283 lines
35 KiB
XML
283 lines
35 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="971663D18A602687EE2662A83BC57BF0">Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="494C9376805D23A3A1F06B60C800676B">Wallace, Carden C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="90D40A045A33B9A1939169187BDD8C7F">Johnson, Kenneth G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="AA89B664F2ACE849AE00A3B2FB689E19">2015</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFC8F63EFC72FAAD791FFA29" box="[914,1353,1405,1427]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC8F63EFC72FAAD791FFA29" blockId="39.[914,1353,1405,1427]" box="[914,1353,1405,1427]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="D0F52715FFC8F63EFC72FAAD791FFA29" box="[914,1353,1405,1427]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC8F63EFC72FAAD78D0FA2B" ID-CoL="9P4B" authorityName="Latypov" authorityYear="1992" box="[914,1158,1405,1426]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="39" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillare">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC8F63EFC72FAAD78D0FA2B" box="[914,1158,1405,1426]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">ACROPORA PAPILLARE</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFC8F63EFB77FAAD7917FA29" author="Latypov YY" box="[1175,1345,1405,1427]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" refId="ref51332" refString="Latypov YY. 1992. Korally skleraktinii V'etnama. Ch. II. Akroporidy (Scleractinian Corals of Vietnam. Part II. Acroporidae). Moscow." type="book" year="1992">LATYPOV, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFC8F63EFBD1FA7478FCFA03" box="[1073,1194,1444,1465]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC8F63EFBD1FA7478FCFA03" blockId="39.[1073,1194,1444,1465]" box="[1073,1194,1444,1465]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFC8F63EFBD1FA7478FCFA03" box="[1073,1194,1444,1465]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="40.[144,223,1675,1694]" captionTargetBox="[186,1379,196,1645]" captionTargetId="figure-54@40.[594,973,699,1057]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 19. Acropora papillare. NHMUK PI AZ 6977, TF275, Kari Orang, Bengalon, East Kalimantan, Early Miocene (18–20 Ma). A, aspect of a colony in situ as seen from below, showing corymbose to caepito-corymbose growth form. B, detail of a transverse section of a branch in the field, branch diameter approx. 15 mm. C, AZ 6977a–c, three cylindrical branches showing wide-open branching pattern and incipient branches. D, AZ 6977d, electron micrograph of a branch tip. E, AZ 6977d, top view of axial corallite. F, AZ 6977e, transverse section of branch showing eight radial corallites arranged around the axial. G and H, AZ 6977b: G, electron micrograph of radial corallites near the tip – short tubular and subimmersed radials; H, detail of tubular radial corallite with thickened lower wall. I, AZ 6977d, electron micrograph of reticulate coenosteum formed of a mix of simple and laterally flattened elaborated spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339604/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">FIGURE 19</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFC8F63EFCDAFA1A791FFA44" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC8F63EFCDAFA1A791FFA44" blockId="39.[826,1353,1482,1535]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB12B757FFC8F63EFCDAFA1A791FFA44" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA3B668FFC8F63EFCDAFA1A78AFFA65" author="Latypov YY" box="[826,1273,1482,1504]" page="121" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" year="1992">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC8F63EFCDAFA1A78AFFA65" ID-CoL="9P4B" authority="Latypov, 1992: 121" authorityName="Latypov" authorityPageNumber="121" authorityYear="1992" box="[826,1273,1482,1504]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillare">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC8F63EFCDAFA1A7844FA65" box="[826,1042,1482,1503]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">Acropora papillare</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFC8F63EFBFCFA1B78AFFA65" author="Latypov YY" box="[1052,1273,1482,1504]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" refId="ref51332" refString="Latypov YY. 1992. Korally skleraktinii V'etnama. Ch. II. Akroporidy (Scleractinian Corals of Vietnam. Part II. Acroporidae). Moscow." type="book" year="1992">Latypov, 1992: 121</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 6
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA3B668FFC8F63EFCB3FA397952FA45" author="Wallace CC" box="[851,1284,1513,1535]" page="963" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" year="1994">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC8F63EFCB3FA397952FA45" ID-CoL="64NN9" authority="Wallace, 1994: 963" authorityName="Wallace" authorityPageNumber="963" authorityYear="1994" box="[851,1284,1513,1535]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indiana">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC8F63EFCB3FA397848FA44" box="[851,1054,1513,1534]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">Acropora indiana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFC8F63EFBC7FA397952FA45" author="Wallace CC" box="[1063,1284,1513,1535]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" pagination="961 - 988" refId="ref53754" refString="Wallace CC. 1994. New species and a new species-group of the coral genus Acropora from Indo-Pacific locations. Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 961 - 988." type="journal article" year="1994">Wallace, 1994: 963</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 4
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFC8F630FCDAF9F77834FCFB" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="718" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC8F63EFCDAF9F77FFCF986" blockId="39.[826,1441,1575,1780]" box="[826,938,1575,1596]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC8F63EFCDAF9F77FFCF986" box="[826,938,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC8F63EFCDAF9957956F94E" blockId="39.[826,1441,1575,1780]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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Colonies with semi-determinate growth, sub-arborescent shape, branches cylindrical to conical. Axial corallite dominates branch diameter. Radial corallites short tubular to labellate. Coenosteum of elaborated spinules, reticulo-costate on and in between corallites (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFC8F63EFAA7F96F7814F949" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" pagination="199 - 384" refId="ref54270" refString="Wallace CC, Wolstenholme JK. 1998. Revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) in Indonesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 199 - 384." type="journal article" year="1998">Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFC8F63EFBB1F90E78A2F94E" author="Wallace CC" box="[1105,1268,1758,1780]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC8F63EFCDAF8CB7FAFF88A" blockId="39.[826,1441,1819,1903]" box="[826,1017,1819,1840]" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC8F63EFCDAF8CB7FAFF88A" box="[826,1017,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">Material studied</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC8F630FCDAF8EB7E2BFEA3" blockId="39.[826,1441,1819,1903]" lastBlockId="41.[164,778,198,281]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="718" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFC8F630FCDAF8EB7E2BFEA3" accessionNumber="G46445, G48563" collectionCode="NHMUK, PI" country="Indonesia" county="West Timor" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="718" location="Modern" municipality="Kupang" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" specimenCode="AZ 6977, TF275" specimenCount="310" stateProvince="Kalimantan Timur" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFC8F63EFCDAF8EB7850F8EA" box="[826,1030,1850,1872]" country="Indonesia" name="Kalimantan Timur" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">East Kalimantan</collectingRegion>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED1308BCFFC8F63EFBF4F8EB782DF8EA" box="[1044,1147,1851,1872]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED1308BCFFC8F63EFB65F8EB78C9F8EA" box="[1157,1183,1851,1872]" country="Russia" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">PI</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFC8F63EFB49F8EA795BF8EA" box="[1193,1293,1850,1872]" collectionCode="PI" country="Russia" name="Paleontological Institute" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">AZ 6977</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFC8F63EFAFDF8EA793FF8EA" box="[1309,1385,1850,1872]" collectionCode="TF" country="Thailand" name="Department of Mineral Resources" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">TF275</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFC8F63EFA98F8EA7FF3F8D5" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" type="generic">310 specimen</specimenCount>
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fragments from the same colony.
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC8F630FAA8F8897DF6FF61" italics="true" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="718" pageId="39" pageNumber="716">
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<location id="8EDDC6A2FFC8F63EFAA8F88979F7F8D4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB216FFFC8F630FC72FAAD7834FCFB:8EDDC6A2FFC8F63EFAA8F88979F7F8D4" box="[1352,1441,1881,1902]" country="Indonesia" county="West Timor" municipality="Kupang" name="Modern" pageId="39" pageNumber="716" stateProvince="Kalimantan Timur">Modern</location>
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comparative material
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</emphasis>
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:
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<typeStatus id="54B92EDBFFC6F630FE53FF167E4DFF66" box="[435,539,198,220]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FDA8FF167CEFFF40" authority="MTQ G" authorityName="MTQ G" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indiana">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FDA8FF167E95FF61" box="[584,707,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">A. indiana</emphasis>
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MTQ G
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</taxonomicName>
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46445,
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<location id="8EDDC6A2FFC6F630FEF3FF347D9EFF40" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB216FFFC8F630FC72FAAD7834FCFB:8EDDC6A2FFC6F630FEF3FF347D9EFF40" box="[275,456,228,250]" country="Indonesia" county="West Timor" municipality="Kupang" name="Rowley Shoals" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" stateProvince="Kalimantan Timur">Rowley Shoals</location>
|
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,
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<location id="8EDDC6A2FFC6F630FE3AFF357EEAFF40" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB216FFFC8F630FC72FAAD7834FCFB:8EDDC6A2FFC6F630FE3AFF357EEAFF40" box="[474,700,228,250]" country="Indonesia" county="West Timor" municipality="Kupang" name="Western Australia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" stateProvince="Kalimantan Timur">Western Australia</location>
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; MTQ G48563
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD90A03FFC6F630FEE5FED37D34FEA2" box="[261,354,259,280]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Kupang</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DCE8F5FFC6F630FE90FED37DAEFEA3" box="[368,504,259,281]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">West Timor</collectingCounty>
|
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFC6F630FDE6FED37E2FFEA3" box="[518,633,259,281]" name="Indonesia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7DC0F1FFC7F631FF70F95B7886F8D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339604" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5339604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339604/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="717" startId="40.[144,223,1675,1694]" targetBox="[186,1379,196,1645]" targetPageId="40">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC7F631FF70F95B7886F8D1" blockId="40.[144,1421,1675,1899]" pageId="40" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC7F631FF70F95B7D53F924" bold="true" box="[144,261,1675,1694]" pageId="40" pageNumber="717">Figure 19.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC7F631FEF0F95B7D81F924" authorityName="Latypov" authorityYear="1992" box="[272,471,1675,1694]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="40" pageNumber="717" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillare">
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||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC7F631FEF0F95B7D81F924" box="[272,471,1675,1694]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="717">Acropora papillare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. NHMUK PI AZ 6977, TF275, Kari Orang, Bengalon, East Kalimantan, Early Miocene (18–20 Ma). A, aspect of a colony
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC7F631FE1EF9797E15F901" box="[510,579,1705,1723]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="717">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
as seen from below, showing corymbose to caepito-corymbose growth form. B, detail of a transverse section of a branch in the field, branch diameter approx. 15 mm. C, AZ 6977a–c, three cylindrical branches showing wide-open branching pattern and incipient branches. D, AZ 6977d, electron micrograph of a branch tip. E, AZ 6977d, top view of axial corallite. F, AZ 6977e, transverse section of branch showing eight radial corallites arranged around the axial. G and H, AZ 6977b: G, electron micrograph of radial corallites near the tip – short tubular and subimmersed radials; H, detail of tubular radial corallite with thickened lower wall. I, AZ 6977d, electron micrograph of reticulate coenosteum formed of a mix of simple and laterally flattened elaborated spinules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FF44FE907DFDFEEF" blockId="41.[164,779,320,1199]" box="[164,427,320,341]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FF44FE907DFDFEEF" box="[164,427,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Skeletal characteristics</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FF44FE8F7DC6FDF0" blockId="41.[164,779,320,1199]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FF44FE8F7D46FECE" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1834" box="[164,272,351,372]" genus="Corallum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FF44FE8F7D46FECE" box="[164,272,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Corallum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Probably sub-arborescent, branches tapering, length of specimen fragments 29.79–37.36–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FF44FE4C7D47FE0B" box="[164,273,412,434]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.614" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="46.14">46.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, round in cross section, basal branch diameter 21.54–24.09–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FEA9FE6A7D93FE6A" box="[329,453,442,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.648" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="26.48">26.48 mm</quantity>
|
||
, middle branch diameter 11.19–12.74–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FED5FE097DF2FE55" box="[309,420,473,495]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.496" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="14.96">14.96 mm</quantity>
|
||
, branch tip diameter 5.60–6.55–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FF44FE287D5EFDB7" box="[164,264,504,526]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.45" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="7.45">7.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Branching in open wide angles 53.73–84.65– 119.14°, distance between branches at least 17–21.63–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FEF8FDE57DDAFDF0" box="[280,396,565,587]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.153" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="31.53">31.53 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FF5CFD847EECFB8E" blockId="41.[164,779,320,1199]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FF5CFD847D79FDD3" box="[188,303,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Corallites.</emphasis>
|
||
Axial corallite, round calice, profile length to first radial 1.30–1.53–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FE56FDA27E4EFD32" box="[438,536,626,648]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.80 mm</quantity>
|
||
, outer diameter 2.40– 2.90–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FF00FD417D17FD1C" box="[224,321,657,678]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, inner diameter 1.40–1.58–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FD90FD417E87FD1C" box="[624,721,657,679]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.70 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wall thickness 0.40–0.49–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FE7BFD7F7E57FD7F" box="[411,513,687,709]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.60 mm</quantity>
|
||
, primary septa threequarters R, secondary septa one-quarter R; radial corallites gradually sized, mainly labellate, some short tubular interspersed with subimmersed corallites, round calices, lower wall thickened, profile length 1.60–1.92–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FF44FC997D55FCE4" box="[164,259,841,862]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, angle 32.79–41.36–48.48°, outer diameter 1.06– 1.13–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FF3FFCB77D17FCC6" box="[223,321,871,892]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, inner diameter 0.62–0.73–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FD90FCB77E87FCC6" box="[624,721,871,893]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="0.77">0.77 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wall thickness 0.20–0.24–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FE70FC567DA4FC21" box="[400,498,902,923]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="0.31">0.31 mm</quantity>
|
||
, not touching, closely arranged, distance between centres 1.85–2.30–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FD42FC747F50FC00" box="[674,774,932,954]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.78" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="2.78">2.78 mm</quantity>
|
||
, primary septa developed three-quarters R, axial margins sinuous, sometimes reaching the centre of the radial corallite, secondary septa up to one-quarter R. Corallite arrangement sequence 1–8–12–[12- up to 14].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FF5CFBEE7D1DFB14" blockId="41.[164,779,320,1199]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FF5CFBEE7D1AFBE9" box="[188,332,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Coenosteum.</emphasis>
|
||
Smooth costate on corallite walls, reticulate with simple spinules between radial corallites; coenosteum amount between adjacent corallites 0.97– 1.16–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FF03FB497D11FB14" box="[227,327,1177,1199]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="1.51">1.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FF44FB077D74FB56" blockId="41.[164,779,1239,1536]" box="[164,290,1239,1260]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FF44FB077D74FB56" box="[164,290,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Occurrence</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FF44FB257D58F9BA" blockId="41.[164,779,1239,1536]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFC6F630FF44FB257D5CF9BA" collectionCode="TF" collectorName="Ma. In" country="Indonesia" location="Cocos-Keeling Islands" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" specimenCode="TF275" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kalimantan Timur">
|
||
Early Miocene to Recent. This record is the earliest occurrence of the species with specimens found in the locality
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFC6F630FF1CFAE27D11FAF2" box="[252,327,1330,1352]" collectionCode="TF" country="Thailand" name="Department of Mineral Resources" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">TF275</specimenCode>
|
||
, Kari Orang,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFC6F630FE01FAE27EF3FAF2" box="[481,677,1330,1352]" country="Indonesia" name="Kalimantan Timur" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">East Kalimantan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, of Early Burdigalian age, 18–20
|
||
<collectorName id="26F7F5AFFFC6F630FE50FA817DADFADC" box="[432,507,1361,1382]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Ma. In</collectorName>
|
||
the Recent,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FD69FA817F5DFADC" authorityName="Latypov" authorityYear="1992" box="[649,779,1361,1382]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FD69FA817F5DFADC" box="[649,779,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">A. papillare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs mainly in intertidal reef flats and it is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from
|
||
<location id="8EDDC6A2FFC6F630FE13FA5E7EBBFA1E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB216FFFC8F630FC72FAAD7834FCFB:8EDDC6A2FFC6F630FE13FA5E7EBBFA1E" box="[499,749,1422,1444]" country="Indonesia" name="Cocos-Keeling Islands" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" stateProvince="Kalimantan Timur">Cocos-Keeling Islands</location>
|
||
to the Great Barrier Reef (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFC6F630FE5AFA7C7EC8FA78" author="Wallace CC & Done BJ & Muir PR" box="[442,670,1452,1474]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" pagination="1 - 255" refId="ref54139" refString="Wallace CC, Done BJ, Muir PR. 2012. Revision and catalogue of worldwide staghorn corals Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Museum of Tropical Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 57: 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Wallace
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FDFCFA7D7E1AFA7B" box="[540,588,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFC6F630FF06FA1B7D0EFA5B" box="[230,344,1483,1505]" name="Indonesia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
include some localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFC6F630FD42FA1B7F5CFA5B" box="[674,778,1483,1505]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C680A5C2FFC6F630FF4BFA397D57F9BA" box="[171,257,1513,1536]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="17.[116,180,384,405]" captionText="Table 4. Present distribution of Acropora and Isopora species in Indonesia and surrounding seas (Malaysia and Philippines) in comparison with the fossil records of this study" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FF44F9F77D28F986" blockId="41.[164,779,1575,1903]" box="[164,382,1575,1596]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FF44F9F77D28F986" box="[164,382,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Palaeoenvironment</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FF44F99578DCFEA3" blockId="41.[164,779,1575,1903]" lastBlockId="41.[826,1441,198,281]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
The sediments exposed at locality TF275 were fine sand.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FF44F9B47D20F9C3" authorityName="Latypov" authorityYear="1992" box="[164,374,1636,1657]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FF44F9B47D20F9C3" box="[164,374,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Acropora papillare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found together with phacelloid colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FEFDF9527DF6F922" box="[285,416,1666,1688]" class="Anthozoa" family="Euphylliidae" genus="Galaxea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FEFDF9527D21F92D" box="[285,375,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Galaxea</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, massive colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FD67F9537C90F90D" class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Dipsastraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FD67F9537F5DF922" box="[647,779,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Dipsastraea</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a few branching
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FE2EF9727E4AF90D" box="[462,540,1698,1719]" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FE2EF9727E4AF90D" box="[462,540,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Porites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. This environment has been interpreted as a subtidal shallowwater environment with calm waters. The thin orange– yellow horizon containing reef corals overlies a bed>
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FD02F92D7F5DF8A8" box="[738,779,1789,1811]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
thick of grey silty clays with mollusc and azooxanthellate corals typical of the upper bathyal zone, ∼
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFC6F630FD99F8EA7EEBF8EA" box="[633,701,1850,1872]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
depth. The erosive base of the reefal horizon on the upper bathyal bed suggests that the former bed containing corals is a turbidite carried down to bathyal depths (J. Todd, pers. comm., 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FCDAFE927FC9FEED" blockId="41.[826,1442,322,834]" box="[826,927,322,343]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FCDAFE927FC9FEED" box="[826,927,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFC6F630FCDAFEB17834FCFB" blockId="41.[826,1442,322,834]" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">
|
||
Specimens recovered from TF275 were collected together forming what could be interpreted as a single sub-arborescent colony with widely separated branches. The skeleton is porous and growth lamination was observed at the base of some branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFC6F630FB12FE0B7903FE4B" box="[1266,1365,475,497]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="40.[144,223,1675,1694]" captionTargetBox="[186,1379,196,1645]" captionTargetId="figure-54@40.[594,973,699,1057]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 19. Acropora papillare. NHMUK PI AZ 6977, TF275, Kari Orang, Bengalon, East Kalimantan, Early Miocene (18–20 Ma). A, aspect of a colony in situ as seen from below, showing corymbose to caepito-corymbose growth form. B, detail of a transverse section of a branch in the field, branch diameter approx. 15 mm. C, AZ 6977a–c, three cylindrical branches showing wide-open branching pattern and incipient branches. D, AZ 6977d, electron micrograph of a branch tip. E, AZ 6977d, top view of axial corallite. F, AZ 6977e, transverse section of branch showing eight radial corallites arranged around the axial. G and H, AZ 6977b: G, electron micrograph of radial corallites near the tip – short tubular and subimmersed radials; H, detail of tubular radial corallite with thickened lower wall. I, AZ 6977d, electron micrograph of reticulate coenosteum formed of a mix of simple and laterally flattened elaborated spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339604/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Morphological features and measurements for characters of branches and corallites resemble the modern specimen MTQ G48563 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFC6F630FBB7FDE7797DFDF7" box="[1111,1323,567,589]" name="Indonesia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Flores (Indonesia)</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However, radial corallites of the fossil specimen are never touching but widely apart. The coenosteal structure composed of simple spinules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFC6F630FBAEFD4378F6FD13" box="[1102,1184,659,681]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="40.[144,223,1675,1694]" captionTargetBox="[186,1379,196,1645]" captionTargetId="figure-54@40.[594,973,699,1057]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figure 19. Acropora papillare. NHMUK PI AZ 6977, TF275, Kari Orang, Bengalon, East Kalimantan, Early Miocene (18–20 Ma). A, aspect of a colony in situ as seen from below, showing corymbose to caepito-corymbose growth form. B, detail of a transverse section of a branch in the field, branch diameter approx. 15 mm. C, AZ 6977a–c, three cylindrical branches showing wide-open branching pattern and incipient branches. D, AZ 6977d, electron micrograph of a branch tip. E, AZ 6977d, top view of axial corallite. F, AZ 6977e, transverse section of branch showing eight radial corallites arranged around the axial. G and H, AZ 6977b: G, electron micrograph of radial corallites near the tip – short tubular and subimmersed radials; H, detail of tubular radial corallite with thickened lower wall. I, AZ 6977d, electron micrograph of reticulate coenosteum formed of a mix of simple and laterally flattened elaborated spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339604/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">Fig. 19I</figureCitation>
|
||
) is typical of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FABAFD4379F7FD12" baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1370,1441,659,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FABAFD4379F7FD12" box="[1370,1441,659,680]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, and is a key character allowing identification of the fossil specimen as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFC6F630FB32FD00790EFD5F" authorityName="Latypov" authorityYear="1992" box="[1234,1368,720,741]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="41" pageNumber="718" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFC6F630FB32FD00790EFD5F" box="[1234,1368,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="718">A. papillare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most radials on branches have degraded walls giving the appearance of subimmersed corallites, yet original aragonite may be still present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |