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<mods:title id="3760DC45C310D9A8A17A47A4D9F8F038">The Early Miocene Bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia) From The Karstic Sites Of Erkertshofen And Petersbuch 2 (Southern Germany)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BE93E41F320FFB9D3E065D9FD0F1FA5" blockId="10.[227,668,1720,1745]" box="[227,668,1720,1745]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5645C2F320FFB9D3E065D9FD0F1FA5" authority="(GAILLARD, 1899)" baseAuthorityName="GAILLARD" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[227,668,1720,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hanakia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D3E065D9FD0F1FA5" bold="true" box="[227,668,1720,1745]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D3E065D9FED01FA5" bold="true" box="[227,323,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Hanakia</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D27565D8FE451FA4" bold="true" box="[374,470,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">antiquus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC743B0F320FFB9D2E565D9FDC21FBA" author="Gaillard, C." box="[486,593,1720,1744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref22201" refString="Gaillard, C. (1899): Mammiferes Miocenes nouveaux ou peu connus de La Grive-Saint-Alban (Isere). - Archives du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Lyon, 7: 1 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86383" type="journal article" year="1899">GAILLARD</bibRefCitation>
, 1899)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BE93E41F320FFB9D27465B8FD9B1F84" blockId="10.[375,520,1753,1777]" box="[375,520,1753,1777]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">
<figureCitation id="136D22C4F320FFB9D27465B8FD9B1F84" box="[375,520,1753,1777]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="10.[147,228,1332,1353]" captionTargetBox="[147,1462,151,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-287@10.[147,1464,151,1308]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Upper jaw fragments. ag, i, l Hanakia agadjaniani: a PCMRCh90, left mxl with M13, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; b PCMRCh91, left mxl with M23, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; c BSP 1976 XXII 5488, right mxl with M13, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; d BSP 1974 XIV 1192, right mxl with P4M3, Erkertshofen 2, ventral view; e PCMRCh9, right C sup., Petersbuch 2, lingual view; f PCMRCh8, right C sup., Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; g PCMRCh99, left P2, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; i PCMRCh114, left M2, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; l BSP 1976 XXII 5489, left mxl with P2M2, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; h H. agadjaniani, NMA P62/0334, right mxl with P2M2, Petersbuch 62, ventral view; j, k H. aff. antiquus, Petersbuch 2: j PCMRCh2, left M1, occlusal view; k PCMRCh1, left M2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5383149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5383149/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Text-fig. 3jk</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C6DCAF320FFB9D3A56469FBFA1144" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE93E41F320FFB9D3A56469FDD21E35" blockId="10.[129,768,1800,2016]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">M a t e r i a l a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s. Erkertshofen 1: BSP 1962 XIX 4196, left M2, 1.60 × 2.10</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE93E41F320FFB9D3A56429FE921ED5" blockId="10.[129,768,1800,2016]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Petersbuch 2: PCMRCh1, left M2, ≈1.50 × ≈2.00; PCMRCh2, left M1, 1.60 × 1.95; PCMRCh3, left M1, 1.40 × 1.70.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE93E41F320FFB9D3A564C9FED51E95" blockId="10.[129,768,1800,2016]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Erkertshofen 2: BSP 1974 XIV 1196, right C sup., 1.05 × 1.10 × 1.90</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE93E41F320FFB9D3A56496FBFA1144" blockId="10.[129,767,2039,2095]" lastBlockId="10.[843,1482,1593,2097]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">
D e s c r i p t i o n a n d c o m p a r i s o n. These fossils from Petersbuch 2, Erkertshofen 1 and Erkertshofen 2 (
<figureCitation id="136D22C4F320FFB9D0516558FC511F24" box="[850,962,1593,1617]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="10.[147,228,1332,1353]" captionTargetBox="[147,1462,151,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-287@10.[147,1464,151,1308]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Upper jaw fragments. ag, i, l Hanakia agadjaniani: a PCMRCh90, left mxl with M13, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; b PCMRCh91, left mxl with M23, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; c BSP 1976 XXII 5488, right mxl with M13, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; d BSP 1974 XIV 1192, right mxl with P4M3, Erkertshofen 2, ventral view; e PCMRCh9, right C sup., Petersbuch 2, lingual view; f PCMRCh8, right C sup., Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; g PCMRCh99, left P2, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; i PCMRCh114, left M2, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; l BSP 1976 XXII 5489, left mxl with P2M2, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; h H. agadjaniani, NMA P62/0334, right mxl with P2M2, Petersbuch 62, ventral view; j, k H. aff. antiquus, Petersbuch 2: j PCMRCh2, left M1, occlusal view; k PCMRCh1, left M2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5383149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5383149/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Text-fig. 3</figureCitation>
) morphologically correspond to
<taxonomicName id="4C5645C2F320FFB9D6226558FA501F24" box="[1313,1475,1593,1617]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hanakia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agadjaniani">
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D6226558FA501F24" box="[1313,1475,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">H. agadjaniani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but are noticeably smaller in size (
<tableCitation id="C6D40BFAF320FFB9D7CC6538FA8A1F04" box="[1231,1305,1625,1649]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="13.[125,181,152,173]" captionText="Table 6. Comparison of Hanakia s. str. from Petersbuch 2, Erkertshofen 1 and Erkertshofen 2 with some different fossil forms of Hanakia species (in mm, the size difference between maximum and minimum values, the arithmetic mean is in brackets)." pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Tab. 6</tableCitation>
). Moreover, the trigon basin of the upper molar (specimen PCMRCh2) from Petersbuch 2 is closed (
<figureCitation id="136D22C4F320FFB9D75665F8FB451FC4" box="[1109,1238,1689,1713]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="10.[147,228,1332,1353]" captionTargetBox="[147,1462,151,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-287@10.[147,1464,151,1308]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Upper jaw fragments. ag, i, l Hanakia agadjaniani: a PCMRCh90, left mxl with M13, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; b PCMRCh91, left mxl with M23, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; c BSP 1976 XXII 5488, right mxl with M13, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; d BSP 1974 XIV 1192, right mxl with P4M3, Erkertshofen 2, ventral view; e PCMRCh9, right C sup., Petersbuch 2, lingual view; f PCMRCh8, right C sup., Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; g PCMRCh99, left P2, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; i PCMRCh114, left M2, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; l BSP 1976 XXII 5489, left mxl with P2M2, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; h H. agadjaniani, NMA P62/0334, right mxl with P2M2, Petersbuch 62, ventral view; j, k H. aff. antiquus, Petersbuch 2: j PCMRCh2, left M1, occlusal view; k PCMRCh1, left M2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5383149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5383149/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Text-fig. 3J</figureCitation>
), similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C5645C2F320FFB9D66065F8FC491FA4" authorityName="ZIEGLER" authorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurelianensis">
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D66065F8FC491FA4" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Eptesicus aurelianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Stubersheim 3 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC743B0F320FFB9D7BF65D8FAE81FA4" author="Ziegler, R." box="[1212,1403,1721,1745]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" pagination="97 - 116" refId="ref24119" refString="Ziegler, R. (1994): Die Chiroptera (Mammalia) aus dem Unteromiozan von Stubersheim 3 (Baden-Wurttemberg). - Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlun- gen, A, 26: 97 - 116." type="journal article" year="1994">Ziegler 1994: 113</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 6), which is significantly smaller in size (compare with
<bibRefCitation id="EFC743B0F320FFB9D0486598FBB21E64" author="Ziegler, R." box="[843,1057,1785,1809]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" pagination="97 - 116" refId="ref24119" refString="Ziegler, R. (1994): Die Chiroptera (Mammalia) aus dem Unteromiozan von Stubersheim 3 (Baden-Wurttemberg). - Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlun- gen, A, 26: 97 - 116." type="journal article" year="1994">Ziegler 1994: 112</bibRefCitation>
). This specimen from Petersbuch 2 morphologically is closest to
<taxonomicName id="4C5645C2F320FFB9D7A46478FACC1E45" baseAuthorityName="GAILLARD" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1191,1375,1817,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hanakia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D7A46478FB511E45" box="[1191,1218,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">H.</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D6006478FACC1E45" box="[1283,1375,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">antiquus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6D40BFAF320FFB9D6756478FA561E44" box="[1398,1477,1817,1841]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="13.[125,181,152,173]" captionText="Table 6. Comparison of Hanakia s. str. from Petersbuch 2, Erkertshofen 1 and Erkertshofen 2 with some different fossil forms of Hanakia species (in mm, the size difference between maximum and minimum values, the arithmetic mean is in brackets)." pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Tab. 6</tableCitation>
; compare with specimen Mer91C43,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC743B0F320FFB9D7E96458FA561E24" author="Horacek, I." box="[1258,1477,1849,1873]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" pagination="123 - 154" refId="ref22377" refString="Horacek, I. (2001): On the early history of vespertilionid bats in Europe: the Lower Miocene record from the Bohemian Massif. - Lynx (Praha), n. s., 32: 123 - 154." type="journal article" year="2001">Horáček 2001: 133</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 14). Another fossil upper molar (specimen PCMRCh1) differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C5645C2F320FFB9D0CD6418FBE91EE4" authorityName="ZIEGLER" authorityYear="1993" box="[974,1146,1913,1937]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurelianensis">
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D0CD6418FBE91EE4" box="[974,1146,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">E. aurelianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in being larger and in having an open trigon basin without metaloph
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D7D164F9FB481EC5" bold="true" box="[1234,1243,1944,1968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">(</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="136D22C4F320FFB9D7D864F8FAF11EC4" box="[1243,1378,1945,1969]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="10.[147,228,1332,1353]" captionTargetBox="[147,1462,151,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-287@10.[147,1464,151,1308]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Upper jaw fragments. ag, i, l Hanakia agadjaniani: a PCMRCh90, left mxl with M13, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; b PCMRCh91, left mxl with M23, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; c BSP 1976 XXII 5488, right mxl with M13, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; d BSP 1974 XIV 1192, right mxl with P4M3, Erkertshofen 2, ventral view; e PCMRCh9, right C sup., Petersbuch 2, lingual view; f PCMRCh8, right C sup., Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; g PCMRCh99, left P2, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; i PCMRCh114, left M2, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; l BSP 1976 XXII 5489, left mxl with P2M2, Petersbuch 2, ventral view; h H. agadjaniani, NMA P62/0334, right mxl with P2M2, Petersbuch 62, ventral view; j, k H. aff. antiquus, Petersbuch 2: j PCMRCh2, left M1, occlusal view; k PCMRCh1, left M2, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5383149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5383149/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">Text-fig. 3K</figureCitation>
; compare with
<bibRefCitation id="EFC743B0F320FFB9D08664D8FBDF1EA4" author="Ziegler, R." box="[901,1100,1977,2001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" pagination="97 - 116" refId="ref24119" refString="Ziegler, R. (1994): Die Chiroptera (Mammalia) aus dem Unteromiozan von Stubersheim 3 (Baden-Wurttemberg). - Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlun- gen, A, 26: 97 - 116." type="journal article" year="1994">Ziegler 1994: 113</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 6). The studied upper molars differ from those of the species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5645C2F320FFB9D7E364B8FAF11E85" baseAuthorityName="GAILLARD" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1248,1378,2009,2032]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hanakia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
<emphasis id="B922E253F320FFB9D7E364B8FAF11E85" box="[1248,1378,2009,2032]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="422">H. antiquus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from La Grive
<quantity id="4CAE93A4F320FFB9D0926498FC2F1164" box="[913,956,2041,2065]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
lacking the para- and metalophs (compare with
<bibRefCitation id="EFC743B0F320FFB9D0486B78FB801145" author="Baudelot, S." box="[843,1043,2072,2097]" pageId="10" pageNumber="422" refId="ref21883" refString="Baudelot, S. (1972): Etude des Chiropteres, Insectivores et Rongeurs du Miocene de Sansan (Gers); These de doc- torat [PhD thesis]. - MS, Universite Toulouse III, Tou- louse, France, 496 pp. (copy in library of The Natural Museum of city of Augsburg)" type="book" year="1972">Baudelot 1972: 50</bibRefCitation>
, tab. 2).
</paragraph>
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