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<mods:title id="B13D3BA61F4DA999A4B80EB1A261137E">Systematics of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the description of a new species from Central America</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FF1F820DFE75FE58" authority="Dunn" authorityName="Dunn" box="[151,498,383,409]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
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<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FF1F820DFE23FE58" bold="true" box="[151,420,383,409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
Dunn
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5454FFD1FF1F82D0FD82FE7B" blockId="9.[151,517,383,442]" box="[151,517,418,442]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<figureCitation id="136628BF5454FFD1FF1F82D0FE88FE7B" box="[151,271,418,442]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStart-4="FIGURE 8" captionStart-5="FIGURE 9" captionStart-6="FIGURE 10" captionStart-7="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1589,1612]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionStartId-3="14.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionStartId-4="16.[151,250,1103,1126]" captionStartId-5="16.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionStartId-6="17.[151,250,748,771]" captionStartId-7="17.[151,250,1815,1838]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetBox-1="[415,1171,223,978]" captionTargetBox-2="[366,1230,193,1922]" captionTargetBox-3="[295,1299,901,1890]" captionTargetBox-4="[226,1360,183,1089]" captionTargetBox-5="[415,1171,1316,1902]" captionTargetBox-6="[264,1322,195,724]" captionTargetBox-7="[340,1247,887,1794]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[415,1171,223,979]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[366,1230,193,1923]" captionTargetId-3="figure@14.[281,1306,885,1909]" captionTargetId-4="figure@16.[226,1361,183,1090]" captionTargetId-5="figure@16.[415,1171,1316,1902]" captionTargetId-6="figure@17.[264,1323,195,724]" captionTargetId-7="figure@17.[340,1247,887,1794]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="16" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878, 672 mm SVL) in dorsal and ventral views." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878). A, head (right side). B, Posteriolateral pattern. C, Base of the tail in lateral view. Arrows in B and C indicate the position of the vent." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Dendrophidion clarkii, retracted hemipenis of the holotype (MCZ 34878). Labeled landmarks are discussed in the introduction to hemipenial morphology later in this paper. eas, enlarged asulcate spines. ess, enlarged sulcate spines. sa, spinose annulus. ss, sulcus spermaticus." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Dendrophidion clarkii in life. A, Juvenile specimen from western Panama (AMNH 129758, 225 mm SVL). B, Adult from western Colombia (AMNH 109718, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 8 C). From color slides taken by Charles W. Myers. A nuchal collar is present in both specimens but with less dense black pigment in the juvenile." captionText-4="FIGURE 8. Representative adult specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii. A, USNM 150138 (Panama, 942 mm SVL). B, BMNH 1902.7. 29.17 (Ecuador, 662 mm SVL). C, AMNH 109718 (Colombia, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 7 B). D, CAS 119604 (Colombia, 909 mm SVL)." captionText-5="FIGURE 9. Details of head and body patterns in Dendrophidion clarkii. A, UMMZ 155724 (Darién, Panama; 421 mm SVL), posterior pattern in lateral view. B, LACM 148553 (southern Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; 686 mm SVL)." captionText-6="FIGURE 10. Ventral patterns in adult Dendrophidion clarkii. A, USNM 150138 (Panama). B, AMNH 109718 (Colombia). See also Fig. 4." captionText-7="FIGURE 11. Dendrophidion clarkii juveniles. A, LACM 148554 (southwestern Costa Rica, 411 mm SVL). B, AMNH 119877 (Panama, 296 mm SVL). C, KU 164207 (Ecuador, 313 mm SVL). D, AMNH 119877, ventral aspect." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282533/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282534/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/282535/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/282536/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/282537/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/282538/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/282539/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/282540/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 4–11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136628BF5454FFD1FE9282D0FEBFFE7B" box="[282,312,418,442]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="21.[151,250,851,874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,233,803]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,233,804]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 14. Dendrophidion clarkii, the southernmost record from southwestern Ecuador (AMNH 22096, 269 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282543/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">14</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136628BF5454FFD1FECC82D0FEE4FE7B" box="[324,355,418,442]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 22. Documentation of sympatry between D. rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in the vicinity of Guayacán, Costa Rica (Limón province, Atlantic versant; see Figs. 12, 20). A, Dendrophidion rufiterminorum, photographed by Alejandro Solórzano. B, Dendrophidion clarkii photographed by Brian Kubicki 22 August 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282551/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">22</figureCitation>
B, 23A, 25, 28
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FF1F8296FE06FE3B" box="[151,385,484,506]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FF1F8296FE06FE3B" box="[151,385,484,506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Drymobius dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FE588291FD1AFE38" author="Boulenger" box="[464,669,483,505]" page="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1894">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FE588291FDFFFE38" author="Boulenger" box="[464,632,483,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, xi + 382 pp. + 20 pls." type="book" year="1894">Boulenger 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
(specimen from “Quito”, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5454FFD1FC268291FB81FE38" box="[942,1030,483,505]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
; BMNH 1892.2.26.8). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FB7E8297FA1BFE38" author="Peracca" box="[1270,1436,483,506]" page="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FB7E8297FA04FE38" author="Peracca" box="[1270,1411,483,506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Peracca, M. G. (1896) Rettili ed anfibii raccolti nel Darien ed a Panama dal dott. E. Festa. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata, 11, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1896">Peracca 1896</bibRefCitation>
: 5
</treatmentCitation>
(“foreste del Río Cianati” [Darién, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5454FFD1FDBE8170FD0AFDD9" box="[566,653,514,536]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
]). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FD2E8170FCBDFDD9" author="Amaral" box="[678,826,514,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Amaral, A. d. (&quot; 1929 &quot; [1930]) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos. XVIII - Lista remissiva dos ophidios da Regiao Neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 4, 127 - 128 + i - viii + 129 - 271." type="journal article" year="1929">Amaral “1929</bibRefCitation>
” [1930]: 154. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FC5C8170FAA6FDD9" author="Rendahl" box="[980,1313,514,536]" page="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1940">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FC5C8170FA8EFDD9" author="Rendahl" box="[980,1289,514,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Rendahl, H. &amp; Vestergren, G. (1940) Notes on Colombian snakes. Arkiv for Zoologi, 33 A, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1940">Rendahl and Vestergren 1940</bibRefCitation>
: 3
</treatmentCitation>
(specimens from the western Cordillera of 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5454FFD1FD898153FDEDFDF6" box="[513,618,545,567]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colombia</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5454FFD1FF1F8132FD12FD94" blockId="9.[151,1437,483,874]" box="[151,661,576,598]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145454FFD1FF1F8132FD12FD94" box="[151,661,576,598]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FF1F8132FE2FFD97" box="[151,424,576,598]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FF1F8132FE2FFD97" box="[151,424,576,598]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendrophidion dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FE7B8132FD12FD94" author="Taylor" box="[499,661,576,598]" page="92" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FE7B8132FDF6FD97" author="Taylor" box="[499,625,576,598]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1951) A brief review of the snakes of Costa Rica. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 34, part 1, 3 - 188." type="journal article" year="1951">Taylor 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 92
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FF1F812DFEFDFDB4" box="[151,378,607,629]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FF1F812DFEFDFDB4" box="[151,378,607,629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FE00812DFDA5FDB5" author="Dunn" box="[392,546,607,628]" page="78" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FE00812DFE7AFDB5" author="Dunn" box="[392,509,607,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn 1933</bibRefCitation>
: 78
</treatmentCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="54E68A985454FFD1FDB8812CFD09FDB5" box="[560,654,606,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: MCZ 34878; 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985454FFD1FCAD812DFCD6FDB5" box="[805,849,607,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
locality: El Valle de Antón, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5454FFD1FBF0812DFB4AFDB5" box="[1144,1229,607,628]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FB56812CFA1EFDB5" author="Smith" box="[1246,1433,606,628]" page="223" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1958">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FB56812CFAE2FDB5" author="Smith" box="[1246,1381,606,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Smith, H. M. (1958) Handlist of the snakes of Panama. Herpetologica, 14, 222 - 224." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="b">Smith 1958b</bibRefCitation>
: 223
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FF4F810FFEEFFD52" author="Lieb" box="[199,360,637,659]" page="166" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FF4F810FFEB2FD53" author="Lieb" box="[199,309,637,659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 166
</treatmentCitation>
–169 (synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FDB9810CFD23FD52" box="[561,676,637,659]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FDB9810CFD23FD52" box="[561,676,637,659]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FD34810FFBBAFD53" author="Perez-Santos" box="[700,1085,637,659]" page="133" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FD34810FFB80FD53" author="Perez-Santos" box="[700,1031,637,659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Perez-Santos, C. &amp; Moreno, A. G. (1988) Ofidios de Colombia. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 517 pp." type="book" year="1988">Perez-Santos and Moreno 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 133
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FBC2810FFAA7FD52" author="McCranie" box="[1098,1312,637,659]" page="105" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FBC2810FFB69FD53" author="McCranie" box="[1098,1262,637,659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 105
</treatmentCitation>
–107 (part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FF4F81EFFDBEFD70" author="Peters" box="[199,569,667,690]" page="80" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FF4F81EFFD94FD70" author="Peters" box="[199,531,667,690]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Peters, J. A. &amp; Orejas-Miranda, B. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part I. Snakes. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 297, 1 - 347." type="journal article" year="1970">Peters and Orejas-Miranda 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 80
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5454FFD1FF1F81C8FE42FCCF" blockId="9.[151,1437,483,874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145454FFD1FF1F81C8FE42FCCF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FF1F81C8FE0AFD11" box="[151,397,698,720]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FF1F81C8FE0AFD11" box="[151,397,698,720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendrophidion nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FE1181C9FDCAFD11" author="Savage" box="[409,589,699,720]" page="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FE1181C9FDADFD11" author="Savage" box="[409,554,699,720]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Savage, J. M. (1973 a) A preliminary handlist of the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists." type="book" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">Savage 1973a</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FD1181C9FCC4FD11" author="Savage" box="[665,835,699,720]" page="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FD1181C9FC99FD11" author="Savage" box="[665,798,699,720]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Savage, J. M. (1980) A handlist with preliminary keys to the herpetofauna of Costa Rica. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, 111 pp." type="book" year="1980">Savage 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
, 92 (part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FC3B81C9FB38FD11" author="Savage" box="[947,1215,698,720]" page="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FC3B81C9FB1DFD11" author="Savage" box="[947,1178,698,720]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Savage, J. M. &amp; Villa, J. (1986) Introduction to the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica / Introduccion a la Herpetofauna de Costa Rica. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, NY, viii + 207 pp." type="book" year="1986">Savage and Villa 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
, 148, 169 (part). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FAE681C8FF7DFD2E" author="Lieb" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FEC381ABFDA6FD2E" author="Villa" box="[331,545,729,751]" page="63" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FEC381ABFE7DFD2E" author="Villa" box="[331,506,729,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Villa, J., Wilson, L. D. &amp; Johnson, J. D. (1988) Middle American herpetology - A bibliographic checklist. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, xxxiii + 131 pp." type="book" year="1988">Villa et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 63
</treatmentCitation>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FDF981A8FCD3FD2E" author="Hayes" box="[625,852,729,751]" page="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FDF981A8FCA9FD2E" author="Hayes" box="[625,814,729,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Hayes, M. P., Pounds, J. A. &amp; Timmerman, W. W. (1989) An annotated list and guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Monteverde, Costa Rica. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Tyler, TX, ii + 67 pp." type="book" year="1989">Hayes et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 49
</treatmentCitation>
(part). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FC2E81ABFB19FD2E" author="Ibanez" box="[934,1182,729,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Ibanez D. R. &amp; Solis, F. A. (1991 [1993]) Las serpientes de Panama: lista de especies, comentarios taxonomicos y bibliografia. Scientia (Panama), 6, 27 - 52." type="journal article" year="1991">Ibáñez and Solís “1991</bibRefCitation>
”[1993]: 30. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FAAB81ABFEF8FCCF" author="Pounds" page="539" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FAAB81ABFEC8FCCC" author="Pounds" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Pounds, J. A. &amp; Fogden, M. (2000) Amphibians and reptiles of Monteverde. In: Nadkarni, N. M, &amp; Wheelwright, N. T. (Eds.) Monteverde, Ecology and Conservation of a Tropical Cloud Forest. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 537 - 540." type="book chapter" year="2000">Pounds and Fogden 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 539
</treatmentCitation>
(part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5454FFD1FF1F8065FCB8FCAB" blockId="9.[151,1437,483,874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145454FFD1FF1F8065FCB8FCAB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FF1F8065FE0FFCEC" box="[151,392,791,813]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FF1F8065FE0FFCEC" box="[151,392,791,813]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FE1E8065FDF2FCED" author="Scott" box="[406,629,790,812]" page="372" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FE1E8065FDC4FCED" author="Scott" box="[406,579,790,812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Scott, N. J., Jr., Savage, J. M. &amp; Robinson, D. C. (1983) Checklist of reptiles and amphibians. In: Janzen, D. H. (Ed.) Costa Rican Natural History. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 367 - 374." type="book chapter" year="1983">Scott et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 372
</treatmentCitation>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FD4B8064FC2BFCED" author="Almendariz" box="[707,940,790,812]" page="216" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FD4B8064FCFFFCED" author="Almendariz" box="[707,888,790,812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Almendariz, A. (1991) Lista de Vertebrados del Ecuador. Anfibios y reptiles. Politecnica (Revista de Informacion Tecnico- Cientifica, Quito), 16, 89 - 162." type="journal article" year="1991">Almendáriz 1991</bibRefCitation>
: 216
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FC3F8064FBA6FCED" author="Lieb" box="[951,1057,790,812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1991) Dendrophidion nuchale. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 636, 636.1 - 636.2." type="journal volume" year="1991">Lieb 1991</bibRefCitation>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FBE68064FA1CFCED" author="Perez-Santos" box="[1134,1435,790,812]" page="116" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FBE68064FAECFCED" author="Perez-Santos" box="[1134,1387,790,812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Perez-Santos, C., Moreno, A. G. &amp; Gearhart, A. (1993) Checklist of the snakes of Panama. Revista Espanola de Herpetologia, 7, 113 - 122." type="journal article" year="1993">Pérez-Santos et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 116
</treatmentCitation>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FE838047FE1BFC8A" author="Auth" box="[267,412,821,843]" page="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FE838047FEFDFC8B" author="Auth" box="[267,378,821,843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Auth, D. L. (1994) Checklist and bibliography of the amphibians and reptiles of Panama. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 98, 1 - 59." type="journal article" year="1994">Auth 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 15
</treatmentCitation>
(part). 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FE6F8047FD4BFC8B" author="Perez-Santos" box="[487,716,821,843]" page="99" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FE6F8047FD20FC8B" author="Perez-Santos" box="[487,679,821,843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Perez-Santos, C. (1999) Serpientes de Panama / Snakes of Panama. Comite Espanol del Programa MaB y de la Red IberoMaB de la UNESCO, Seville, 312 pp." type="book" year="1999">Pérez-Santos 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
, 102 (part). Stafford 2003 (part). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FB938047FB41FC8A" author="Goldberg" box="[1051,1222,821,843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Goldberg, S. R. (2003) Reproduction in four species of Dendrophidion from Costa Rica (Serpentes: Colubridae). Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 96, 295 - 300." type="journal article" year="2003">Goldberg (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5454FFD1FB588047FEA7FCA8" author="Savage" page="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FB588047FF7AFCA8" author="Savage" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Savage, J. M. &amp; Bolanos, F. (2009) A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica: Additions and nomenclatural revisions. Zootaxa, 2005, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2009">Savage and Bolaños 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 14
</treatmentCitation>
(part). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FEE38021FDA8FCA8" author="Bolanos" box="[363,559,851,874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Bolanos, F., Savage, J. M. &amp; Chaves, G. (2010) Anfibios y reptiles de Costa Rica (version: 18 de Agosto del 2010). Listas Zoologicas Actualizadas UCR, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2010">Bolaños et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
(part). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FDF28021FD7DFCA8" author="Cadle" box="[634,762,851,873]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 a) Cryptic species within the Dendrophidion vinitor complex in Middle America (Serpentes: Colubridae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160, 183 - 240." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Cadle 2012a</bibRefCitation>
(part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2264B25454FFD1FF1F8547FB29F98A" box="[151,1198,1589,1612]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282533/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,916,1578]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5454FFD1FF1F8547FB29F98A" blockId="9.[151,1198,1589,1612]" box="[151,1198,1589,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FF1F8547FE94F98A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1589,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FE918544FE7CF98D" box="[281,507,1590,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FE918544FE7CF98D" box="[281,507,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (MCZ 34878, 672 mm SVL) in dorsal and ventral views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15454FFD4FF1F850BFE77FACD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5454FFD1FF1F850BFE49F82A" blockId="9.[151,1436,1656,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FF1F850BFDAEF950" bold="true" box="[151,553,1656,1681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="54E68A985454FFD1FF1F850BFE81F950" box="[151,262,1657,1681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5454FFD1FE99850AFED5F950" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" box="[273,338,1656,1681]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MCZ</collectionCode>
34878 (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5454FFD1FE26850AFD9CF950" box="[430,539,1656,1681]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1589,1612]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetBox-1="[415,1171,223,978]" captionTargetBox-2="[366,1230,193,1922]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[415,1171,223,979]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[366,1230,193,1923]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878, 672 mm SVL) in dorsal and ventral views." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878). A, head (right side). B, Posteriolateral pattern. C, Base of the tail in lateral view. Arrows in B and C indicate the position of the vent." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Dendrophidion clarkii, retracted hemipenis of the holotype (MCZ 34878). Labeled landmarks are discussed in the introduction to hemipenial morphology later in this paper. eas, enlarged asulcate spines. ess, enlarged sulcate spines. sa, spinose annulus. ss, sulcus spermaticus." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282533/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282534/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/282535/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 4–6</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Our scutellation and measurement data for the 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985454FFD1FBB2850AFB1BF951" box="[1082,1180,1656,1680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="136628BF5454FFD1FB23850AFB69F951" box="[1195,1262,1656,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1589,1612]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878, 672 mm SVL) in dorsal and ventral views." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282533/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) are essentially identical to those of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FE0585EEFDA6F972" author="Dunn" box="[397,545,1691,1715]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn (1933)</bibRefCitation>
given individual differences in methods of counting and measurement. The 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985454FFD1FF1F85CFFF7EF914" box="[151,249,1725,1749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is an adult male, 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5454FFD1FE4B85CFFDA8F914" box="[451,559,1725,1749]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0779999999999998" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1078.0">1078 mm</quantity>
total length, 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5454FFD1FD4D85CFFCA5F914" box="[709,802,1725,1749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="406.0">406 mm</quantity>
tail length (
<quantity id="4CA599DF5454FFD1FC2385CFFB8CF914" box="[939,1035,1725,1749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.72" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="672.0">672 mm</quantity>
SVL); 163 ventrals + 2 preventrals (Dunn: 165 ventrals), 141 subcaudals (Dunn: 142); dorsal scales in 17–17–15 rows, the posterior reduction at ventrals 92–93 by fusion of rows 3 + 4 (Dunn: loss of row 4). The anal plate is single, as reported by Dunn, but there is a partial division on its anterior edge. The dorsocaudal reduction from 8 to 6 occurs at subcaudal 42. Preoculars 1/1, postoculars 2/2; temporals 2 + 2 each side (upper right secondary divided); 9/9 supralabials with 2–3 contacting the loreal, 4–6 contacting the eye on each side; 10/10 infralabials. The last supralabial broadly contacts the lower primary temporal (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5454FFD1FDB284FFFDFBF864" box="[570,636,1933,1957]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,223,978]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[415,1171,223,979]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878). A, head (right side). B, Posteriolateral pattern. C, Base of the tail in lateral view. Arrows in B and C indicate the position of the vent." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282534/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A; supralabial/temporal pattern 
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FC6884FCFC73F864" box="[992,1012,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">G</emphasis>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FB9184FFFB2BF864" author="Cadle" box="[1049,1196,1933,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Cadle 2012b</bibRefCitation>
). Our maxillary tooth counts are 41/43 with the last four enlarged, which is the only significant departure from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FB4C84C3FADCF809" author="Dunn" box="[1220,1371,1968,1992]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn (1933)</bibRefCitation>
, who reported 35 maxillary teeth.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2264B25457FFD2FF1F8084FCB8FBEA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282534/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[415,1171,223,978]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5457FFD2FF1F8084FCB8FBEA" blockId="10.[151,1436,1014,1067]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B929E8285457FFD2FF1F8084FE94FBCD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1014,1037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95457FFD2FE918084FE7BFBCD" box="[281,508,1014,1036]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285457FFD2FE918084FE7BFBCD" box="[281,508,1014,1036]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (MCZ 34878). A, head (right side). B, Posteriolateral pattern. C, Base of the tail in lateral view. Arrows in B and C indicate the position of the vent.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5457FFD2FF4F870EFDAAFAC2" blockId="10.[151,1437,1147,1955]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B929E8285457FFD2FF4F870EFEC5FB55" box="[199,322,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Coloration</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5457FFD2FED9870EFD82FB52" author="Dunn" box="[337,517,1147,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn (1933:78)</bibRefCitation>
described the life colors of the 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985457FFD2FCF88709FC50FB52" box="[880,983,1147,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: “Head and anterior half green above; a black collar on temporals and behind parietals; upper lip white; posteriorly brown above; color of dorsum reaches onto ends of ventrals and on posterior half forms a narrow bar across anterior end of ventrals; belly white; tail lightbrown above, pinkish-white below.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5457FFD2FF4F8663FC58F8CF" blockId="10.[151,1437,1147,1955]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The coloration of the preserved 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985457FFD2FDBD8663FD10FAE8" box="[565,663,1297,1321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
recorded in 2011 is as follows: Top of head and anterior body dark gray, grading to grayish brown and then more brown on posterior body. Tail pale brown or tan. Dark gray head cap down to upper edges of supralabials (covers slightly less than half of penultimate supralabial, slightly more than half of last supralabial). No evidence of the dark nuchal collar but the head cap is very dark and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5457FFD2FA8186F0FA1BFA58" author="Dunn" box="[1289,1436,1409,1433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn (1933)</bibRefCitation>
indicated a distinct black collar on the temporals and posterior to the parietal scales. Venter whitish with fairly uniform grayish lateral edges to ventral scales. Gular region and about the anterior 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5457FFD2FBD986B9FB37FA22" box="[1105,1200,1483,1507]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
of head/body length immaculate other than this lateral pigment; posterior to this each ventral plate has a narrow transverse dark line on its anterior edge. Anteriorly, these lines are only at the lateral edges of the ventrals (broken midventrally), but on the posterior half or slightly more of the body the lines are continuous across the ventrals. The transverse lines rather abruptly peter out at the vent. Anterior subcaudals with a few small spots in more or less transverse rows along suture lines but most subcaudals are immaculate. Subcaudals with light lateral stippling but no distinct markings. No posteriolateral stripe or other distinct dorsal markings on the body or tail (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5457FFD2FBE685D9FB3CF902" box="[1134,1211,1707,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,223,978]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[415,1171,223,979]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878). A, head (right side). B, Posteriolateral pattern. C, Base of the tail in lateral view. Arrows in B and C indicate the position of the vent." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282534/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
B, 5C). A few small pale flecks are visible on the posterior body in the positions where ocelli are usually present in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95457FFD2FB5485A3FAB2F928" box="[1244,1333,1745,1769]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285457FFD2FB5485A3FAB2F928" box="[1244,1333,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (dorsal rows 3 and 4) but these are very indistinct. No pale vertebral stripe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5457FFD2FF4F846FFA9AF862" blockId="10.[151,1437,1147,1955]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B929E8285457FFD2FF4F846FFEBBF8F5" box="[199,316,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hemipenis</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136628BF5457FFD2FEC4846FFE09F8F5" box="[332,398,1820,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[366,1230,193,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[366,1230,193,1923]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dendrophidion clarkii, retracted hemipenis of the holotype (MCZ 34878). Labeled landmarks are discussed in the introduction to hemipenial morphology later in this paper. eas, enlarged asulcate spines. ess, enlarged sulcate spines. sa, spinose annulus. ss, sulcus spermaticus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282535/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B929E8285457FFD2FEC4846FFE09F8F5" box="[332,398,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). Retracted hemipenes of the 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985457FFD2FD518469FCBFF8F2" box="[729,824,1819,1843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
are asymmetrical in length. The left hemipenis extends to the middle or distal half of subcaudal 9; the right to the suture between subcaudals 7 and 8. Major retractors of both organs have a short proximal division and both have been severed. The asymmetry in lengths of the hemipenes may be related to the severing of the retractor muscles (e.g., if one was severed before, one after, preservation).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2264B25456FFD3FF1F84E0FDACF827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282535/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[366,1230,193,1922]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5456FFD3FF1F84E0FDACF827" blockId="11.[151,1435,1938,2022]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B929E8285456FFD3FF1F84E0FE95F869" bold="true" box="[151,274,1938,1961]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95456FFD3FE9184E0FE7CF869" box="[281,507,1938,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285456FFD3FE9184E0FE7CF869" box="[281,507,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, retracted hemipenis of the holotype (MCZ 34878). Labeled landmarks are discussed in the introduction to hemipenial morphology later in this paper. 
<emphasis id="B929E8285456FFD3FC8384C0FCABF806" bold="true" box="[779,812,1970,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">eas</emphasis>
, enlarged asulcate spines. 
<emphasis id="B929E8285456FFD3FBC484C0FBECF806" bold="true" box="[1100,1131,1970,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ess</emphasis>
, enlarged sulcate spines. 
<emphasis id="B929E8285456FFD3FAF784C0FA12F806" bold="true" box="[1407,1429,1970,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">sa</emphasis>
, spinose annulus. 
<emphasis id="B929E8285456FFD3FECC84A2FEDFF824" bold="true" box="[324,344,2000,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ss</emphasis>
, sulcus spermaticus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5451FFD4FF4F83E5FCE6FEFE" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The left hemipenis has been slit on the lateral side mostly through the sulcus spermaticus except distally; it is apparently the hemipenis described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5451FFD4FDE883CFFD70FF15" author="Dunn" box="[608,759,188,212]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn (1933)</bibRefCitation>
. The sulcus spermaticus is simple, in the dorsolateral and lateral wall, and extends virtually to the tip of the organ. Most 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FCF08392FBA5FF39" box="[888,1058,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FCF08392FBA5FF39" box="[888,1058,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sulci spermatici have flared tips (divergent lips); it was not possible to discern with certainty the condition of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FB9F8277FB05FEDD" box="[1047,1154,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FB9F8277FB05FEDD" box="[1047,1154,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54E68A985451FFD4FB008277FB3FFEDC" box="[1160,1208,261,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
because of previous damage to the sulcus but the lips appeared somewhat divergent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5451FFD4FF4F823EFCAAFCBE" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The proximal portion of the hemipenis is in longitudinal folds, smooth, and we detected no minute spines in this area. Distal to this is a broad area ornamented with enlarged spines, at the proximal edge of which are four spines much larger than any others (these are the “basal hooks” of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5451FFD4FC2882E7FBB5FE6D" author="Dunn" box="[928,1074,404,428]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn [1933]</bibRefCitation>
and others); the lateral and the medial spines (with respect to the tail) are larger than the other two. Because the hemipenis was slit through the sulcus, the lateral and medial spines are the 
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FD1382AEFC21FE35" box="[667,934,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">enlarged sulcate spines</emphasis>
on the everted organ, i.e. those nearest the sulcus spermaticus; the two large spines between them are slightly more distally placed and correspond to the 
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FF1F8156FE29FDFD" box="[151,430,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">enlarged asulcate spines</emphasis>
on the everted organ (see later hemipenial descriptions). Measurements of these spines, lateral to medial and measured along their distal surfaces (= superior surfaces in the everted organ) are 7.1 mm, 2.9 mm, 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5451FFD4FF5C811EFE9DFD45" box="[212,282,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
, 4.7 mm. Distal to these enormous spines are much smaller spines of uniform size in about three irregular rows on the sulcate and asulcate sides, two rows in between. The distalmost row of spines is a very regular (linear) row of 15 larger, relatively straight (hooked at the tip), robust spines; these are much larger than spines in the preceding rows but smaller than the proximal enormous spines. In everted organs described later the spines in this distal row form a morphologically distinct ring of large spines delimiting the distal border of the spine array; we refer to this row as the 
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FE698053FD1DFCF9" box="[481,666,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">spinose annulus</emphasis>
. The number of enlarged spines on the hemipenis is 15 (spinose annulus) + 33 smaller spines + 4 enormous proximal spines (= 52 total spines). A few other small spines are nestled among the spines of the annulus and adjacent to the sulcus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5451FFD4FF4F80FEFE77FACD" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distal to the spines are two undulating flounces with embedded spinules. In the proximal flounce are a few small spines incorporated into the flounce wall, producing robust and somewhat protuberant spinules. There are moderately developed longitudinal connections between the flounces, especially on the lateral and asulcate sides (probably retain some calyxlike structure when everted). In addition, one (perhaps two) well developed calyces are adjacent to the sulcus spermaticus between the two flounces (because the organ was slit through the sulcus, a second calyx is possibly present but damaged); these two calyces have embedded spinules well developed in the longitudinal walls, whereas in most of the other longitudinal connections between the flounces the spinules are fewer in number and more poorly formed. Distal to the flounces are two or three rows of shallow calyces. These calyces extend to nearly to the tip of the organ on the asulcate side but stop short of the tip near the sulcus. Except for the distalmost calyces, these calyces also have embedded spinules. There are apical nude areas on each side of the distal portion of the sulcus.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15451FFD4FF4F866AFCB8FAB6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5451FFD4FF4F866AFCB8FAB6" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FF4F866AFEC9FAF1" bold="true" box="[199,334,1304,1328]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Etymology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FED0866AFDD1FAF1" box="[344,598,1304,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FED0866AFDD1FAF1" box="[344,598,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is named after Herbert C. Clark, first director of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory in 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5451FFD4FEBF864FFE17FA95" box="[311,400,1341,1364]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Panama</collectingCountry>
and overseer of the Panamanian Snake Census, which contributed immensely to knowledge of the snake fauna of 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5451FFD4FE018612FE65FAB6" box="[393,482,1376,1399]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Panama</collectingCountry>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5451FFD4FD948612FD1BFAB6" author="Dunn" box="[540,668,1375,1399]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1949) Relative abundance of some Panamanian snakes. Ecology, 30, 39 - 57." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn 1949</bibRefCitation>
, Myers 2003).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15451FFD5FF4F86F1FBCAFC5F" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5451FFD4FF4F86F1FD95F97D" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FF4F86F1FEC6FA5D" bold="true" box="[199,321,1411,1436]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FED386F6FDDCFA5D" box="[347,603,1412,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FED386F6FDDCFA5D" box="[347,603,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by (1) Dorsocaudal reduction from 8 to 6 occurring posterior to subcaudal 25 (range, 27–65); (2) anal plate usually divided (single in 8 of 
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35451FFD4FB1A86D5FAB7FA7E" box="[1170,1328,1447,1471]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">45 specimens</specimenCount>
, partially divided in 1); (3) subcaudal counts&gt; 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5451FFD4FDB786BEFD00FA25" box="[575,647,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.429" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="in" value="135.0">135 in</quantity>
males and females; (4) head and anterior body of adults bright green, grading to brown posteriorly; (5) blackish or dark brown nuchal collar present in adults (less distinct or absent in juveniles); (6) posterior body brownish and having dark crossbands with embedded pale ocelli; tail brown to deep reddish, and either uniform (without crossbands) or with crossbands similar in overall pattern to posterior body; (7) ventral scutes in adults marked with narrow dark brown transverse lines across the anterior edge of each scute (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5451FFD4FAE6852EFF2FF956" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1589,1612]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878, 672 mm SVL) in dorsal and ventral views." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282533/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
); (8) total number of enlarged spines on the hemipenis relatively few (&lt;60); spines in the distal row uniform in size and numbering ≤ 15 (10–15).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5451FFD4FF4F85BAFA1BF81B" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
No species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FEE785BAFD9EF921" box="[367,537,1736,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FEE785BAFD9EF921" box="[367,537,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FDFD85BBFD63F921" box="[629,740,1736,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FDFD85BBFD63F921" box="[629,740,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a bright green head and anterior body combined with a black nuchal collar, so the adult coloration is diagnostic and distinguishes this species from all others. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FF1F847DFE12F8E6" box="[151,405,1807,1831]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FF1F847DFE12F8E6" box="[151,405,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FD6A8462FC27F8E6" box="[738,928,1808,1831]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FD6A8462FC27F8E6" box="[738,928,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group in having a more distal dorsocaudal reduction (typically proximal to subcaudal 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5451FFD4FD0B8441FD39F88A" box="[643,702,1843,1867]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FD7A8446FC0EF88A" box="[754,905,1844,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FD7A8446FC0EF88A" box="[754,905,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">percarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group compared to&gt; 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5451FFD4FB038441FB42F88A" box="[1163,1221,1843,1867]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FB468446FABCF88A" box="[1230,1339,1843,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FB468446FABCF88A" box="[1230,1339,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Single anal plates occur in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FE16842AFDD0F8AE" box="[414,599,1880,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FE16842AFDD0F8AE" box="[414,599,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group only in some individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FC55842AFB37F8AE" box="[989,1200,1880,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucicarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FC55842AFB37F8AE" box="[989,1200,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. paucicarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Three species in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FF1F840EFED7F852" box="[151,336,1916,1939]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FF1F840EFED7F852" box="[151,336,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FE21840EFDBBF852" box="[425,572,1915,1939]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FE21840EFDBBF852" box="[425,572,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. brunneum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FDC2840EFD59F852" box="[586,734,1915,1939]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivittatum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FDC2840EFD59F852" box="[586,734,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. bivittatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a new Ecuadorian species described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5451FFD4FB5F8408FAE0F853" author="Cadle" box="[1239,1383,1914,1938]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Cadle 2012b</bibRefCitation>
) can have a green head or anterior body but these lack a blackish nuchal collar and have different patterns on the posterior body (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5451FFD4FECF84B0FE4DF81B" author="Cadle" box="[327,458,1986,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2010) Systematics, natural history, and hemipenial morphology of Dendrophidion brunneum (Gunther), a poorly known snake from the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. Zootaxa, 2433, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2010">Cadle 2010</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5451FFD4FE5D84B0FDA7F81B" author="Cadle" box="[469,544,1986,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">2012b</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FDBA84B0FCBCF81B" box="[562,827,1986,2010]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boshelli">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FDBA84B0FCBCF81B" box="[562,827,1986,2010]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dendrophidion boshelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody (
<quantity id="4CA599DF5451FFD4FB6A84B0FA9CF81B" box="[1250,1307,1986,2010]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="in" value="17.0">17 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95451FFD4FAA984B1FA0BF81B" box="[1313,1420,1986,2010]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285451FFD4FAA984B1FA0BF81B" box="[1313,1420,1986,2010]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5450FFD5FF4F83EAFB3AFEFE" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
In addition to coloration, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FE6583EAFD6DFF71" box="[493,746,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FE6583EAFD6DFF71" box="[493,746,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FBA383EBFB4AFF71" box="[1067,1229,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FBA383EBFB4AFF71" box="[1067,1229,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group as follows. The three species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FE3883CFFD99FF15" box="[432,542,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FE3883CFFD99FF15" box="[432,542,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vinitor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FD1283CFFC8FFF15" box="[666,776,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FD1283CFFC8FFF15" box="[666,776,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vinitor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FC9083CFFC38FF15" box="[792,959,188,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apharocybe">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FC9083CFFC38FF15" box="[792,959,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. apharocybe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FC4683CFFBDCFF15" box="[974,1115,188,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crybelum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FC4683CFFBDCFF15" box="[974,1115,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. crybelum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5450FFD5FBE383C9FB7CFF12" author="Cadle" box="[1131,1275,187,211]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 a) Cryptic species within the Dendrophidion vinitor complex in Middle America (Serpentes: Colubridae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160, 183 - 240." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Cadle 2012a</bibRefCitation>
) have distinct pale bands on the neck in adults and fewer subcaudals (&lt;130) than 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FC1E8392FB84FF36" box="[918,1027,223,247]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FC1E8392FB84FF36" box="[918,1027,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&gt; 135). 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FBE583ADFA1BFF36" box="[1133,1436,223,247]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FBE583ADFA1BFF36" box="[1133,1436,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dendrophidion dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a longer tail (&gt; 70% of SVL in adults) and more subcaudals (≥ 150) than 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FC758276FBEEFEDA" box="[1021,1129,259,283]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FC758276FBEEFEDA" box="[1021,1129,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;70% and usually &lt;160, respectively). 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FEBD8255FDCCFEFE" box="[309,587,295,319]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FEBD8255FDCCFEFE" box="[309,587,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dendrophidion atlantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a nuchal collar and is brown on the anterior body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5450FFD5FF4F8239FE5AFD41" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FF4F8239FE44FEA2" box="[199,451,331,355]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FF4F8239FE44FEA2" box="[199,451,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has previously been confused with the two other species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FB258239FA81FEA2" box="[1197,1286,331,355]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FB258239FA81FEA2" box="[1197,1286,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FA09823EFF77FE47" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FA09823EFF77FE47" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FEB8821DFCA0FE47" box="[304,807,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FEB8821DFD8EFE47" box="[304,521,366,390]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">D. rufiterminorum</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FD90821CFCA0FE47" box="[536,807,366,390]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">Dendrophidion nuchale</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is allopatrically distributed from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FB31821DFAAEFE47" box="[1209,1321,366,390]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FB31821DFAAEFE47" box="[1209,1321,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and both species have a blackish nuchal collar. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FDB682E0FCC0FE6B" box="[574,839,402,426]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FDB682E0FCC0FE6B" box="[574,839,402,426]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FC5282E1FBC2FE6B" box="[986,1093,402,426]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FC5282E1FBC2FE6B" box="[986,1093,402,426]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in color pattern (anterior body never bright green in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FE0382C5FD80FE0F" box="[395,519,438,462]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FE0382C5FD80FE0F" box="[395,519,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and usually has fewer ventrals than 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FC2782C5FB9CFE0F" box="[943,1051,438,462]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FC2782C5FB9CFE0F" box="[943,1051,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815450FFD5FBA282C4FBF8FE0F" box="[1066,1151,438,462]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5450FFD5FB1082C4FA99FE0F" author="Lieb" box="[1176,1310,438,462]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb (1988)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FF4082A8FEC3FE30" box="[200,324,473,497]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FF4082A8FEC3FE30" box="[200,324,473,497]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differed from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FE6082A8FDD3FE30" box="[488,596,473,497]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FE6082A8FDD3FE30" box="[488,596,473,497]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having dorsal scale row 1 unkeeled on the posterior body; while true of some individuals, others have keels on all rows, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FC8A828CFCE8FDD4" box="[770,879,509,533]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FC8A828CFCE8FDD4" box="[770,879,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ranges of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FBAC828CFB16FDD4" box="[1060,1169,509,533]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FBAC828CFB16FDD4" box="[1060,1169,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FB43828CFA1BFDD4" box="[1227,1436,509,533]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FB43828CFA1BFDD4" box="[1227,1436,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlap in 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5450FFD5FE878153FE0BFDF8" box="[271,396,545,569]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
. The last species lacks a nuchal collar, has a reddish head and tail, and lacks extensive bright green on the anterior body. The tail of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FDF48134FD68FD9C" box="[636,751,581,605]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FDF48134FD68FD9C" box="[636,751,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is deep red in some individuals but seemingly never in combination with a red head.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5450FFD5FF4F81FEFBCAFC5F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The dark nuchal collar and ventral markings are less distinct or absent in juveniles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FBF381FFFB72FD65" box="[1147,1269,652,676]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FBF381FFFB72FD65" box="[1147,1269,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FAA281FFFA12FD65" box="[1322,1429,652,676]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FAA281FFFA12FD65" box="[1322,1429,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the red head and tail of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FE4681C3FD1AFD09" box="[462,669,688,712]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FE4681C3FD1AFD09" box="[462,669,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are less distinct or absent in juveniles. Thus, juveniles of these three species can be easily confused. The head of juvenile 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FD6E81A7FC33FD2D" box="[742,948,724,748]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FD6E81A7FC33FD2D" box="[742,948,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually reddish brown and paler than the adjacent portions of the body (see 
<figureCitation id="136628BF5450FFD5FD938185FDEBFCCE" box="[539,620,759,783]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
; the same individual is portrayed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5450FFD5FB8E8185FB1DFCCE" author="Savage" box="[1030,1178,759,783]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 414 and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5450FFD5FAA28185FF54FCF2" author="Solorzano" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 56); however, in photographs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FD02806EFCDDFCF2" box="[650,858,795,819]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FD02806EFCDDFCF2" box="[650,858,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we have seen the tail is dull brown similar to the posterior body, lacking the reddish coloration and contrast seen in adults. The heads and tails of juvenile 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FAAA8032FA1BFC96" box="[1314,1436,831,855]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FAAA8032FA1BFC96" box="[1314,1436,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FF4E8016FEB5FCBA" box="[198,306,867,891]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FF4E8016FEB5FCBA" box="[198,306,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not differentiated in color (except greenish heads in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FC258016FB9FFCBA" box="[941,1048,867,891]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FC258016FB9FFCBA" box="[941,1048,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The dorsocaudal reduction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FA098016FEC3FC5F" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FA098016FEC3FC5F" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distal to subcaudal 45 (&lt;
<quantity id="4CA599DF5450FFD5FDF780F4FD30FC5F" box="[639,695,902,926]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3969999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="55.0">55 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FD3680F5FCBDFC5F" box="[702,826,902,926]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FD3680F5FCBDFC5F" box="[702,826,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FCF880F5FC5CFC5F" box="[880,987,902,926]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FCF880F5FC5CFC5F" box="[880,987,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815450FFD5FC6280F4FBBCFC5F" box="[1002,1083,902,926]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15450FFD7FF4F80DBFA15F822" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5450FFD5FF4F80DBFE7DFA1B" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FF4F80DBFDF0FC03" bold="true" box="[199,631,937,962]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Description (
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35450FFD5FEEF80DBFE5FFC03" box="[359,472,937,962]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="male">27 males</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35450FFD5FE6380DBFDF7FC03" box="[491,624,937,962]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">23 females</specimenCount>
)
</emphasis>
. 
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815450FFD5FD0480D8FD62FC03" box="[652,741,938,962]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
summarizes size, body proportions, and meristic data for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95450FFD5FF1F80BCFE16FC27" box="[151,401,974,998]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FF1F80BCFE16FC27" box="[151,401,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
throughout its geographic range. Largest specimen (USNM 
<date id="FFE312FA5450FFD5FBB280BCFB09FC27" box="[1082,1166,974,998]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="38-01-15">150138</date>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5450FFD5FB5B80BCFAA9FC27" box="[1235,1326,974,998]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Panama</collectingCountry>
) a female 1550+ mm total length, 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5450FFD5FE2B8083FD84FBC8" box="[419,515,1009,1033]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.42" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="942.0">942 mm</quantity>
. Largest male (CAS 119604 from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5450FFD5FC0A8083FC74FBC8" box="[898,1011,1009,1033]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Colombia</collectingCountry>
) 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5450FFD5FB898083FBECFBC8" box="[1025,1131,1009,1033]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.521" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="1521.0">1521 mm</quantity>
total length, 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5450FFD5FB758083FADDFBC8" box="[1277,1370,1009,1033]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.09" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="909.0">909 mm</quantity>
SVL. Tail 34–40% of total length (52–68% of SVL) in males; 34–41% of total length (52–69% of SVL) in females. Dorsal scales usually in 17–17–15 scale rows, the posterior reduction usually by fusion of rows 2 + 3 (N = 26), 3 + 4 (N = 18), or loss of row 3 (N = 8) at the level of ventrals 83–115. Ventrals 158–175 (averaging 165) in males, 163–172 (averaging 167.2) in females; usually two preventrals anterior to ventrals (occasional specimens have one preventral). Anal plate divided in 35 out of 
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35450FFD5FD1987D6FCACFB7D" box="[657,811,1188,1212]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">44 specimens</specimenCount>
(80%), single in 8 (17.8%), and partially divided in 
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35450FFD5FA0687D6FE82FB1E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
. Six of the specimens with a single anal plate are from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5450FFD5FC1987B5FB8AFB1E" box="[913,1037,1223,1247]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5450FFD5FB2387BBFA84FB21" box="[1195,1283,1225,1248]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Panama</collectingCountry>
(one is from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5450FFD5FF1F8799FF71FAC2" box="[151,246,1259,1283]" name="Ecuador" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, one probably from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5450FFD5FE538799FDCAFAC2" box="[475,589,1259,1283]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Colombia</collectingCountry>
; the partially divided anal plate is in an Ecuadorian specimen). Subcaudals 139–161 (averaging 148.4) in males, 139–159 (averaging 148.9) in females. Dorsocaudal reduction at subcaudals 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5450FFD5FF1F8641FF7EFA8A" box="[151,249,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1684" metricValueMax="1.6509999999999998" metricValueMin="0.6858" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="46.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="27.0">27–65 in</quantity>
males (mean 49.5), 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5450FFD5FE558641FDC7FA8A" box="[477,576,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1557" metricValueMax="1.6002" metricValueMin="0.7112" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="45.5" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="28.0">28–63 in</quantity>
females (mean 51). Preoculars 1, postoculars 2 (rarely 3), primary temporals 2 (rarely 1), secondary temporals 2 (rarely 1), supralabials usually 9 with 4–6 bordering the eye (low frequency of other patterns; 
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815450FFD5FEC28608FE26FA53" box="[330,417,1402,1426]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
), infralabials usually 10 or 9 (low frequency of 8, 11, or 12). Maxillary teeth 36–52 (averaging 44.4), typically with 3 or 4 (occasionally 5) posterior teeth enlarged. Enlarged teeth are ungrooved, not offset, and there is no diastema.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5450FFD5FF4F8695FD8EF8FE" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Two apical pits present on dorsal scales. In most specimens all dorsal rows are keeled at mid- and posterior body (about 14% of specimens lack keels on row 1 at midbody and only 
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35450FFD5FC77857BFB0AF9E0" box="[1023,1165,1545,1569]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
lacked keels on row 1 posteriorly). Fifty-six percent of specimens lacked keels on dorsal row 1 on the neck, 32% had all neck rows keeled, and the remainder had 2 or 3 unkeeled rows on the neck. Fusions or divisions of temporal scales were infrequent (counting each side separately): upper primary or secondary divided (11% and 5%, respectively), lower primary or secondary divided (6%), other patterns (3%). Fifty-two percent of scorings for the supralabial/temporal pattern were 
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FEBD85CFFEC1F915" box="[309,326,1725,1748]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
, 27% were 
<emphasis id="B929E8285450FFD5FE5685CFFE68F915" box="[478,495,1725,1748]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
(the remaining were ambiguous or irregular). The only statistically significant differences between males and females were the number of ventral scales (greater in females) and the point at which the reduction in the dorsal scales occurred (more posterior in females) (
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815450FFD5FBA98471FBF0F8DA" box="[1057,1143,1795,1819]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). In both cases the mean character differences were small.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5450FFD5FF4F8439FD0AF832" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Hemipenis unilobed, bulbous; overall morphology “robust morphotype” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5450FFD5FC768439FB15F8A2" author="Cadle" box="[1022,1170,1867,1891]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Cadle 2012b</bibRefCitation>
). Four enormous spines at the proximal edge of the spinose region (two on the sulcate side, two others toward the asulcate side). Spinose region followed distally by calyces/flounces in which the longitudinal walls are poorly developed. Apex with low rounded ridges, otherwise nude. Sulcus spermaticus simple, centrolineal, extending to the center of the apex, and having a slightly flared tip in everted organs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5453FFD6FF4F83E5FE14FE9C" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,835]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FF4F83E5FE18FF71" bold="true" box="[199,415,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
We are aware of only two previous color photographs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95453FFD6FBC983EAFABAFF71" box="[1089,1341,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FBC983EAFABAFF71" box="[1089,1341,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in print media. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5453FFD6FF6283C8FE6CFF13" author="Savage" box="[234,491,186,210]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage (2002: pl. 415)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated a specimen from Puntarenas province, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5453FFD6FBAA83C8FB1BFF13" box="[1058,1180,186,210]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(that specimen is now UCR 7421 and was published in black and white in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5453FFD6FD6483AFFCF2FF34" author="Lieb" box="[748,885,221,245]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1991) Dendrophidion nuchale. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 636, 636.1 - 636.2." type="journal volume" year="1991">Lieb [1991]</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5453FFD6FC0383AFFB48FF34" author="Ortega-Andrade" box="[907,1231,221,245]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Ortega-Andrade, H. M., Bermingham, J., Aulestia, C. &amp; Paucar, C. (2010) Herpetofauna of the Bilsa Biological Station, province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Check List, 6, 119 - 154." type="journal article" year="2010">Ortega-Andrade et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
: 148) illustrated a specimen from western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5453FFD6FE26838DFD8AFED6" box="[430,525,255,279]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. Specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5453FFD6FD688272FCBEFED6" box="[736,825,256,279]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Panama</collectingCountry>
and western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5453FFD6FC5F838DFBC2FED6" box="[983,1093,255,279]" name="Colombia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Colombia</collectingCountry>
are shown in 
<figureCitation id="136628BF5453FFD6FB78838DFABFFED6" box="[1264,1336,255,279]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[295,1299,901,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[281,1306,885,1909]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dendrophidion clarkii in life. A, Juvenile specimen from western Panama (AMNH 129758, 225 mm SVL). B, Adult from western Colombia (AMNH 109718, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 8 C). From color slides taken by Charles W. Myers. A nuchal collar is present in both specimens but with less dense black pigment in the juvenile." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282536/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
. Various websites we encountered feature photographs of this species, mainly from northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5453FFD6FBFB8250FB57FEFB" box="[1139,1232,290,314]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
where the species seems not uncommon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5453FFD6FF4F8215FAA6FC83" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,835]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Brief notes on the coloration in life of the 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985453FFD6FD238215FC8AFEBE" box="[683,781,359,383]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5453FFD6FC948215FC19FEBE" author="Dunn" box="[796,926,359,383]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn 1933</bibRefCitation>
) were quoted in the above description of the 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985453FFD6FF1F82F8FF7AFE63" box="[151,253,394,418]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95453FFD6FE8282F9FD81FE62" box="[266,518,395,419]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FE8282F9FD81FE62" box="[266,518,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as we conceive it is characterized, in adults, by a distinct black or dark brown nuchal collar, a bright green anterior dorsum in life (grading to greenish brown and then brown on the posterior body), dark crossbands with inset pale ocelli on the posterior dorsum, and narrow dark lines across the anterior edge of each ventral scute. The extent of the anterior green coloration in photographs we have seen varies from about one third to two thirds of the body length and the posterior region with dark crossbands is correspondingly longer or shorter (in a photograph of one specimen from western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5453FFD6FCFC814BFC4AFD91" box="[884,973,569,592]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Panama</collectingCountry>
it appeared that virtually the entire body, but not the tail, was bright green). There is usually a general darkening of the dorsal ground color posteriorly, and the posterior body can be nearly blackish. The tail in some photographs is deep red, similar to that in some specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95453FFD6FEBC81D3FD83FD79" box="[308,516,672,696]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FEBC81D3FD83FD79" box="[308,516,672,696]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but we have seen no 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95453FFD6FC8E81D3FCF4FD79" box="[774,883,672,696]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FC8E81D3FCF4FD79" box="[774,883,672,696]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with reddish pigment on the head. Juveniles are similar to adults in having a green head and anterior body (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5453FFD6FCB081B0FCFBFD1B" box="[824,892,706,730]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[295,1299,901,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[281,1306,885,1909]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dendrophidion clarkii in life. A, Juvenile specimen from western Panama (AMNH 129758, 225 mm SVL). B, Adult from western Colombia (AMNH 109718, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 8 C). From color slides taken by Charles W. Myers. A nuchal collar is present in both specimens but with less dense black pigment in the juvenile." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282536/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B) but there is seemingly variable expression of the dark nuchal collar in juveniles. For example, of two Panamanian specimens (225 and 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5453FFD6FB0E8197FB64FD3C" box="[1158,1251,741,765]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.56" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="256.0">256 mm</quantity>
SVL) for which color notes are quoted below, the smaller one had an indistinct nuchal collar but the larger one lacked a collar. Crossbars are usually evident on the anterior body in juveniles and they may be reddish brown to black.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2264B25453FFD6FF1F84F5FB18F81B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282536/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[295,1299,901,1890]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5453FFD6FF1F84F5FB18F81B" blockId="14.[151,1437,1927,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FF1F84F5FE92F85C" bold="true" box="[151,277,1927,1950]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95453FFD6FE9584F5FD86F85C" box="[285,513,1927,1949]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FE9584F5FD86F85C" box="[285,513,1927,1949]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in life. 
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FDDF84F5FDEEF85D" bold="true" box="[599,617,1927,1948]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
, Juvenile specimen from western Panama (AMNH 129758, 225 mm SVL). 
<emphasis id="B929E8285453FFD6FA0C84FAFA12F85C" bold="true" box="[1412,1429,1928,1949]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
, Adult from western Colombia (AMNH 109718, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 8C). From color slides taken by Charles W. Myers. A nuchal collar is present in both specimens but with less dense black pigment in the juvenile.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F83EAFB03FF36" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Because further systematic partition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95452FFD7FD1783EAFC18FF71" box="[671,927,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285452FFD7FD1783EAFC18FF71" box="[671,927,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may ultimately be warranted and because coloration characters seem especially significant within this complex, we provide the following color notes (paraphrased) for individual specimens, which may prove useful for future investigations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F8276FCE3FCED" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
LACM 148554 (male, 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5452FFD7FE448276FDACFEDD" box="[460,555,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.54" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="454.0">454 mm</quantity>
SVL; Las Cruces Biological Station, Puntarenas province, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FB598276FAD7FEDD" box="[1233,1360,260,284]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
), from field notes of Carl S. Lieb for CRE 8675. Overall appearance is a bicolored snake (fore and aft) with a black nuchal collar. Top of head dark green with wide black collar extending from behind eyes to unite behind parietals. Labials cream. Iris dark brown, dorsal segment gold. 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FD3B821FFD6EFE44" box="[691,745,365,389]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chin</collectingCountry>
white. Anterior quarter of the dorsum uniform leaf green; second quarter dark reddish brown with very indistinct black crossbands; dorsal pattern then grading to dark brown with prominent black crossbands 1–1.5 dorsal rows wide. Pale ocelli present but indistinct within the dark bands. Interscale areas blue-green (turquoise). Posterior dorsum very dark walnut brown, with dark crossbands bearing more distinct yellowish ocelli. Where maximally expressed, ocelli are present in the vertebral region, dorsolaterally high on the body, and ventrolaterally at the juncture of the first dorsal row and ventral scutes (i.e., five ocelli in a transverse row). Blue-green interscale areas much reduced posteriorly, largely restricted to areas within the dorsolateral ocelli. Tail patterned similar to the posterior dorsum. Anterior ventrals yellowish, and with a narrow diffuse yellow band laterally. Lateral margins of the next series of ventrals (to about midbody) reddish brown laterally (with black specks at the medial margins of the reddish brown pigment), dirty white medially. Posterior to midbody the dark lateral pigment increases in density and expands medially; on the posterior body each ventral scute has a light salmon area where it overlaps with the next scute. Subcaudals with reddish lateral margins more vivid than the last ventrals, and lighter dirty yellowish medially.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F8045FE21FCB3" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The following color notes are from the field notes of Charles W. Myers for specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FAB4804AFA10FC8E" box="[1340,1431,824,847]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FF1F8028FE8FFCB3" box="[151,264,858,882]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FECA8028FE25FCB3" box="[322,418,858,882]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F800CFC67FC3E" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
AMNH 129758 (
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FE03800FFE6DFC54" box="[395,490,893,917]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FE7E800FFDD3FC54" box="[502,596,893,917]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Panamá</collectingCountry>
). Juvenile female (
<quantity id="4CA599DF5452FFD7FCA4800FFC0AFC54" box="[812,909,893,917]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="225.0">225 mm</quantity>
SVL; 
<figureCitation id="136628BF5452FFD7FC54800FFBA7FC54" box="[988,1056,893,917]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[295,1299,901,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[281,1306,885,1909]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dendrophidion clarkii in life. A, Juvenile specimen from western Panama (AMNH 129758, 225 mm SVL). B, Adult from western Colombia (AMNH 109718, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 8 C). From color slides taken by Charles W. Myers. A nuchal collar is present in both specimens but with less dense black pigment in the juvenile." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282536/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A). Head and neck green. Brown postocular stripe continues as less well-defined dark nape collar. Red-brown crossbands on green neck and more conspicuously (bolder) on rest of body, which is brown. Underside of head white, underside of neck grayish white, rest of venter very pale brown. Upper 1/3 of iris tan, lower 2/3 dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F8779FDC4FB34" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
KU 
<date id="FFE312FA5452FFD7FF7E8778FECEFBE3" box="[246,329,1034,1058]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="92-11-02">110292</date>
(
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FED08778FE30FBE3" box="[344,439,1034,1058]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
: Darién). Juvenile female (
<quantity id="4CA599DF5452FFD7FD6D8778FCC3FBE3" box="[741,836,1034,1058]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.56" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="256.0">256 mm</quantity>
SVL). Ground color of head and neck green to about level of ventral 28, thence turning orangish brown to midbody and brown thereafter. The black crossbars are broken by a fine vertebral line and lateral spots, all of which are pale tan except the line is lacking on the neck and the spots are pale greenish. The first few scale rows are strongly suffused with gray on the posterior half of body. Side of snout and first 3 supralabials pale gray. Other supralabials, last 4 infralabials, and tips of ventrals under neck yellow. 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FEA687C8FEE2FB13" box="[302,357,1210,1234]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chin</collectingCountry>
white, rest of venter pale, dirty gray. Upper quarter of iris tan, lower part deep brown. Tongue longer than head and uniformly black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F8673FBC0FA0D" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
AMNH 109718 (
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FE198672FD82FAD9" box="[401,517,1280,1304]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Cauca). Adult female (
<quantity id="4CA599DF5452FFD7FCAC8672FC0FFAD9" box="[804,904,1280,1304]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.94" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="894.0">894 mm</quantity>
SVL; 
<figureCitation id="136628BF5452FFD7FC548672FBA8FAD9" box="[988,1071,1280,1304]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[295,1299,901,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[281,1306,885,1909]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dendrophidion clarkii in life. A, Juvenile specimen from western Panama (AMNH 129758, 225 mm SVL). B, Adult from western Colombia (AMNH 109718, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 8 C). From color slides taken by Charles W. Myers. A nuchal collar is present in both specimens but with less dense black pigment in the juvenile." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282536/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
B, 8C). Snout and top of head greenish gray, sharply demarcated from black band behind eye and across rear of head. Anterior 1/3 of body green, turning dark gray with black crossbands on posterior 2/3, and then dull red on tail. Concealed anterolateral scale bases bright yellow on anterior half of body (in the green and front part of the gray region). Supralabials white turning light yellow on posteriormost 3. Underhead also white, but venter otherwise golden yellow, with encroachment of gray pigment from sides. Iris brown. Tongue, including tips, black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F86ABFD02F9F9" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
AMNH 109719 (
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FE0186AAFE79FA31" box="[393,510,1496,1520]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Cauca). Adult male (
<quantity id="4CA599DF5452FFD7FD7F86AAFCD1FA31" box="[759,854,1496,1520]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="818.0">818 mm</quantity>
SVL). Color like [AMNH 109718] except anterior body is brighter green and the body then turns red-brown for a short distance before changing to dark gray-brown of posterior body (and dark dull red on tail).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F8537FDC1F940" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
AMNH 109720 (
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FE1C8536FD8FF99D" box="[404,520,1604,1628]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Cauca). Adult female (
<quantity id="4CA599DF5452FFD7FCA68536FC13F99D" box="[814,916,1604,1628]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="890.0">890 mm</quantity>
SVL). Color like [AMNH 109718] except posterior body brown rather than gray.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F85FFFE35F909" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
AMNH 
<date id="FFE312FA5452FFD7FEAC85FEFEF0F965" box="[292,375,1676,1700]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="19-11-30">113019</date>
(
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FE0E85FEFE6EF965" box="[390,489,1676,1700]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
: Pichincha). Adult female (
<quantity id="4CA599DF5452FFD7FC9485FEFCFCF965" box="[796,891,1676,1700]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.72" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="772.0">772 mm</quantity>
SVL). Above green anteriorly, becoming brown posteriorly. Belly yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5452FFD7FF4F85A6FA15F822" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Color photos of a specimen from western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FD5985A6FCA9F92D" box="[721,814,1748,1772]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5452FFD7FCCC85A6FB13F92D" author="Ortega-Andrade" box="[836,1172,1748,1773]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Ortega-Andrade, H. M., Bermingham, J., Aulestia, C. &amp; Paucar, C. (2010) Herpetofauna of the Bilsa Biological Station, province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Check List, 6, 119 - 154." type="journal article" year="2010">
Ortega-Andrade 
<emphasis id="B929E8285452FFD7FB8285A4FBCEF92C" box="[1034,1097,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
: 148, “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95452FFD7FB7A85A7FF77F8D1" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285452FFD7FB7A85A7FF77F8D1" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”) show a pale gray head with contrasting black nape collar (followed by a few greenish gray scale rows), a bright green anterior body with a few blackish irregular narrow crossbands, and a posterior body with yellowish ocelli set within dark brownish black crossbands (ground color between crossbands dark grayish brown). Color transparencies of a small juvenile from western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5452FFD7FD308413FC92F8B8" box="[696,789,1889,1913]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(KU 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5452FFD7FCD08413FC28F8B8" box="[856,943,1889,1913]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64207313" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="164207.313">164207</quantity>
, 313 mm SVL) show a dorsal ground color dull green on the anterior body gradually changing to greenish black on the posterior body and tail, a series of pale greenish white ocelli the entire body length, and a dark greenish gray/black nuchal collar contrasting with the (somewhat lighter) dark greenish head and neck (KU Digital Archive 
<date id="FFE312FA5452FFD7FC2E84B9FC78F822" box="[934,1023,1995,2019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="62-01-08">010862</date>
-63, Color Transparencies 5121-22).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2264B2544DFFC8FF1F873DFE2EFB62" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282537/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[226,1360,183,1089]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544DFFC8FF1F873DFE2EFB62" blockId="16.[151,1436,1103,1187]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FF1F873DFE94FBA5" bold="true" box="[151,275,1103,1126]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Representative adult specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544DFFC8FDF4873DFCD9FBA4" box="[636,862,1103,1125]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FDF4873DFCD9FBA4" box="[636,862,1103,1125]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FCE3873DFCFAFBA5" bold="true" box="[875,893,1103,1124]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
, USNM 150138 (Panama, 942 mm SVL). 
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FABA8722FAC4FBA4" bold="true" box="[1330,1347,1104,1125]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
, BMNH 1902.7.29.17 (Ecuador, 662 mm SVL). 
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FDB4871FFDC9FB45" bold="true" box="[572,590,1133,1156]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
, AMNH 109718 (Colombia, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 7B). 
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FB7B871CFA82FB42" bold="true" box="[1267,1285,1134,1155]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
, CAS 119604 (Colombia, 909 mm SVL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2264B2544DFFC8FF1F84E7FB71F80A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282538/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[415,1171,1316,1902]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544DFFC8FF1F84E7FB71F80A" blockId="16.[151,1436,1941,1995]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FF1F84E7FE94F86A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1941,1964]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Details of head and body patterns in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544DFFC8FD1A84E4FCF3F86D" box="[658,884,1942,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FD1A84E4FCF3F86D" box="[658,884,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FC0A84E4FC13F86A" bold="true" box="[898,916,1942,1963]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
, UMMZ 155724 (Darién, Panama; 421 mm SVL), posterior pattern in lateral view. 
<emphasis id="B929E828544DFFC8FE5784C7FE77F80B" bold="true" box="[479,496,1973,1994]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
, LACM 148553 (southern Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; 686 mm SVL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2264B2544CFFC9FF1F819EFE8FFCE0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282539/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[264,1322,195,724]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544CFFC9FF1F819EFE8FFCE0" blockId="17.[151,1436,748,801]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FF1F819EFE98FCC0" bold="true" box="[151,287,748,771]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Ventral patterns in adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544CFFC9FD93819EFD7AFCC3" box="[539,765,748,770]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FD93819EFD7AFCC3" box="[539,765,748,770]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FC81819EFC9CFCC0" bold="true" box="[777,795,748,769]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A</emphasis>
, USNM 150138 (Panama). 
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FBBD819FFBC1FCC3" bold="true" box="[1077,1094,749,770]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B</emphasis>
, AMNH 109718 (Colombia). See also Fig. 4.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2264B2544CFFC9FF1F8465FB1BF88D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282540/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[340,1247,887,1794]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544CFFC9FF1F8465FB1BF88D" blockId="17.[151,1436,1815,1868]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FF1F8465FE99F8ED" bold="true" box="[151,286,1815,1838]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544CFFC9FEAC8465FD82F8EC" box="[292,517,1815,1837]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FEAC8465FD82F8EC" box="[292,517,1815,1837]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
juveniles. 
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FDFC8465FD01F8ED" bold="true" box="[628,646,1815,1836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A</emphasis>
, LACM 148554 (southwestern Costa Rica, 411 mm SVL). 
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FB68846AFB76F8EC" bold="true" box="[1248,1265,1816,1837]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B</emphasis>
, AMNH 119877 (Panama, 296 mm SVL). 
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FE138447FE2AF88D" bold="true" box="[411,429,1845,1868]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
, KU 164207 (Ecuador, 313 mm SVL). 
<emphasis id="B929E828544CFFC9FCB68444FCD7F88A" bold="true" box="[830,848,1846,1867]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">D</emphasis>
, AMNH 119877, ventral aspect.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34767B1544FFFCAFF4F83E5FD15FCF9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544FFFCAFF4F83E5FDE6FD9E" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFF4F83E5FC86FF71" bold="true" box="[199,769,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Coloration of preserved specimens (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFDF083E5FD73FF71" box="[632,756,151,176]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStart-3="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1103,1126]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionStartId-2="17.[151,250,748,771]" captionStartId-3="17.[151,250,1815,1838]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,183,1089]" captionTargetBox-1="[415,1171,1316,1902]" captionTargetBox-2="[264,1322,195,724]" captionTargetBox-3="[340,1247,887,1794]" captionTargetId-0="figure@16.[226,1361,183,1090]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[415,1171,1316,1902]" captionTargetId-2="figure@17.[264,1323,195,724]" captionTargetId-3="figure@17.[340,1247,887,1794]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Representative adult specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii. A, USNM 150138 (Panama, 942 mm SVL). B, BMNH 1902.7. 29.17 (Ecuador, 662 mm SVL). C, AMNH 109718 (Colombia, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 7 B). D, CAS 119604 (Colombia, 909 mm SVL)." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Details of head and body patterns in Dendrophidion clarkii. A, UMMZ 155724 (Darién, Panama; 421 mm SVL), posterior pattern in lateral view. B, LACM 148553 (southern Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; 686 mm SVL)." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Ventral patterns in adult Dendrophidion clarkii. A, USNM 150138 (Panama). B, AMNH 109718 (Colombia). See also Fig. 4." captionText-3="FIGURE 11. Dendrophidion clarkii juveniles. A, LACM 148554 (southwestern Costa Rica, 411 mm SVL). B, AMNH 119877 (Panama, 296 mm SVL). C, KU 164207 (Ecuador, 313 mm SVL). D, AMNH 119877, ventral aspect." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282537/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282538/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/282539/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/282540/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 8–11</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
In many relatively recently preserved examples, the green head and anterior body turns blue-gray or greenish gray. In those that have been preserved longer the anterior colors become a more or less uniform medium to dark gray with, at most, indistinct dark crossbands. In others (probably longer in preservative) the head and anterior body are almost black. Some exceptional older specimens maintain highly contrasting patterns (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFDCA8255FD02FEFE" box="[578,645,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1103,1126]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,183,1089]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[226,1361,183,1090]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative adult specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii. A, USNM 150138 (Panama, 942 mm SVL). B, BMNH 1902.7. 29.17 (Ecuador, 662 mm SVL). C, AMNH 109718 (Colombia, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 7 B). D, CAS 119604 (Colombia, 909 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282537/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B for example) and were probably preserved initially in alcohol. The remainder of the dorsum is brown to gray with narrow dark crossbands having embedded pale ocelli (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFA86823EFADAFEA5" box="[1294,1373,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1103,1126]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,183,1089]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[226,1361,183,1090]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative adult specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii. A, USNM 150138 (Panama, 942 mm SVL). B, BMNH 1902.7. 29.17 (Ecuador, 662 mm SVL). C, AMNH 109718 (Colombia, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 7 B). D, CAS 119604 (Colombia, 909 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282537/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFAE1823EFAFFFEA5" box="[1385,1400,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,1316,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[415,1171,1316,1902]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Details of head and body patterns in Dendrophidion clarkii. A, UMMZ 155724 (Darién, Panama; 421 mm SVL), posterior pattern in lateral view. B, LACM 148553 (southern Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; 686 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282538/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">9</figureCitation>
A). The tail is medium brown to pale reddish brown with or without crossbands; it is often distinctly paler than the posterior body and in well preserved specimens can be reddish yellow or orange. The nuchal collar is frequently indistinct in adult preserved specimens because the dark nuchal collar tends to blend in with the dark gray or blackish (green in life) coloration of the anterior body (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFCBA82AEFCFCFE35" box="[818,891,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,1316,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[415,1171,1316,1902]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Details of head and body patterns in Dendrophidion clarkii. A, UMMZ 155724 (Darién, Panama; 421 mm SVL), posterior pattern in lateral view. B, LACM 148553 (southern Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; 686 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282538/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B). The venter of adults (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFB2782AEFA81FE35" box="[1199,1286,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,748,771]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,195,724]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[264,1323,195,724]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Ventral patterns in adult Dendrophidion clarkii. A, USNM 150138 (Panama). B, AMNH 109718 (Colombia). See also Fig. 4." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282539/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) has narrow transverse dark lines across the anterior edges of the ventral plates, at least on the posterior body. More extensive ventral pigment laterally and on the anterior edges of ventral scutes sometimes leaves a broad oval without pigment in the central part of the posterior scutes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544FFFCAFF4F811FFD15FCF9" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
In juveniles with a complete set of crossbands visible, the total number of dark crossbands/transverse rows of ocelli is 52–71 (mean, 65.9; N = 12). Ocelli are generally present ventrolaterally on the lateral edges of the ventral scutes/dorsal row 1; laterally on rows 3 and 4 (sometimes involving row 2 as well), and the vertebral row (and adjacent paravertebral rows). The anterior body is greenish blue to slate blue, reflecting the green coloration in life (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFF17818EFF73FCD5" box="[159,244,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1815,1838]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,887,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[340,1247,887,1794]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Dendrophidion clarkii juveniles. A, LACM 148554 (southwestern Costa Rica, 411 mm SVL). B, AMNH 119877 (Panama, 296 mm SVL). C, KU 164207 (Ecuador, 313 mm SVL). D, AMNH 119877, ventral aspect." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282540/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). The transverse lines on the venter are sometimes very distinct, occasionally reduced to heavy stipple along the anterior edges of the ventral scutes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B1544FFFCEFF4F8031FE2DFB03" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544FFFCAFF4F8031FDBBFB96" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFF4F8031FDAFFC9D" bold="true" box="[199,552,835,860]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Distribution (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFEEF8031FE41FC9D" box="[359,454,835,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFE5A8031FE68FC9D" box="[466,495,835,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="20.[151,250,2003,2026]" captionTargetBox="[255,1334,183,1977]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[249,1338,181,1982]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 13. Distribution of Dendrophidion clarkii in Panama and South America. Arrow indicates the type locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282542/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFE748031FD9CFC9D" box="[508,539,835,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1780,1803]" captionTargetBox="[311,1280,1027,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1285,1022,1758]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 20. Distributions of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in Central America. Arrows indicate type localities. Labeled localities in Costa Rica (San Luis and Guayacán) are documented localities of sympatry between the two species. A few localities in Costa Rica and Panama are based on photographic records (see Fig. 12 and text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282549/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">20</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFDA78036FCAEFC9D" box="[559,809,836,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFDA78036FCAEFC9D" box="[559,809,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as redefined herein (snakes with a distinct nuchal collar and vivid green anterior body in adults) is distributed from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFCBA8015FC2AFCBE" box="[818,941,871,895]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
to western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFBB88015FB17FCBE" box="[1072,1168,871,895]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. Locality records for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFA09801BFF67FC65" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFA09801BFF67FC65" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFE8C80FEFEF9FC65" box="[260,382,908,932]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
are shown in 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFD9580FEFDEAFC65" box="[541,621,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
along with the southernmost records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFBBC80FFFA85FC65" box="[1076,1282,908,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFBBC80FFFA85FC65" box="[1076,1282,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(discussed in its species account). The distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFDD480C3FD4EFC09" box="[604,713,944,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFDD480C3FD4EFC09" box="[604,713,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFCCE80C3FC18FC09" box="[838,927,945,968]" name="Panama" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Panama</collectingCountry>
and western South 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFBF680DDFB58FC06" box="[1150,1247,943,967]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">America</collectingCountry>
is shown in 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFAF880DDFF31FC2D" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="20.[151,250,2003,2026]" captionTargetBox="[255,1334,183,1977]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[249,1338,181,1982]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 13. Distribution of Dendrophidion clarkii in Panama and South America. Arrow indicates the type locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282542/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
; see 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFF7E80A6FECCFC2D" box="[246,331,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1780,1803]" captionTargetBox="[311,1280,1027,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1285,1022,1758]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 20. Distributions of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in Central America. Arrows indicate type localities. Labeled localities in Costa Rica (San Luis and Guayacán) are documented localities of sympatry between the two species. A few localities in Costa Rica and Panama are based on photographic records (see Fig. 12 and text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282549/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4CA599DF544FFFCAFEA780A6FECCFC2D" box="[303,331,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="20.0">20</quantity>
</figureCitation>
in the species account for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFD1C80A7FCE0FC2D" box="[660,871,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFD1C80A7FCE0FC2D" box="[660,871,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for a panoramic view of the Central American distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFECC808BFE35FBD1" box="[324,434,1016,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFECC808BFE35FBD1" box="[324,434,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Records for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFDDC808BFD44FBD1" box="[596,707,1016,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFDDC808BFD44FBD1" box="[596,707,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within its distribution are rather spotty except in northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFF1F876EFF73FBF5" box="[151,244,1052,1076]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and it seems likely that the geographic range is in fact fragmented. We discuss the distribution in detail to highlight these potential disjunctions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544FFFCAFF4F8717FD55FA25" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
In 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFF6F8716FEE5FBBD" box="[231,354,1124,1148]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFEE38716FDE0FBBD" box="[363,615,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFEE38716FDE0FBBD" box="[363,615,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from two widely separated regions on the Pacific versant and from the Caribbean versant (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFE5E87F5FDAEFB5E" box="[470,553,1159,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). On the Pacific versant ten specimens document the species from the valley of the Río Térraba and one of its main tributaries (Río Coto Brus) in southern Puntarenas province. In northern Puntarenas a single specimen we refer to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFDE087A3FD53FB29" box="[616,724,1232,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFDE087A3FD53FB29" box="[616,724,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(LACM 148557) documents its presence in the upper San Luís valley. A sight record of a black-collared 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFDEC8786FC89FACD" box="[612,782,1268,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFDEC8786FC89FACD" box="[612,782,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a green anterior body from the Puriscal area (western edge of the Meseta Central, 
<quantity id="4CA599DF544FFFCAFE578665FDF6FAF1" box="[479,625,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="950.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="900.0">900–1000 m</quantity>
; personal communication from Alejandro Solórzano) provides another Pacific versant record of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFE27864FFD9CFA95" box="[431,539,1340,1364]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFE27864FFD9CFA95" box="[431,539,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
intermediate between the northern and southern Puntarenas localities. Although 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFF1F8613FE86FAB9" box="[151,257,1376,1400]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFF1F8613FE86FAB9" box="[151,257,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from as low as 
<quantity id="4CA599DF544FFFCAFD95862DFDD1FAB9" box="[541,598,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="75.0">75 m</quantity>
elevation in the Rio Térraba valley in southern Puntarenas (Appendix 1), it has not turned up in focused lowland herpetofaunal surveys on the Pacific versant at Carara National Park and the Osa Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544FFFCAFEC086D5FDF9FA7E" author="Laurencio" box="[328,638,1447,1471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Laurencio, D. &amp; Malone, J. H. (2009) The amphibians and reptiles of Parque Nacional Carara, a transitional herpetofaunal assemblage in Costa Rica. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 4, 120 - 131." type="journal article" year="2009">Laurencio &amp; Malone 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544FFFCAFD0286D5FC4CFA7E" author="McDiarmid" box="[650,971,1447,1471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Savage, J. M. (2005) The herpetofauna of the Rincon area, Peninsula de Osa, Costa Rica, a Central American lowland evergreen forest site. In: Donnelly, M. A., Crother, B. I., Guyer, C., Wake, M. H. &amp; White, M. E. (Eds.) Ecology and Evolution in the Tropics, a Herpetological Perspective. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 366 - 427." type="book chapter" year="2005">McDiarmid &amp; Savage 2005</bibRefCitation>
). We suspect that the distribution is now discontinuous on the Pacific versant of 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFDD886BEFD49FA25" box="[592,718,1484,1508]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544FFFCAFF4F8682FCBAF93B" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
We are not aware of specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFDD88682FCCCF9C9" box="[592,843,1520,1544]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFDD88682FCCCF9C9" box="[592,843,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean versant of 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFB26869DFAAEF9C6" box="[1198,1321,1519,1543]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFAB2869DFA09F9C6" box="[1338,1422,1519,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Nonetheless, photographs of specimens from Limón province document its presence in the vicinity of Guayacán (photograph by Brian Kubicki), where it is sympatric with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFCA78544FC79F98C" box="[815,1022,1589,1613]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFCA78544FC79F98C" box="[815,1022,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFBB38547FB0CF98C" box="[1083,1163,1589,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1433,1456]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[378,1209,949,1412]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
B in the species account for the last species); and from the village of Río Blanco near Liverpool (photograph by Andres Vega, which was posted to the InBIO website as of 
<date id="FFE312FA544FFFCAFD9C8509FD0FF953" box="[532,648,1658,1682]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2012-06">June 2012</date>
, http://www.inbio.ac.cr/en/default.html). In addition, Gerardo Cháves, a herpetologist with extensive field experience in 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFD6285EFFCEBF974" box="[746,876,1693,1717]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, informed us that he had observed a specimen conforming to our concept of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFE7685B3FDE9F919" box="[510,622,1728,1752]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFE7685B3FDE9F919" box="[510,622,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(black nuchal collar, bright green anterior body) at Parque Nacional Barbilla (Limón/Cartago provinces near Guayacán; 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFD558590FCA8F93B" box="[733,815,1762,1786]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544FFFCAFF4F8474FD44F82C" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
In western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFECC8474FE1BF8DC" box="[324,412,1798,1821]" name="Panama" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Panama</collectingCountry>
are three records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFD0C8477FCF9F8DC" box="[644,894,1797,1821]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFD0C8477FCF9F8DC" box="[644,894,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean lowlands of Bocas del Toro province, followed by a gap until the next records in Coclé province (Omar Torrijos Herrera National Park and vicinity, and El Valle de Antón) and Cerro Campana on the Pacific versant of 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFBA18438FB05F8A3" box="[1065,1154,1866,1890]" name="Panama" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Panamá</collectingCountry>
province (
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFA888438FAE6F8A3" box="[1280,1377,1866,1890]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="20.[151,250,2003,2026]" captionTargetBox="[255,1334,183,1977]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[249,1338,181,1982]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 13. Distribution of Dendrophidion clarkii in Panama and South America. Arrow indicates the type locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282542/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFAF88438FA17F8A3" box="[1392,1424,1866,1890]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1780,1803]" captionTargetBox="[311,1280,1027,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1285,1022,1758]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 20. Distributions of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in Central America. Arrows indicate type localities. Labeled localities in Costa Rica (San Luis and Guayacán) are documented localities of sympatry between the two species. A few localities in Costa Rica and Panama are based on photographic records (see Fig. 12 and text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282549/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">20</figureCitation>
). These last localities are indicative of a general pattern of “leakage” of elements of Caribbean slope fauna to the Pacific slope in west central 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFE5484E3FDB3F869" box="[476,564,1937,1960]" name="Panama" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Panama</collectingCountry>
(see later distributional summary). 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544FFFCAFC4284E2FB43F869" box="[970,1220,1936,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544FFFCAFC4284E2FB43F869" box="[970,1220,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Atlantic and Pacific versants of Darién province before the range switches entirely to the Pacific versant of 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFF1F84A7FE82F82C" box="[151,261,2005,2029]" name="Colombia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544FFFCAFEB384A7FE1FF82C" box="[315,408,2005,2029]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="136628BF544FFFCAFE2084A7FE7FF82C" box="[424,504,2005,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="20.[151,250,2003,2026]" captionTargetBox="[255,1334,183,1977]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[249,1338,181,1982]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 13. Distribution of Dendrophidion clarkii in Panama and South America. Arrow indicates the type locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282542/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
and Appendix 1).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2264B2544EFFCBFF1F861FFC79FA3F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544EFFCBFF1F861FFC79FA3F" blockId="19.[151,1436,1389,1534]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFF1F861FFEA7FA42" bold="true" box="[151,288,1389,1412]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Distributions of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544EFFCBFE46861CFD36FA45" box="[462,689,1390,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFE46861CFD36FA45" box="[462,689,1390,1412]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544EFFCBFD6C861DFC27FA45" box="[740,928,1390,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFD6C861DFC27FA45" box="[740,928,1390,1412]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544EFFCBFD6386B9FC20FA21" box="[747,935,1482,1504]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFD6386B9FC20FA21" box="[747,935,1482,1504]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are mentioned in its species account: 
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFAA786B8FABBFA1E" bold="true" box="[1327,1340,1482,1503]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1</emphasis>
, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFEDA869BFED8FA3F" bold="true" box="[338,351,1513,1534]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2</emphasis>
, La Selva Biological Station; 
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFD07869BFD1CFA3F" bold="true" box="[655,667,1513,1534]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">3</emphasis>
, Poco Sol; 
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFC98869BFC9AFA3F" bold="true" box="[784,797,1513,1534]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">4</emphasis>
, Reserva San Ramón.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544EFFCBFF4F8522FC43F846" blockId="19.[151,1436,1615,1928]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
In western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544EFFCBFECE853DFE33F9A6" box="[326,436,1615,1639]" name="Colombia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Colombia</collectingCountry>
the few localities are mainly from the lowlands and up to 
<quantity id="4CA599DF544EFFCBFBD8853DFB1EF9A6" box="[1104,1177,1615,1639]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="915.0">915 m</quantity>
on the Andean slopes. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544EFFCBFF1F8501FE13F94A" box="[151,404,1651,1675]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFF1F8501FE13F94A" box="[151,404,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not known with certainty from interandean valleys of northern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544EFFCBFB128501FA8FF94A" box="[1178,1288,1651,1675]" name="Colombia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(Río Cauca/ Magdalena system). MCZ R-22002, with the catalog entry “? Magdalena Valley”, is part of a small Colombian collection obtained by exchange in which several localities are entered with “?”; we discount the record unless confirmed by other collections. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544EFFCBFD9685ADFB76F936" author="Rendahl" box="[542,1265,1759,1784]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Rendahl, H. &amp; Vestergren, G. (1940) Notes on Colombian snakes. Arkiv for Zoologi, 33 A, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1940">
Rendahl and Vestergren (1940: 3, “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544EFFCBFC5A85ADFB5CF936" box="[978,1243,1759,1783]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFC5A85ADFB5CF936" box="[978,1243,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Drymobius dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”)
</bibRefCitation>
reported four specimens collected by Kjell von Sneidern that possibly refer to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544EFFCBFC188476FC78F8DA" box="[912,1023,1795,1819]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFC188476FC78F8DA" box="[912,1023,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(details these authors gave for one specimen are consistent with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544EFFCBFE7B845AFDE4F8FE" box="[499,611,1831,1855]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFE7B845AFDE4F8FE" box="[499,611,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 166 ventrals, entire anal, 152 subcaudals, and strongly keeled dorsal scales). If this identity is correct, then 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544EFFCBFDCD843EFD37F8A2" box="[581,688,1867,1891]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544EFFCBFDCD843EFD37F8A2" box="[581,688,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may occur on the eastern slope of the western Cordillera in Cauca province (specimens from El Tambo and Munchique; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544EFFCBFC978402FC30F846" author="Paynter" box="[799,951,1903,1928]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Paynter, R. A., Jr. (1997) Ornithological Gazetteer of Colombia, 2 nd edition. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, ix + 537 pp." type="book" year="1997">Paynter 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2264B25449FFCCFF1F84A1FABBF828" box="[151,1340,2003,2026]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282542/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[255,1334,183,1977]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5449FFCCFF1F84A1FABBF828" blockId="20.[151,1340,2003,2026]" box="[151,1340,2003,2026]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B929E8285449FFCCFF1F84A1FE98F828" bold="true" box="[151,287,2003,2026]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95449FFCCFE4A84A6FD23F82B" box="[450,676,2004,2026]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285449FFCCFE4A84A6FD23F82B" box="[450,676,2004,2026]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Panama and South America. Arrow indicates the type locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2264B25448FFCDFF1F8021FAE8FCAB" box="[151,1391,851,874]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282543/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[151,1436,233,803]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5448FFCDFF1F8021FAE8FCAB" blockId="21.[151,1391,851,874]" box="[151,1391,851,874]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFF1F8021FE98FCA9" bold="true" box="[151,287,851,874]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95448FFCDFEAD8021FD80FCA8" box="[293,519,851,873]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFEAD8021FD80FCA8" box="[293,519,851,873]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the southernmost record from southwestern Ecuador (AMNH 22096, 269 mm SVL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5448FFCDFF4F80E3FDDDFBD6" blockId="21.[151,1437,912,2020]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95448FFCDFF4F80E3FE40FC68" box="[199,455,913,937]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFF4F80E3FE40FC68" box="[199,455,913,937]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a relatively broad elevational range. Some records from near sea level (&lt;
<quantity id="4CA599DF5448FFCDFAC280E2FA13FC69" box="[1354,1428,912,936]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
) occur throughout its distribution and most records are &lt;
<quantity id="4CA599DF5448FFCDFCA780C7FC0DFC0C" box="[815,906,949,973]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
. Upper elevational records are the following: 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5448FFCDFF1F80A8FF68FC33" box="[151,239,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
(southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFE2A80A8FDA2FC33" box="[418,549,986,1010]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
), 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5448FFCDFDB380A8FD14FC33" box="[571,659,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1450.0">1450 m</quantity>
(Darién, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFC8C80A8FCE4FC33" box="[772,867,986,1010]" name="Panama" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Panama</collectingCountry>
), 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5448FFCDFCF080A8FC57FC33" box="[888,976,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1410.0">1410 m</quantity>
(Carchí, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFBC880A8FB23FC33" box="[1088,1188,986,1010]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
), 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5448FFCDFB3180A8FA96FC33" box="[1209,1297,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1340.0">1340 m</quantity>
(Pichincha, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFF1F808DFF7CFBD6" box="[151,251,1023,1047]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
), and 
<quantity id="4CA599DF5448FFCDFEB7808DFE12FBD6" box="[319,405,1023,1047]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.385" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1385.0">1385 m</quantity>
(Loja, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFE61808DFDC9FBD6" box="[489,590,1023,1047]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5448FFCDFF4F8756FE51FA41" blockId="21.[151,1437,912,2020]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Like some other parts of its range, the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95448FFCDFCCD8756FBCFFBFD" box="[837,1096,1060,1084]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFCCD8756FBCFFBFD" box="[837,1096,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFB5D8756FAB3FBFD" box="[1237,1332,1060,1084]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
shows a peculiar disjunction (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5448FFCDFE1B873AFE6BFBA1" box="[403,492,1096,1120]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="20.[151,250,2003,2026]" captionTargetBox="[255,1334,183,1977]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[249,1338,181,1982]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 13. Distribution of Dendrophidion clarkii in Panama and South America. Arrow indicates the type locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282542/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). After a relatively dense cluster of localities in northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFB69873AFAC7FBA1" box="[1249,1344,1096,1120]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
we are unaware of other specimens until the species is recorded again in extreme southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFB47871EFAA9FB45" box="[1231,1326,1132,1156]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(AMNH 22096) – approximately 
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from the nearest record to the north. AMNH 22096 (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5448FFCDFBE187E2FB3CFB69" box="[1129,1211,1168,1192]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="21.[151,250,851,874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,233,803]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,233,804]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 14. Dendrophidion clarkii, the southernmost record from southwestern Ecuador (AMNH 22096, 269 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282543/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) is a small juvenile male collected in 
<date id="FFE312FA5448FFCDFEE387C6FD84FB0D" box="[363,515,1204,1228]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1921-08">
August 
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</date>
, 269 mm SVL, single anal plate, 169 ventrals, 139 subcaudals, a dorsocaudal reduction at subcaudal 52, strongly keeled dorsal scales, a series of lateral ocelli on the body, and fine brown stippling across the anterior edge of the posterior ventrals (other pattern elements absent/obscure). These characters conform to our concept of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95448FFCDFDEE8653FD5DFAF9" box="[614,730,1312,1336]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFDEE8653FD5DFAF9" box="[614,730,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and are unlike other 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95448FFCDFC618652FB10FAF9" box="[1001,1175,1312,1336]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFC618652FB10FAF9" box="[1001,1175,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known from western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFF1F8636FF71FA9D" box="[151,246,1348,1372]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5448FFCDFE8D8636FE19FA9D" author="Cadle" box="[261,414,1348,1372]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Cadle 2012b</bibRefCitation>
). Herpetofaunal surveys elsewhere in southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5448FFCDFC7A8636FBD6FA9D" box="[1010,1105,1348,1372]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
have not recorded 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95448FFCDFAA58637FE55FA41" authority="Yanez-Munoz et al. 2009" authorityName="Yanez-Munoz et al." authorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFAA58637FA1BFA9D" box="[1325,1436,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">D. clarkii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5448FFCDFF16861AFE4DFA41" author="Yanez-Munoz" box="[158,458,1384,1408]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Yanez-Munoz, M., Meza-Ramos, P., Martinez, C. C. &amp; Reyes P, M (2009) Anfibios y reptiles del sur occidente de Ecuador (version 1). Rapid Color Guide (The Field Museum), 237, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="2009">
Yánez-Muñoz 
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFEC3861BFE02FA41" box="[331,389,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5448FFCDFF4F86F9FE91F929" blockId="21.[151,1437,912,2020]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFF4F86F9FBB1FA65" bold="true" box="[199,1078,1419,1444]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Geographic patterns and systematic problems in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95448FFCDFCAE86F9FBA8FA65" box="[806,1071,1419,1444]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFCAE86F9FBA8FA65" bold="true" box="[806,1071,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Snakes to which we apply the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95448FFCDFF5586C2FE58FA09" box="[221,479,1456,1480]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285448FFCDFF5586C2FE58FA09" box="[221,479,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are united by the distinctive black nuchal collar, a bright green head and anterior body, and dark transverse ventral lines in adults, as 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5448FFCDFD6786A7FC05FA2D" author="Dunn" box="[751,898,1492,1516]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn (1933)</bibRefCitation>
indicated for the 
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. Nonetheless, some patterns of variation and peculiar gaps in the distribution of these snakes give us pause and we would not be surprised if future studies result in further taxonomic partitioning of these populations. In particular, we note that the 
<typeStatus id="54E68A985448FFCDFF4B8532FEA0F999" box="[195,295,1600,1624]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
lacks the distinctive (and usually prominent) dark crossbands or transverse rows of ocelli that are present on the posterior body and tail in most other specimens we have seen (e.g., compare 
<figureCitation id="136628BF5448FFCDFB438516FA9DF9BD" box="[1227,1306,1636,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,223,978]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[415,1171,223,979]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878). A, head (right side). B, Posteriolateral pattern. C, Base of the tail in lateral view. Arrows in B and C indicate the position of the vent." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282534/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
B and 9A). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5448FFCDFF1F85FBFEAEF961" author="Dunn" box="[151,297,1672,1696]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn (1933)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned no crossbands or ocelli in his brief color description of the specimen in life, although on the preserved specimen a few small lateral pale flecks are visible posteriorly under appropriate lighting conditions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5448FFCEFF4F8587FC13FF15" blockId="21.[151,1437,912,2020]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,151,1218]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
In fact, discounting excessively darkened specimens as a result of preservation artifact, we have seen only one other specimen lacking prominent dark crossbands or ocelli: USNM 347917, an adult (
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SVL) from Bocas del Toro province, 
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. The specimen is unfortunately a smashed road kill but it has a moderately distinct nuchal collar, a blue gray anterior dorsum, and no definitive dark crossbands or ocelli posteriorly. The posterior dorsum is mainly medium brown with occasional scales on row 3 and/or 4 with somewhat lighter centers (indistinct except under magnification). Ventrolateral ocelli are not evident. The ventrals on the posterior 1/2 to 2/3 of the body have dark lines across the anterior edges of the scutes. The top of the tail is medium brown, perhaps slightly lighter than the posterior body. The presence of a nuchal collar and a blue-gray anterior body are characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFE4983CEFD46FF15" box="[449,705,188,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFE4983CEFD46FF15" box="[449,705,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as we conceive it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF4F83ADFDC1FC8C" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,1218]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Given the pattern evident in the preserved 
<typeStatus id="54E68A98544BFFCEFD4083ADFCABFF36" box="[712,812,223,247]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and in USNM 347917, it may be that adults on the western half of 
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lack the strongly banded patterns characteristic of specimens from southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFAD38277FF4CFE83" name="Costa Rica" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(uplands of southern Puntarenas province), eastern 
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, and western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFBB78258FB37FE83" box="[1087,1200,298,322]" name="Colombia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFB678258FAC9FE83" box="[1263,1358,298,322]" name="Ecuador" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="136628BF544BFFCEFAEA8258FF42FEA6" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1103,1126]" captionTargetBox-0="[295,1299,901,1890]" captionTargetBox-1="[226,1360,183,1089]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[281,1306,885,1909]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[226,1361,183,1090]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Dendrophidion clarkii in life. A, Juvenile specimen from western Panama (AMNH 129758, 225 mm SVL). B, Adult from western Colombia (AMNH 109718, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 8 C). From color slides taken by Charles W. Myers. A nuchal collar is present in both specimens but with less dense black pigment in the juvenile." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Representative adult specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii. A, USNM 150138 (Panama, 942 mm SVL). B, BMNH 1902.7. 29.17 (Ecuador, 662 mm SVL). C, AMNH 109718 (Colombia, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 7 B). D, CAS 119604 (Colombia, 909 mm SVL)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282536/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282537/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
); the other specimens we have seen from western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFC9E8222FCF7FEA6" box="[790,880,336,359]" name="Panama" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Panama</collectingCountry>
are all juveniles. We have seen photographs of two specimens from the vicinity of Parque Nacional Omar Torrijos Herrera in Coclé province, 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFACA8204FA1BFE4C" box="[1346,1436,374,397]" name="Panama" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Panama</collectingCountry>
(photographs by Roberto Brenes and Julie Ray). One specimen (possibly juvenile) is bright green anteriorly and brown on the posterior half or more of the body; it has dark crossbands/ocelli posteriorly but the posterior ground color and the crossbands are nearly the same shade and may be even less distinct when preserved, resulting in a more or less uniform posterior dorsum. The second specimen is bright green nearly the entire body length, seemingly lacks crossbands entirely, and has a deep red tail (this may be similar to the 
<typeStatus id="54E68A98544BFFCEFB6B815DFAC0FD86" box="[1251,1351,559,583]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in life, which is from a nearby locality). A specimen from eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFCF78127FB84FDAC" box="[895,1027,597,621]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="136628BF544BFFCEFB928127FBF3FDAC" box="[1050,1140,597,621]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 22. Documentation of sympatry between D. rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in the vicinity of Guayacán, Costa Rica (Limón province, Atlantic versant; see Figs. 12, 20). A, Dendrophidion rufiterminorum, photographed by Alejandro Solórzano. B, Dendrophidion clarkii photographed by Brian Kubicki 22 August 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282551/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
B in the account for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFA088124FECFFD52" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFA088124FECFFD52" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is green anteriorly and brown posteriorly but the crossbands and ground color are more similar, at least in part, because the snake is preparing to shed (blue eye). Additional adult specimens from western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFF1F81B4FF76FD1C" box="[151,241,710,733]" name="Panama" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Panama</collectingCountry>
and eastern 
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would be helpful in interpreting the color variation apparent in preserved specimens. 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFE958199FEBAFCC2" box="[285,317,747,771]" name="American Samoa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above (Description), six of the eight specimens with a single anal plate are from 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFAD38198FF4CFCE6" name="Costa Rica" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFEE78062FE4AFCE6" box="[367,461,784,807]" name="Panama" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Panama</collectingCountry>
. Whether these scale patterns and color differences signify unresolved systematic issues thus remains an open question.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF4F8029FE2DFB03" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,1218]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF4F8029FE17FCB2" bold="true" box="[199,400,858,883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Natural History.</emphasis>
Most accounts in the literature of the natural history of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFB978029FAA7FCB2" box="[1055,1312,859,883]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFB978029FAA7FCB2" box="[1055,1312,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Central 
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are a composite of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFE5580F3FDCBFC59" box="[477,588,896,920]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFE5580F3FDCBFC59" box="[477,588,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the new species described next (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFBBB800DFB4EFC56" author="Savage" box="[1075,1225,895,919]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFB5D800DFA08FC56" author="Solorzano" box="[1237,1423,895,919]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
); occasionally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFEBE80D4FE3FFC7C" box="[310,440,933,957]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFEBE80D4FE3FFC7C" box="[310,440,933,957]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is part of the mix as well (e.g., Stafford 2003). Fundamental aspects of the natural history of these species are similar. Two specimens we examined were terrestrially active midmorning or midday (KU 
<date id="FFE312FA544BFFCEFEA5809DFE02FBC6" box="[301,389,1007,1031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="92-11-02">110292</date>
, AMNH 129758; field notes of Charles W. Myers). BMNH 1901.8.3.4 (western 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFA90809DFAFBFBC6" box="[1304,1404,1007,1031]" name="Ecuador" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
), a female 
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SVL, contained 7 oviductal eggs approximately 
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long. USNM 
<date id="FFE312FA544BFFCEFBF08767FB49FBEC" box="[1144,1230,1045,1069]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="38-01-15">150138</date>
(eastern 
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) is a gravid female 
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SVL (eggs not counted) collected 
<date id="FFE312FA544BFFCEFCFC8748FB9AFB93" box="[884,1053,1082,1106]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1963-03-01">1 March 1963</date>
. The incidence of broken/healed tails in our sample of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFE1A8712FD15FBB9" box="[402,658,1120,1144]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFE1A8712FD15FBB9" box="[402,658,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was 16%. 
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<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFC998712FB96FBB9" box="[785,1041,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is seemingly an uncommon snake in 
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFF3C87F7FEB5FB5C" box="[180,306,1157,1181]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and 
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given the relatively few specimens in collections despite focused herpetological field work in these countries.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>