333 lines
32 KiB
XML
333 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A34B4FD69B19ED460101F449593243BD">Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4E37C62FE28AD830F5240BB43507CAAF">Melo, Bruno F</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1D42EEDC87B32093D3A0A7E949296EBB">Ota, Rafaela P</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="707A2E0BE03C3F57F4FAECB70F86B3DC">2024</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF20180EFBFB0B39FBDC" authority="Fowler, 1911" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[300,575,1045,1072]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF20180EFBFB0B39FBDC" bold="true" box="[300,575,1045,1072]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhoadsiinae Fowler, 1911</emphasis>
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genus:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF2019CAFBB808D7FB9D" authority="Fowler, 1911" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[232,465,1110,1134]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhoadsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF2019CAFBB80842FB9D" box="[232,324,1110,1134]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhoadsia</emphasis>
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Fowler, 1911
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB502566E60EF201953FB6109D2FB15" blockId="27.[113,763,1167,1254]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201953FB610820FB54" box="[113,294,1167,1191]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Included genera:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201863FB610B41FB54" authority="Strand, 1928" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1928" box="[321,583,1167,1191]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201863FB610894FB54" box="[321,402,1167,1191]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carlana</emphasis>
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Strand, 1928
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201B47FB610BF3FB54" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[613,757,1167,1191]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201B47FB610BF3FB54" box="[613,757,1167,1191]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nematobrycon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201953FB4108A9FB34" authority="Eigenmann, 1912" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[113,431,1199,1223]" family="Characidae" genus="Parastremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201953FB4109F5FB35" box="[113,243,1199,1222]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Parastremma</emphasis>
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Eigenmann, 1912
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201899FB410BCCFB34" authority="Kner, 1863" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" box="[443,714,1199,1223]" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201899FB410B49FB34" box="[443,591,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pseudochalceus</emphasis>
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Kner, 1863
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201953FB2009D2FB15" box="[113,212,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201953FB2009C9FB15" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[113,207,1230,1254]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhoadsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhoadsia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31051DD6E60EF201953FAE90B10FA8E" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB502566E60EF201953FAE90B10FA8E" blockId="27.[113,762,1287,1405]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201953FAE909DCFAEC" box="[113,218,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Definition:</emphasis>
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The least inclusive crown clade that contains
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201BBFFAE9085BFACC" authority="Fowler, 1911" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Rhoadsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altipinna">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201BBFFAE909CFFACC" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhoadsia altipinna</emphasis>
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Fowler, 1911
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF2018B5FAC909A3FAAD" authority="Eigenmann 1911" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmeri">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF2018B5FAC90B7AFACC" box="[407,636,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nematobrycon palmeri</emphasis>
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||
Eigenmann 1911
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See
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<figureCitation id="13311ED36E60EF201B81FAA80BFCFAAE" box="[675,762,1350,1374]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[350,1222,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-7@19.[347,1225,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Thayeriinae, Rhoadsiinae, Grundulinae, and Acestrorhamphinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support." pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 7</figureCitation>
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for a reference phylogeny of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF2018B3FA8B0B14FA8E" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[401,530,1381,1405]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C31051DD6E60EF201953FA710BDDFA45" box="[113,731,1438,1463]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BB502566E60EF201953FA710BDDFA45" blockId="27.[113,731,1438,1463]" box="[113,731,1438,1463]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201953FA7109E7FA44" box="[113,225,1439,1463]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Etymology:</emphasis>
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A patronym for Samuel N. Rhoads (1862–1952).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31051DD6E60EF201953FA360D51FD6E" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB502566E60EF201953FA360C1EFF14" blockId="27.[113,763,1496,1958]" lastBlockId="27.[810,1460,144,669]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201953FA3609C9FA03" box="[113,207,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Remarks:</emphasis>
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The phylogeny inferred from the UCE loci resolves a clade we delimit as the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201B0AFA190BA1F9FC" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[552,679,1527,1551]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF20199CF9F90848F9DC" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[190,334,1559,1583]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF20199CF9F90848F9DC" box="[190,334,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nematobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF20187DF9F908F5F9DC" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" box="[351,499,1559,1583]" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF20187DF9F908F5F9DC" box="[351,499,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pseudochalceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201B27F9F90B67F9DC" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[517,609,1559,1583]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhoadsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201B27F9F90B67F9DC" box="[517,609,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhoadsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201B50F9F90BF2F9DD" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[626,756,1559,1582]" family="Characidae" genus="Parastremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201B50F9F90BF2F9DD" box="[626,756,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Parastremma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201987F9D809F0F9BD" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1928" box="[165,246,1590,1614]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201987F9D809F0F9BD" box="[165,246,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carlana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13311ED36E60EF20182CF9D80848F9BE" box="[270,334,1590,1614]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[350,1222,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-7@19.[347,1225,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Thayeriinae, Rhoadsiinae, Grundulinae, and Acestrorhamphinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support." pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF20184FF9D808EAF9BD" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[365,492,1590,1614]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was elevated to classify species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF2019CFF9BB084FF99E" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[237,329,1621,1645]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhoadsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF2019CFF9BB084FF99E" box="[237,329,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhoadsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF2018AFF9B80B09F99E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[397,527,1622,1645]" family="Characidae" genus="Parastremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF2018AFF9B80B09F99E" box="[397,527,1622,1645]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Parastremma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201953F99B0B83F97E" authority="(Meek, 1912) (Cardoso 2003)" authorityName="Cardoso" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Meek" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[113,645,1653,1677]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eigenmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201953F99B083FF97F" box="[113,313,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carlana eigenmanni</emphasis>
|
||
(Meek, 1912) (Cardoso 2003)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201953F97A09F6F95F" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[113,240,1684,1708]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a single tooth series in the premaxilla when juveniles and two series when adults, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201B4AF95A0BF3F938" authorityName="Cardoso" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Meek" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[616,757,1716,1739]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eigenmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201B4AF95A0BF3F938" box="[616,757,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. eigenmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which maintains only the inner tooth series, and the outer teeth series of the premaxilla is composed of two conical teeth and the inner series consists of five multicuspid teeth (Cardoso 2003). Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses resolve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201B8BF8DF09E6F89B" authorityName="Cardoso" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Meek" baseAuthorityYear="1912" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eigenmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201B8BF8DF09E6F89B" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carlana eigenmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF20183AF8BE08AEF89B" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[280,424,1872,1896]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF20183AF8BE08AEF89B" box="[280,424,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nematobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister-lineages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B7FA76E60EF201B4CF8BE09A3F874" author="Oliveira C & Avelino GS & Abe KT" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref33245" refString="Oliveira C, Avelino GS, Abe KT et al. Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Eoolutionary Biology 2011; 11: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201BEBF8BF0BF2F89B" box="[713,756,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Phylogenetic analysis of a combined molecular and morphological dataset resolves a clade containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201B7CF8610B93F855" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1940" box="[606,661,1935,1958]" family="Characidae" genus="Bario" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201B7CF8610B93F855" box="[606,661,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bario</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201B86F8600A99FF34" authority=", Rachooiscus" authorityName="Rachooiscus" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201B86F8600BF3F855" box="[676,757,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carlana</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201A08FF7E0ABAFF5B" box="[810,956,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hollandichthys</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201AFEFF7E0D4AFF5B" box="[988,1100,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Inpaichthys</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201D49FF7E0DFDFF5B" box="[1131,1275,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nematobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201C38FF7E0CA8FF5B" box="[1306,1454,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pseudochalceus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201A08FF410A99FF34" box="[810,927,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rachooiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201A8DFF410D0DFF34" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[943,1035,175,199]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhoadsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201A8DFF410D0DFF34" box="[943,1035,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhoadsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201D68FF5E0DA6FF34" box="[1098,1184,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ŋayeria</emphasis>
|
||
that is supported by two non-exclusive synapomorphies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B7FA76E60EF201D55FF200C0EFF14" author="Mirande JM" box="[1143,1288,206,231]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="282 - 300" refId="ref32677" refString="Mirande JM. Morphology, molecules and the phylogeny of Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Cladistics 2019; 35: 282 - 300. hups: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12345" type="journal article" year="2019">Mirande 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB502566E60EF201A64FF000D51FD6E" blockId="27.[810,1460,144,669]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201ABFFF000D1AFEF5" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[925,1052,238,262]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the UCE phylogeny shows successive branching lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201D69FEE30DDDFED6" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1099,1243,269,293]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201D69FEE30DDDFED6" box="[1099,1243,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nematobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201A08FEC20AB8FEB7" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" box="[810,958,300,324]" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201A08FEC20AB8FEB7" box="[810,958,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pseudochalceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a clade containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201DE3FEC20C1BFEB7" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[1217,1309,300,324]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhoadsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201DE3FEC20C1BFEB7" box="[1217,1309,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhoadsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201C09FEC30CABFEB7" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[1323,1453,301,324]" family="Characidae" genus="Parastremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201C09FEC30CABFEB7" box="[1323,1453,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Parastremma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201A78FEA20AADFE97" box="[858,939,332,356]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201A78FEA20AADFE97" box="[858,939,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carlana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13311ED36E60EF201A9DFEA20AFAFE90" box="[959,1020,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[350,1222,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-7@19.[347,1225,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Thayeriinae, Rhoadsiinae, Grundulinae, and Acestrorhamphinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support." pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201D34FEA20DA0FE97" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1046,1190,332,356]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201D34FEA20DA0FE97" box="[1046,1190,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nematobrycon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains two species endemic to the Atrato and San Juan rivers of north-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D42C66E60EF201A08FE640A95FE51" box="[810,915,394,418]" name="Colombia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201D23FE640D93FE51" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" box="[1025,1173,394,418]" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201D23FE640D93FE51" box="[1025,1173,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pseudochalceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes four species distributed in the Pacific versant rivers of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D42C66E60EF201DE3FE440C11FE31" box="[1217,1303,426,450]" name="Ecuador" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D42C66E60EF201C6EFE440CB5FE31" box="[1356,1459,426,450]" name="Colombia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Géry 1977). All species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201D72FE270DC9FE12" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[1104,1231,457,481]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distributed in the western Andes and Central America (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13311ED36E60EF201D97FE060DF6FDF3" box="[1205,1264,488,512]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[350,1222,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-7@19.[347,1225,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Thayeriinae, Rhoadsiinae, Grundulinae, and Acestrorhamphinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support." pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, species in this clade share an incomplete lateral line, very elongated dorsal-fin rays that may reach the caudal fin in adult males resulting in a pronounced sexual dimorphism, two teeth rows in the premaxilla (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A79D56E60EF201D02FD880D77FD8D" box="[1056,1137,614,638]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EDE446E60EF201D02FD880D77FD8D" box="[1056,1137,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carlana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and 10–15 unicuspid to tricuspid teeth on the maxillary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |