295 lines
36 KiB
XML
295 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="09B558C8F2400430823398F8A62716E4">Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC440FB1D8722EF31D33C51C4C4F32CC">Wallace, Carden C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D5691A254B2302652B10E4892492C3A1">Johnson, Kenneth G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="986E60D75F263C487614E605D8C78317">2015</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0F52715FFD6F620FC80F971792DF90C" box="[864,1403,1697,1719]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD6F620FC80F971792DF90C" ID-CoL="9P2Q" authority="VERON & WALLACE, 1984" authorityName="VERON & WALLACE" authorityYear="1984" box="[864,1403,1697,1719]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kirstyae">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD6F620FC80F971781CF90F" box="[864,1098,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">ACROPORA KIRSTYAE</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD6F620FBB2F972792DF90C" author="Veron JEN & Wallace CC" box="[1106,1403,1697,1719]" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" refId="ref53601" refString="Veron JEN, Wallace CC. 1984. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia. Part V. Family Acroporidae. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science." type="book" year="1984">VERON & WALLACE, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFD6F620FBD1F91878FCF967" box="[1073,1194,1736,1757]" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD6F620FBD1F91878FCF967" blockId="57.[1073,1194,1736,1757]" box="[1073,1194,1736,1757]" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">
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<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFD6F620FBD1F91878FCF967" box="[1073,1194,1736,1757]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[161,1404,197,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-7@58.[569,994,855,1173]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 29. Acropora kirstyae. NHMUK PI AZ 8845, TF56, Badak, East Kalimantan, Early to Middle Miocene (14.8– 17.9 Ma). A, colony fragments showing evidence of arborescent form. B and C, AZ 8845a: B, electron micrograph composition of a branch tip showing axial corallite and appressed tubular radial corallites; C, electron micrograph of an appressed tubular corallite. D and E, AZ 8845b: D, transverse section of a branch showing axial corallite; E, electron micrograph showing variation of radial corallites. F, AZ 8845a, electron micrograph of reticulate elaborated spinules on coenosteum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339624/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">FIGURE 29</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFD6F620FCDAF92D7F96F8D5" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD6F620FCDAF92D7F96F8D5" blockId="57.[826,1442,1789,1903]" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA3B668FFD6F620FCDAF92D796CF8A8" author="Veron JEN & Wallace CC" box="[826,1338,1789,1811]" page="247" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" year="1984">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD6F620FCDAF92D796CF8A8" ID-CoL="9P2Q" authority="Veron & Wallace, 1984: 247" authorityName="VERON & WALLACE" authorityPageNumber="247" authorityYear="1984" box="[826,1338,1789,1811]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kirstyae">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD6F620FCDAF92D7FABF8A8" box="[826,1021,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">Acropora kirstyae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD6F620FBE4F92D796CF8A8" author="Veron JEN & Wallace CC" box="[1028,1338,1789,1811]" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" refId="ref53601" refString="Veron JEN, Wallace CC. 1984. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia. Part V. Family Acroporidae. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science." type="book" year="1984">Veron & Wallace, 1984: 247</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 593, 596–597;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA3B668FFD6F620FC49F8CC791EF88B" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" box="[937,1352,1819,1842]" page="254" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" year="1998">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD6F620FC49F8CC791EF88B" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" box="[937,1352,1819,1842]" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" pagination="199 - 384" refId="ref54270" refString="Wallace CC, Wolstenholme JK. 1998. Revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) in Indonesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 199 - 384." type="journal article" year="1998">Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998: 254</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 50;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA3B668FFD6F620FCDAF8EA785AF8F5" author="Wallace CC" box="[826,1036,1850,1872]" page="292" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" year="1999">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD6F620FCDAF8EA785AF8F5" author="Wallace CC" box="[826,1036,1850,1872]" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999: 292</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 79, map 79;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA3B668FFD6F620FB24F8EA7F33F8D4" author="Wallace CC & Done BJ & Muir PR" page="104" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" year="2012">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD6F620FB24F8EA7F33F8D4" author="Wallace CC & Done BJ & Muir PR" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" pagination="1 - 255" refId="ref54139" refString="Wallace CC, Done BJ, Muir PR. 2012. Revision and catalogue of worldwide staghorn corals Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Museum of Tropical Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 57: 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="2012">
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Wallace
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||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD6F620FAC2F8EB7907F8F5" box="[1314,1361,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">et al</emphasis>
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., 2012: 104
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</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 50.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD5F623FF70F9187D47F8D4" blockId="58.[144,1421,1736,1902]" pageId="58" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD5F623FF70F9187D53F961" bold="true" box="[144,261,1736,1755]" pageId="58" pageNumber="735">Figure 29.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD5F623FEF0F9197D9DF961" authorityName="VERON & WALLACE" authorityYear="1984" box="[272,459,1736,1756]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="58" pageNumber="735" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kirstyae">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD5F623FEF0F9197D9DF961" box="[272,459,1736,1756]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="735">Acropora kirstyae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
. NHMUK PI AZ 8845, TF56, Badak, East Kalimantan, Early to Middle Miocene (14.8– 17.9 Ma). A, colony fragments showing evidence of arborescent form. B and C, AZ 8845a: B, electron micrograph composition of a branch tip showing axial corallite and appressed tubular radial corallites; C, electron micrograph of an appressed tubular corallite. D and E, AZ 8845b: D, transverse section of a branch showing axial corallite; E, electron micrograph showing variation of radial corallites. F, AZ 8845a, electron micrograph of reticulate elaborated spinules on coenosteum.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFD4F622FF44FF167927FC53" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF44FF167D42FF61" blockId="59.[164,780,198,404]" box="[164,276,198,219]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FF44FF167D42FF61" box="[164,276,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF44FF347E3CFE2E" blockId="59.[164,780,198,404]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
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Colonies arborescent, probably with indeterminate growth, composed of thin, straight, tapering branches. Radial corallites tubular to appressed tubular, round calices, evenly sized and distributed. Coenosteum composed of short elaborated spinules throughout (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD4F622FD54FE8F7DFAFE29" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" pagination="199 - 384" refId="ref54270" refString="Wallace CC, Wolstenholme JK. 1998. Revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) in Indonesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 199 - 384." type="journal article" year="1998">Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD4F622FE5AFEAD7E0BFE2E" author="Wallace CC" box="[442,605,381,404]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FF44FE6B7D34FE6A" box="[164,354,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Material studied</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF44FE0A7EF4FDB4" blockId="59.[164,779,443,679]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFD4F622FF44FE0A7CB5FDB7" collectionCode="NHMUK, PI" location="East Kalimantan" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" specimenCode="AZ 8845" specimenCount="20">
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<location id="8EDDC6A2FFD4F622FF44FE0A7D2EFE55" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB216FFFD6F622FC80F9717927FC53:8EDDC6A2FFD4F622FF44FE0A7D2EFE55" box="[164,376,473,495]" name="East Kalimantan" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">East Kalimantan</location>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED1308BCFFD4F622FE68FE0A7DA7FE55" box="[392,497,474,495]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED1308BCFFD4F622FE1EFE0A7E4FFE55" box="[510,537,474,495]" country="Russia" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">PI</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFD4F622FDC4FE097EDBFE55" box="[548,653,473,495]" collectionCode="PI" country="Russia" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">AZ 8845</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFD4F622FD7FFE097CB5FDB7" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFD4F622FF11FE287EC9FDB4" box="[241,671,504,526]" collectionCode="PI" country="United Kingdom" location="UK" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" specimenCode="AZ 8861" specimenCount="12">
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NHM
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<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD4F622FEDBFE287D34FDB7" box="[315,354,504,525]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">UK</collectingCountry>
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<collectionCode id="ED1308BCFFD4F622FE8CFE287DD0FDB7" box="[364,390,504,525]" country="Russia" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">PI</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFD4F622FE6FFE287DA4FDB4" box="[399,498,504,526]" collectionCode="PI" country="Russia" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">AZ 8861</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFD4F622FDE1FE287EC9FDB4" box="[513,671,504,526]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF5CFDC67D4DFD1D" blockId="59.[164,779,443,679]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FF5CFDC67DAFFD91" box="[188,505,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Modern comparative material</emphasis>
|
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:
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFD4F622FDE6FDC67D4DFD1D" accessionNumber="G55077, G51298, G48957" country="Indonesia" county="Togian Islands" elevation="6" location="Palm Island" municipality="Pulau Talatakoh" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54B92EDBFFD4F622FDE6FDC67E3EFD96" box="[518,616,534,556]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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, MTQ G55077,
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,
|
||
<location id="8EDDC6A2FFD4F622FE80FDE57E32FDF1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB216FFFD6F622FC80F9717927FC53:8EDDC6A2FFD4F622FE80FDE57E32FDF1" box="[352,612,565,587]" country="Indonesia" county="Togian Islands" municipality="Pulau Talatakoh" name="Great Barrier Reef" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah">Great Barrier Reef</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="002F774AFFD4F622FD9CFDE57F50FDF1" box="[636,774,565,587]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="m" value="6.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FD9CFDE57EFFFDF0" box="[636,681,565,587]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</quantity>
|
||
depth
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
; MTQ G51298,
|
||
<location id="8EDDC6A2FFD4F622FEBDFD847E1BFDD0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB216FFFD6F622FC80F9717927FC53:8EDDC6A2FFD4F622FEBDFD847E1BFDD0" box="[349,589,596,618]" country="Indonesia" county="Togian Islands" municipality="Pulau Talatakoh" name="Great Barrier Reef" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah">Great Barrier Reef</location>
|
||
; MTQ G48957,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD90A03FFD4F622FF44FDA27D3DFD32" box="[164,363,626,648]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Pulau Talatakoh</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62DCE8F5FFD4F622FE9AFDA27E7EFD32" box="[378,552,626,648]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Togian Islands</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFD4F622FDD9FDA27F50FD32" box="[569,774,626,648]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Central Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD4F622FF44FD417D41FD1D" box="[164,279,657,679]" name="Indonesia" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF44FD1E7DF5FD59" blockId="59.[164,779,718,1658]" box="[164,419,718,739]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FF44FD1E7DF5FD59" box="[164,419,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Skeletal characterstics</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF44FD3D7D18FBE9" blockId="59.[164,779,718,1658]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FF44FD3D7D4EFCB8" box="[164,280,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD4F622FF44FD3D7D42FCB8" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1834" box="[164,276,749,770]" genus="Corallum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Corallum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Broken branches that may have formed a small arborescent colony; specimens representative of base, main axis and tips; axis thick from which primary branches arise in open angles 56.46–61.84–70.29° (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFD4F622FF4CFCB77D44FCC7" box="[172,274,871,893]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[161,1404,197,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-7@58.[569,994,855,1173]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 29. Acropora kirstyae. NHMUK PI AZ 8845, TF56, Badak, East Kalimantan, Early to Middle Miocene (14.8– 17.9 Ma). A, colony fragments showing evidence of arborescent form. B and C, AZ 8845a: B, electron micrograph composition of a branch tip showing axial corallite and appressed tubular radial corallites; C, electron micrograph of an appressed tubular corallite. D and E, AZ 8845b: D, transverse section of a branch showing axial corallite; E, electron micrograph showing variation of radial corallites. F, AZ 8845a, electron micrograph of reticulate elaborated spinules on coenosteum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339624/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Fig. 29A</figureCitation>
|
||
); a few secondary and incipient branches present; all branches tapering, slender, oval to round in transverse section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFD4F622FE41FC747E53FC00" box="[417,517,932,954]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[161,1404,197,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-7@58.[569,994,855,1173]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 29. Acropora kirstyae. NHMUK PI AZ 8845, TF56, Badak, East Kalimantan, Early to Middle Miocene (14.8– 17.9 Ma). A, colony fragments showing evidence of arborescent form. B and C, AZ 8845a: B, electron micrograph composition of a branch tip showing axial corallite and appressed tubular radial corallites; C, electron micrograph of an appressed tubular corallite. D and E, AZ 8845b: D, transverse section of a branch showing axial corallite; E, electron micrograph showing variation of radial corallites. F, AZ 8845a, electron micrograph of reticulate elaborated spinules on coenosteum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339624/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Fig. 29D</figureCitation>
|
||
), branch length 37.53– 48.09–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FF0FFC137D37FC62" box="[239,353,963,985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.481999999999999" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="64.82">64.82 mm</quantity>
|
||
, basal branch diameter 8.92–10.82–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FF44FC317D40FC4D" box="[164,278,993,1015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.295" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="12.95">12.95 mm</quantity>
|
||
, mid branch diameter 4.16–5.46–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FD42FC317F50FC4D" box="[674,774,993,1015]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.87" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="6.87">6.87 mm</quantity>
|
||
, branch tip diameter 2.56–3.61–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FDF6FBD07E2DFBAF" box="[534,635,1024,1046]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.43" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="5.43">5.43 mm</quantity>
|
||
; distance to the nearest branches 10.87–16.30–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FDD9FBCF7EFAFB8E" box="[569,684,1055,1077]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.413" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="24.13">24.13 mm</quantity>
|
||
; growth indeterminate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF5CFB8C7D16F9A4" blockId="59.[164,779,718,1658]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FF5CFB8C7D78FBCB" box="[188,302,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Corallites.</emphasis>
|
||
Axial corallite visible in transverse section and at one branch tip,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FE5CFBAA7E49FB2A" box="[444,543,1146,1168]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="0.95">0.95 mm</quantity>
|
||
exsert, outer diameter 2.12–2.19–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FEBAFB497D97FB14" box="[346,449,1177,1198]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.32" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="2.32">2.32 mm</quantity>
|
||
, inner diameter 0.93–1.02–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FF44FB687D5FFB77" box="[164,265,1208,1229]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="1.13">1.13 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wall thickness 0.45–0.46–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FDDDFB677EF4FB77" box="[573,674,1207,1229]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="0.46">0.46 mm</quantity>
|
||
, primary septa two-thirds R, secondary septa up to onequarter R or visible as points, S1>S2; radial corallites evenly sized and distributed, long tubular appressed with round calices, profile length 1.92–2.32–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FD43FAE27F50FAFD" box="[675,774,1330,1351]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="2.71">2.71 mm</quantity>
|
||
, acute angles 17.26–19.78–22.49°, outer diameter 0.83– 1.05–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FF00FABF7D17FA3F" box="[224,321,1391,1413]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.38" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="1.38">1.38 mm</quantity>
|
||
, inner diameter 0.40–0.54–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FD90FABF7E87FA3F" box="[624,721,1391,1413]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8999999999999995" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="0.69">0.69 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wall thickness 0.17–0.20–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FE6AFA5E7DBCFA19" box="[394,490,1422,1443]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
, distance between centers 3.88–4.75–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FEFFFA7C7DD2FA78" box="[287,388,1452,1474]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.10 mm</quantity>
|
||
, primary septa up to one-third R, secondary septa absent or reduced to spines in some corallites. Corallite arrangement sequence 1–2–[2–3]– [3–4]-up to 6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF5CF9F77E4CF9C3" blockId="59.[164,779,718,1658]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FF5CF9F77D1AF986" box="[188,332,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Coenosteum.</emphasis>
|
||
Simple spinules with probably slightly elaborated tips arranged into dense regular pattern throughout. 2.03–2.21–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD4F622FE51F9B47E43F9C3" box="[433,533,1636,1658]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.51" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" unit="mm" value="2.51">2.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF44F9727D74F90D" blockId="59.[164,779,1698,1903]" box="[164,290,1698,1719]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FF44F9727D74F90D" box="[164,290,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Occurrence</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FF44F91078BBFF41" blockId="59.[164,779,1698,1903]" lastBlockId="59.[826,1441,198,251]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
Early Miocene to Recent. The earliest occurrence of the species is from the outcrop TF56, Badak, East Kalimantan, of Langhian to Burdigalian age, 14.8– 17.9 Ma. This fossil material is the westernmost record of the species, previously known only from modern reefs of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD4F622FF25F8897D5BF8D4" box="[197,269,1881,1902]" name="Japan" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD4F622FEC1F8897E18F8D5" author="Nishihira M & Veron JEN" box="[289,590,1881,1903]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" refId="ref52087" refString="Nishihira M, Veron JEN. 1995. Hermatypic corals of Japan. Tokyo: Kaiyusha Publishers." type="book" year="1995">Nishihira & Veron, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Sulawesi,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD4F622FCDAFF167FE8FF66" box="[826,958,198,220]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Halmahera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halmahera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Papua,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD4F622FBC4FF1678B5FF66" box="[1060,1251,198,220]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD4F622FB10FF16793BFF66" box="[1264,1389,198,220]" name="Micronesia" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD4F622FCDAFF357FBCFF40" box="[826,1002,228,250]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD4F622FC1BFF3478B7FF41" author="Wallace CC & Done BJ & Muir PR" box="[1019,1249,228,251]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" pagination="1 - 255" refId="ref54139" refString="Wallace CC, Done BJ, Muir PR. 2012. Revision and catalogue of worldwide staghorn corals Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Museum of Tropical Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 57: 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Wallace
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FBBEFF3578D9FF43" box="[1118,1167,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FCDAFEFA7842FE85" blockId="59.[826,1442,298,595]" box="[826,1044,298,319]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FCDAFEFA7842FE85" box="[826,1044,298,319]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Palaeoenvironment</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FCDAFE9879F4FDE9" blockId="59.[826,1442,298,595]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
Fossil specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD4F622FBF7FE9878DAFEE7" authorityName="VERON & WALLACE" authorityYear="1984" box="[1047,1164,328,349]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kirstyae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FBF7FE9878DAFEE7" box="[1047,1164,328,349]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">A. kirstyae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recovered from the top bed of the outcrop TF56, Badak, characterized by orange silty sediments, and high abundance and richness of reef corals. This environment has been interpreted as a shallow-water patch reef similar to the Stadion patch reef in Samarinda (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD4F622FB5BFE317F27FDAC" author="Santodomingo N & Novak V & Marshall N & Di Martino E & Lo Giudice Capelli E & Rosler A & Reich S & Braga JC & Renema W & Johnson KG" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" pagination="128 - 149" refId="ref52791" refString="Santodomingo N, Novak V, Pretkovic' V, Marshall N, Di Martino E, Lo Giudice Capelli E, Rosler A, Reich S, Braga JC, Renema W, Johnson KG. 2015. A diverse patch reef from turbid habitats in the Middle Miocene (East Kalimantan, Indonesia). Palaios 30: 128 - 149. doi: 10.2110 / palo. 2013.047." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Santodomingo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FA84FE3279C2FE4C" box="[1380,1428,481,503]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) because it overlies a bed of carbonaceous shales (N.S., field observations). In modern reefs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD4F622FAC8FDCF79F7FD89" authorityName="VERON & WALLACE" authorityYear="1984" box="[1320,1441,542,564]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kirstyae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FAC8FDCF79F7FD89" box="[1320,1441,542,564]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">A. kirstyae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs only in protected subtidal lagoons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD4F622FB1EFDED79C0FDE9" author="Wallace CC" box="[1278,1430,573,595]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FCDAFD527FC9FD2D" blockId="59.[826,1442,642,1001]" box="[826,927,642,663]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FCDAFD527FC9FD2D" box="[826,927,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD4F622FCDAFD717927FC53" blockId="59.[826,1442,642,1001]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">
|
||
Even though the fossil specimens have some degree of recrystallization, morphological features such as small arborescent colony, long appressed tubular radials and corallite arrangement compare well with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B92EDBFFD4F622FAA1FD2C79F7FCA8" box="[1345,1441,764,786]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
MTQ G55077 and the modern specimens MTQ G48957 from Sulawesi and MTQ G51298 from the Great Barrier Reef. These fossil specimens also closely resemble the extant species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD4F622FC0AFCA77938FC36" authority="Veron, 2000" authorityName="Veron" authorityYear="2000" box="[1002,1390,887,908]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="proximalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FC0AFCA77880FC36" box="[1002,1238,887,908]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Acropora proximalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD4F622FB01FCA77938FC36" author="Veron JEN" box="[1249,1390,887,908]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" refId="ref53488" refString="Veron JEN. 2000. Corals of the world. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science." type="book" year="2000">Veron, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from the Indonesian–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD4F622FB7AFC457948FC11" box="[1178,1310,917,939]" name="Philippines" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
Archipelago, supporting that the latter is a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD4F622FCDAFC037FE5FC52" authorityName="VERON & WALLACE" authorityYear="1984" box="[826,947,979,1000]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kirstyae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FCDAFC037FE5FC52" box="[826,947,979,1000]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">A. kirstyae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD4F622FB9FFC03793BFC53" author="Wallace CC & Done BJ & Muir PR" box="[1151,1389,979,1001]" pageId="59" pageNumber="736" pagination="1 - 255" refId="ref54139" refString="Wallace CC, Done BJ, Muir PR. 2012. Revision and catalogue of worldwide staghorn corals Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Museum of Tropical Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 57: 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Wallace
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD4F622FB01FC037944FC52" box="[1249,1298,979,1000]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="736">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |