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F87CFFE270C0F8057FAA5A8A" blockId="50.[151,1437,1634,1948]" box="[199,951,1921,1948]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE270C0F8057D525A8A" bold="true" box="[199,335,1921,1948]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Subspecies.</emphasis>
|
||
We recognize two subspecies in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF87CFFE272C5F8067FAD5A8A" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[706,944,1922,1948]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF87CFFE272C5F8067FAD5A8A" box="[706,944,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Chiroderma villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |