323 lines
37 KiB
XML
323 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="E984E0DCE693D3A89B3FD2E825D78011" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.174157" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7ae7ee0c-75d3-4d54-9ae3-76c08da444b4" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="174157" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459791120028" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Craig, D. A., Englund, R. A. & Takaoka, H." docDate="2006" docId="03F987C4FFCDFFCD08657E0DFC7BFE28" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01328p026.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1328" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Simulium (Gomphostilbia) rhopaloides Craig, Englund & Takaoka, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFC0FFBCFFC6FFC3096D7D39FFCBFF84" masterDocTitle="Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698219251671" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="BB5E8D0EF80B8AD9B0D33D72EF5E70EE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A940DD1A52A3A44ACA60E0741667E8DD">
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<mods:title id="00F0A0D46B56CE4C0DA51EBBD4FAA362">Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="331B7805FB6E9C641AF6E0AC6D6BB202" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A4AC2C8A3FC93F583B287EE7954045DC">Craig, D. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C4F7F7CF94D0787A9B3F9223C554B57">Englund, R. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="BF0685DB535D4A58B8D433B5130CCABA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7154E6EB9BD0028316106DF8011F90EC">Takaoka, H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="CA924FE001A6DFB3AD8F1CE04F9E41CE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F49856090C7805F93F7FE3714BF2B8BF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C2D301470D9A0E49EF7482BA582CF9D5">
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<mods:date id="8852F653063FB887F257D581316A72E3">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6733E6C9970BEBBAC4360104E89A743F">1328</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F8582BB4705954DEC2D26C8805661765">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B4B258A5E7BE5538F8115E02BE19E0FC" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.174157</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DB096BE4334881001C2379A3E41BCA48" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F987C4FFCDFFCD08657E0DFC7BFE28" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628088" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119350463" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5628088" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F987C4FFCDFFCD08657E0DFC7BFE28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987C4FFCDFFCD08657E0DFC7BFE28" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection id="C34A6559FFCDFFC808657E0DFEABFCF5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC808657E0DFB4EFCCA" blockId="11.[264,1157,820,881]" box="[264,1157,820,846]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="D0A781BEFFCDFFC808657E0DFB4EFCCA" bold="true" box="[264,1157,820,846]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC808657E0DFB4EFCCA" bold="true" box="[264,1157,820,846]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCDFFC808657E0DFBF7FCCA" ID-CoL="8DXJT" authority="Craig, Englund & Takaoka" authorityName="Craig, Englund & Takaoka" box="[264,1084,820,846]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhopaloides" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC808657E0DFEB5FCCA" bold="true" box="[264,382,820,846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Simulium</emphasis>
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(
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||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC808FD7E0DFD89FCCA" bold="true" box="[400,578,820,846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC80B3E7E0DFD2AFCCA" bold="true" box="[595,737,820,846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">rhopaloides</emphasis>
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Craig, Englund & Takaoka
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21757BBFFCDFFC80D297E0DFB4EFCCA" box="[1092,1157,820,846]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC808657E6EFEABFCF5" blockId="11.[264,1157,820,881]" box="[264,352,855,881]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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(
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<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCDFFC8087C7E6EFE9DFCF5" box="[273,342,855,881]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34A6559FFCDFFC808657EA5FE83FC31" box="[264,328,924,949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC808657EA5FE83FC31" blockId="11.[264,1324,924,1190]" box="[264,328,924,949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<typeStatus id="54EB8870FFCDFFC808657EA5FE83FC31" box="[264,328,924,949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC808657EA5FE83FC31" box="[264,328,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Types</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34A6559FFCDFFC808557EFDFCFEFB22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC808557EFDFE34FBD2" blockId="11.[264,1324,924,1190]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC808557EFDFE7AFC5A" bold="true" box="[312,433,964,990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<typeStatus id="54EB8870FFCDFFC808557EFDFE67FC5A" box="[312,428,964,990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Larva: earlylast instar on slide. Label data “
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<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCDFFC80A807EFDFE58FB81" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhopaloides" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC80A807EFDFB97FC59" box="[1005,1116,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Simulium</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC80D1E7EFDFAEAFC59" box="[1139,1313,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC808657ED5FE58FB81" box="[264,403,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">rhopaloides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F3477642FFCDFFC808CA7ED5FDB8FB82" box="[423,627,1004,1030]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
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, Guadalcanal, Charovuga River upstream of Gold Ridge Mine,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE645015FFCDFFC80835792DFE1AFBAA" box="[344,465,1044,1070]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="1" value="-9.59936">S9.59936º</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE645015FFCDFFC808B1792DFDBDFBAA" box="[476,630,1044,1070]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="1" value="160.12402">E160.12402º</geoCoordinate>
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, alt
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<specimenCount id="9D56FD5BFFCDFFC80BC2792DFD32FBAA" box="[687,761,1044,1070]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">
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<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCDFFC80BC2792DFD3EFBAA" box="[687,757,1044,1070]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="540.0">540m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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<date id="FFEE1012FFCDFFC80A69792DFC53FBAA" box="[772,920,1044,1070]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2005-07-27">27.vii. 2005</date>
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. Coll. R. Englund.
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<typeStatus id="54EB8870FFCDFFC80DE4792DFAE3FBAA" box="[1161,1320,1044,1070]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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. No. 16626 (
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<collectionCode id="ED41AE17FFCDFFC808F67905FE38FBD2" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[411,499,1084,1110]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">BPBM</collectionCode>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC80855795DFCFEFB22" blockId="11.[264,1324,924,1190]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC80855795DFE77FBFA" bold="true" box="[312,444,1124,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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||
<typeStatus id="54EB8870FFCDFFC80855795DFE7CFBFA" box="[312,439,1124,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Larvae: seven early last and penultimate instars in alcohol. Label data—as for
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<typeStatus id="54EB8870FFCDFFC8085C79B5FE6AFB22" box="[305,417,1164,1190]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
, but with “
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<typeStatus id="54EB8870FFCDFFC80B7279B5FD7CFB22" box="[543,695,1164,1190]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
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||
” (
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||
<collectionCode id="ED41AE17FFCDFFC80BBD79B5FCE3FB22" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[720,808,1164,1190]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">BPBM</collectionCode>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34A6559FFCDFFC8086579EBFDE0FA30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC8086579EBFEB4FB6F" blockId="11.[264,1321,1234,1460]" box="[264,383,1234,1259]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC8086579EBFEB4FB6F" box="[264,383,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC8085579C3FDE0FA30" blockId="11.[264,1321,1234,1460]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pupa: Gill filaments modified into single clublike structure with 2 fine nontapered filaments. Larva: anterior cephalic apotome markedly pale, light brown elsewhere; antennae extended well beyond labral fan stalk, hypostomal margins smooth; mandible serration and sensillum forming acute angle with mandible; ventral tubercles present, but not markedly developed.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34A6559FFCDFFCE086578E6FC67FC79" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC8086578E6FE59FA7C" blockId="11.[264,1323,1503,1889]" box="[264,402,1503,1528]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCDFFC8086578E6FE59FA7C" box="[264,402,1503,1528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC808557B3EFD96F9A5" blockId="11.[264,1323,1503,1889]" box="[312,605,1543,1569]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Adult female: Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC808557B16FD8DF9CD" blockId="11.[264,1323,1503,1889]" box="[312,582,1583,1609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Adult male: Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFC808557B6EFDFEF91D" blockId="11.[264,1323,1503,1889]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Pupa (based on poorly developed pharate pupal gill). Gill with clublike structure and 2 fine filaments (
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<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCDFFC808BD7B46FDDCF91D" box="[464,535,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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b).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCDFFCE08557B9EFC67FC79" blockId="11.[264,1323,1503,1889]" lastBlockId="13.[264,1323,284,1021]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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||
Larva (based on early lastinstar larvae). Body: total length
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||
<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCDFFC80D6B7B9EFBAEF945" box="[1030,1125,1703,1729]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3 mm</quantity>
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||
, overall greyish, thorax evenly pigmented, paler dorsally, posterior abdomen darker dorsally, pale ventrally (
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<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCDFFC8087C7BCEFE9CF895" box="[273,343,1783,1809]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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a). Head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCDFFC808A57BCEFDC5F895" box="[456,526,1783,1809]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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||
e): lateral margins convex; anterior frontoclypeal apotome markedly pale, lighter brown elsewhere; antero and posteromedial head spots positive and distinct, anterolateral head spots positive and distinct, posterolateral head spots positive and surrounded by diffuse light brown; ecdysial lines pale and distinct, broadly rounded posteriorly; fan stalks translucent; width
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCAFFCF0A6F7A3FFCB9F8A4" box="[770,882,1798,1824]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.51">0.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
, length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCAFFCF0AB77A3FFB87F8A4" box="[986,1100,1798,1824]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.61">0.61 mm</quantity>
|
||
; distance between antennal bases
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCAFFCF08AE7A17FDF8F8CC" box="[451,563,1838,1864]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
; cervical sclerites distinct; postocciput not extended medially. Antennae: total length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCAFFCF0B7B7A6CFD49F8EB" box="[534,642,1877,1903]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.41">0.41 mm</quantity>
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||
; proportions of articles 1.0:1.0:1.1; distal article extended half length beyond labral fan stalk; distal article and proximal portion of medial article brown, distal portion of basal article pale, remainder distinctly brown. Labral fan: stalk with anterior palatal bar not markedly protruded; 43 rays,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCBFFCE0AAD7C53FBE0FE00" box="[960,1067,362,388]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
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||
in length, 5 rays less substantial; microtrichia 1.75 times longer than ray width, distinct pattern of 5 or 6 smaller microtrichia between larger ones. Hypostoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCBFFCE0A2B7C80FC59FE57" box="[838,914,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
c): median tooth and lateral teeth equally developed, not prominent, lateral teeth broadly based, sublateral teeth distinct, but not markedly so; paralateral teeth poorly developed; 1 lateral serration poorly developed, otherwise smooth; 8 hypostomal setae per side. Postgenal cleft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCBFFCE0D5D7F16FBB6FDCD" box="[1072,1149,559,585]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
f): arrowheadshaped, 1.5 times deeper than wide, posterior margins vertical for half of depth, remainder Vshaped with slightly rounded margins; posteroventrally elongate muscle spots light brown. Postgenal bridge: 0.3 times as long as cleft depth; genae and postgenae markedly light brown. Mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCBFFCE0B5A7FF4FD4DFD63" box="[567,646,717,743]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
d): preapical and apical teeth well developed but not markedly, subapical teeth less so; 7 and more spinous teeth decreased in size markedly; sensillum markedly developed and forming acute angle with anterior blade of mandible, serration single, distinct, but not well developed. Abdomen: anterior abdomen narrower than thorax, expanded smoothly posteriorly to 5th abdominal segment, then expanded markedly smoothly. Anal sclerite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCBFFCE0BC77EACFD3FFC2B" box="[682,756,917,943]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCBFFCE0B897EACFD3FFC2B" box="[740,756,917,943]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="g" value="7.0">7</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
g): rectal scales well developed; anterior arms slightly longer than ventral arms, central junction broad. Posterior proleg circlet of hooks: 118 rows of hooks; 1516 hooks per row (total ca. 1,800).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F665AFFCAFFCF08657B66FB2FF932" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCAFFCF08657B66FB2FF932" blockId="12.[264,1323,1631,1719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF08657B66FE41F9F3" bold="true" box="[264,394,1631,1655]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCAFFCF08FA7B66FD7AF9F2" box="[407,689,1631,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhopaloides" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF08FA7B66FE30F9F2" box="[407,507,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF0B617B66FDD7F9F2" box="[524,540,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF0B5F7B66FD7AF9F2" box="[562,689,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">rhopaloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21757BBFFCAFFCF0BDA7B66FD38F9F3" box="[695,755,1631,1655]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF0BDA7B66FD38F9F3" bold="true" box="[695,755,1631,1655]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype.
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF0D817B66FB32F9F3" bold="true" box="[1260,1273,1631,1655]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">a</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF08FC7B46FE6BF913" bold="true" box="[401,416,1663,1687]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">b</emphasis>
|
||
, pharate pupal gill.
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF0B1B7B46FD49F913" bold="true" box="[630,642,1663,1687]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c</emphasis>
|
||
, hypostomal teeth.
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF0A397B46FCA8F913" bold="true" box="[852,867,1663,1687]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">d</emphasis>
|
||
, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations.
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF08657BA6FEDFF933" bold="true" box="[264,276,1695,1719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">e</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF0B6D7BA6FDC2F933" bold="true" box="[512,521,1695,1719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">f</emphasis>
|
||
, hypostoma and postgenal cleft.
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCAFFCF0A047BA6FCBDF933" bold="true" box="[873,886,1695,1719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">g</emphasis>
|
||
, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A6559FFCBFFCE08657911FC5AFBEE" box="[264,913,1064,1130]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCBFFCE08657911FE4EFBC5" blockId="13.[264,913,1064,1130]" box="[264,389,1064,1089]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE08657911FE4EFBC5" box="[264,389,1064,1089]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCBFFCE08557969FC5AFBEE" blockId="13.[264,913,1064,1130]" box="[312,913,1104,1130]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">The name is in reference to the clublike pupal gill.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A6559FFCBFFCD086579AAFC7BFE28" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCBFFCE086579AAFE48FB28" blockId="13.[264,1323,1171,1905]" box="[264,387,1171,1196]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE086579AAFE48FB28" box="[264,387,1171,1196]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Comments</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCBFFCE08557983FD64F98B" blockId="13.[264,1323,1171,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Larval characteristics clearly place this material in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0AF37983FB87FB57" box="[926,1100,1210,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gomphostilbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0AF37983FB87FB57" box="[926,1100,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The pupal gill is, however, unusual with a clublike structure and only two fine filaments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCBFFCE0DF079DBFB2CFB78" box="[1181,1255,1250,1276]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1631,1655]" captionTargetBox="[309,1286,314,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[309,1287,314,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174165/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
b)—a unique arrangement for that subgenus. There are, however, gills with some thickened filaments in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE08A47808FD88FACE" box="[457,579,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sherwoodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE08A47808FD88FACE" box="[457,579,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sherwoodi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0A547808FC0DFACE" box="[825,966,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kerei" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0A547808FC83FACE" box="[825,840,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0A0C7808FCB8FACE" box="[865,883,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0AE17808FC0DFACE" box="[908,966,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">kerei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0D6D7808FB24FACE" box="[1024,1263,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pangunaense" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0D6D7808FBC4FACE" box="[1024,1039,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0D457808FBF1FACE" box="[1064,1082,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0D397808FB24FACE" box="[1108,1263,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pangunaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE08597861FE57FAF5" box="[308,412,1368,1393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">batoense</emphasis>
|
||
species group (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0B3A7861FCFEFAF5" box="[599,821,1368,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="padangense" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0B3A7861FDADFAF5" box="[599,614,1368,1393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0B127861FD5AFAF5" box="[639,657,1368,1393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0BC47861FCFEFAF5" box="[681,821,1368,1393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">padangense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), albeit the number of slender filaments is four in the former two species and seven in the last. Elsewhere in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0D627846FB76FA1C" box="[1039,1213,1407,1432]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gomphostilbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0D627846FB76FA1C" box="[1039,1213,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, four gill filaments are also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0B20789EFCDCFA44" box="[589,791,1446,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palauense" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0B20789EFD97FA44" box="[589,604,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0B18789EFD4CFA44" box="[629,647,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0BCD789EFCDCFA44" box="[672,791,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">palauense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0A4A789EFC76FA44" box="[807,957,1446,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mogii" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0A4A789EFCFDFA44" box="[807,822,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0A22789EFCAAFA44" box="[847,865,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0A17789EFC76FA44" box="[890,957,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mogii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0AA0789EFB56FA44" box="[973,1181,1446,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gimpuense" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0AA0789EFC10FA44" box="[973,987,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0A98789EFBCCFA44" box="[1013,1031,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0D4D789EFB56FA44" box="[1056,1181,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">gimpuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0D8D789EFE53FA63" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevilabrum" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0D8D789EFB3DFA44" box="[1248,1270,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0C65789EFAD1FA44" box="[1288,1306,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE086578F7FE53FA63" box="[264,408,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">brevilabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We consider the gill of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE0BD578F7FC5DFA63" box="[696,918,1486,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhopaloides" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0BD578F7FD0CFA63" box="[696,711,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0BB278F7FD3AFA63" box="[735,753,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE0A6778F7FC5DFA63" box="[778,918,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">rhopaloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the extreme of such examples and within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFCBFFCE08E878CCFE34F98A" box="[389,511,1525,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sherwoodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFCBFFCE08E878CCFE34F98A" box="[389,511,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sherwoodi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCBFFCE08557B25FC94F9B2" blockId="13.[264,1323,1171,1905]" box="[312,863,1564,1590]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
All
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EB8870FFCBFFCE08087B25FE68F9B2" box="[357,419,1564,1590]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are deposited in the Bishop Museum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36D2FFCBFFCD08557B7DFC7BFE28" blockId="13.[264,1323,1171,1905]" lastBlockId="14.[264,1325,284,428]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Although Guadalcanal is the largest and most geographically complex of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3477642FFCBFFCE0DAC7B7DFE95F901" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it was not emphasized during the present survey, and was little sampled. Because few roads extend into the backcountry, with the notable exception of the Gold Ridge Mine area, gaining access to higherelevation stream areas is problematic. However, we were able to sample upstream of the influence of the large Gold Ridge Mine on the Charovuga River (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136B2A57FFCBFFCE08307A30FE7EF8A7" box="[349,437,1801,1827]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="18.[264,367,1749,1773]" captionTargetBox="[282,1307,440,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[282,1308,440,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 11. Localities of new Simuliidae material from the Solomon Islands. a, Stream near Ringgi, Kolumbangara, New Georgia Islands. b, Upper Sakumbare River, New Georgia, New Georgia Islands. c, Upper Toropi River, Rendova, New Georgia Islands (J. Polhemus in background). d, Garana River (3 km inland), Santa Isabel. e, Charovuga River, Guadalcanal. f, Aluta River, cascade, Malaita (R. Englund in background). g, Puepue River, Makira." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174170/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
e), at elevations above
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D56FD5BFFCBFFCE0BBC7A30FCEDF8A7" box="[721,806,1801,1827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B37FFCBFFCE0BBC7A30FCE9F8A7" box="[721,802,1801,1827]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
There the Charovuga River is moderately sized, but heavily sedimented in places because of many smallscale gold diggings being done by squatters. However, the river has numerous tributaries and cascades feeding it at this elevation, many of which appear to run through undisturbed forest. Water temperatures were 23.5ºC and aquatic habitats were highly varied, ranging from small seeps and cascades to riffles and pools.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D51FFC8FFCD0B847C52FBEFFE00" box="[745,1060,362,388]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhopaloides" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFC8FFCD0B847C52FC9CFE00" box="[745,855,363,388]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFC8FFCD0A017C52FC49FE00" box="[876,898,363,388]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAC0FFC8FFCD0AF57C52FBEFFE00" box="[920,1060,363,388]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">rhopaloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae were collected from rocks in small riffles in the main portion of the river.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |