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<mods:title id="238CC88F148BAD279415F70391E398DC">Small diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in cultures from the Styx River, New Zealand, including descriptions of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17C1F8E2CC13CE6A62B834CFFBCFCA12">Novis, Phil M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="72F441562E843D14855F84BE630DC2B7">Kilroy, Cathy</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFB92F08FF015044FAF0FA98" blockId="17.[151,1284,1307,1336]" box="[151,1284,1307,1336]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="D0C78194FFB92F08FF015044FAF0FA98" bold="true" box="[151,1284,1307,1336]" fontSize="12" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFB92F08FF015044FAF0FA98" bold="true" box="[151,1284,1307,1336]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFB92F08FF015044FBE2FA98" authority="(Lange-Bert. &amp; Bonik) Lange-Bertalot 1997" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bert. &amp; Bonik" box="[151,1046,1307,1336]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="17" pageNumber="28" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="saprophila">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFB92F08FF015044FE4CFA97" bold="true" box="[151,440,1307,1335]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">Fistulifera saprophila</emphasis>
(Lange-Bert. &amp; Bonik) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B09FFB92F08FD685044FBE2FA98" author="Lange-Bertalot, H." box="[766,1046,1307,1336]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28" pagination="65 - 76" refId="ref18956" refString="Lange-Bertalot, H. (1997) Frankophila, Mayamaea, and Fistulifera: drei neue Gattungen der Klasse Bacillariophyceae. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 148: 65 - 76." type="journal article" year="1997">Lange-Bertalot 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130B2A7DFFB92F08FBB05044FB4FFA98" box="[1062,1211,1307,1336]" captionStart="FIGURE 76–86" captionStartId="18.[151,245,1015,1036]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,178,995]" captionTargetId="figure-433@18.[151,1436,178,995]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 76–86. Fistulifera saprophila, strain LCR-S:20:3, CHR618414. Scales: Fig. 76, 5 µm (use for Figs 76–82); Fig. 84, 1 µm (use for Figs 83–86). Figs 76, 77. Live cells viewed by LM, showing lobed paretial plastid. Figs 78–82. Cleaned frustules viewed by LM, showing valve margin and thickened raphe/sternum. Figs 83–86. SEM of cleaned and partially cleaned valves (numerous thin copulae visible in Fig. 83)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5062022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">Figs 76–86</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130B2A7DFFB92F08FB5F5044FB0FFA98" box="[1225,1275,1307,1336]" captionStart="FIGURE 164" captionStartId="29.[151,245,1925,1946]" captionTargetBox="[155,1366,1014,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-122@29.[151,1436,1002,1904]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 164. Bayesian phylogenies of Craticula and Fistulifera strains from the Styx River, for 18S rDNA (left) and rbcL (right). Support numbers above branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities / Maximum Parsimony bootstrap values. Scale bar = 0.1 subsitutions/site. See text for substitution models and description of data sets." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5062044/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">164</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFB92F08FF015037FC0DF9DF" blockId="17.[151,1437,1384,1663]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">
Frustules elliptical with rounded ends in valve view, 
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long, 
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wide, weakly silicified, biraphid. Living cells produce copious mucilage and contain 1–2 discoid parietal chloroplasts (
<figureCitation id="130B2A7DFFB92F08FBEC50D7FB3AFA3F" box="[1146,1230,1416,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 76–86" captionStartId="18.[151,245,1015,1036]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,178,995]" captionTargetId="figure-433@18.[151,1436,178,995]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 76–86. Fistulifera saprophila, strain LCR-S:20:3, CHR618414. Scales: Fig. 76, 5 µm (use for Figs 76–82); Fig. 84, 1 µm (use for Figs 83–86). Figs 76, 77. Live cells viewed by LM, showing lobed paretial plastid. Figs 78–82. Cleaned frustules viewed by LM, showing valve margin and thickened raphe/sternum. Figs 83–86. SEM of cleaned and partially cleaned valves (numerous thin copulae visible in Fig. 83)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5062022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
). Central sternum pronounced and more strongly silicified (clearly visible in LM of cleaned specimens), containing a single elongate stigma, laterally located towards the primary valve side, and longitudinally located between the central raphe termini. Raphe weakly undulate with slightly widened central termini and apical termini hooked towards the secondary valve side. Striae weakly radiate, (64–)68–72(–76) in 
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, with 1–4 shorter striae (that may alternate with longer striae) around the central area. Areolae very fine, round, located between sternum edge and approximately halfway to the valve margin, where they are replaced by transverse slits extending to the margin (
<figureCitation id="130B2A7DFFB92F08FAFB5317FEF9F9DF" captionStart="FIGURE 76–86" captionStartId="18.[151,245,1015,1036]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,178,995]" captionTargetId="figure-433@18.[151,1436,178,995]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 76–86. Fistulifera saprophila, strain LCR-S:20:3, CHR618414. Scales: Fig. 76, 5 µm (use for Figs 76–82); Fig. 84, 1 µm (use for Figs 83–86). Figs 76, 77. Live cells viewed by LM, showing lobed paretial plastid. Figs 78–82. Cleaned frustules viewed by LM, showing valve margin and thickened raphe/sternum. Figs 83–86. SEM of cleaned and partially cleaned valves (numerous thin copulae visible in Fig. 83)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5062022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">Figs 83–86</figureCitation>
). Striae not visible in LM. Girdle bands numerous and thin (
<figureCitation id="130B2A7DFFB92F08FC0B5337FC19F9DF" box="[925,1005,1640,1663]" captionStart="FIGURE 76–86" captionStartId="18.[151,245,1015,1036]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,178,995]" captionTargetId="figure-433@18.[151,1436,178,995]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 76–86. Fistulifera saprophila, strain LCR-S:20:3, CHR618414. Scales: Fig. 76, 5 µm (use for Figs 76–82); Fig. 84, 1 µm (use for Figs 83–86). Figs 76, 77. Live cells viewed by LM, showing lobed paretial plastid. Figs 78–82. Cleaned frustules viewed by LM, showing valve margin and thickened raphe/sternum. Figs 83–86. SEM of cleaned and partially cleaned valves (numerous thin copulae visible in Fig. 83)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5062022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">Fig. 83</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFB92F08FF0153F1FEB3F94F" blockId="17.[151,1436,1710,1814]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFB92F08FF0153F1FEE9F968" bold="true" box="[151,285,1710,1736]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">Reference:</emphasis>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B09FFB92F08FEAD53F1FD2DF968" author="Krammer, K. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H." box="[315,729,1710,1736]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28" refId="ref18620" refString="Krammer, K. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. (1986) Bacillariophyceae 1 Teil: Naviculaceae. In: Ettl, H., Gerloff, J., Heynig, H. &amp; Mollenhauer, D. (Ed. s), Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, vol. 2 / 1. G. Fischer, Stuttgart &amp; New York, 876 pp." type="book" year="1986">Krammer &amp; Lange-Bertalot (1986)</bibRefCitation>
p. 207, fig 74: 35, 36, fig. 75: 38; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B09FFB92F08FBE053F1FA89F968" author="Lange-Bertalot, H." box="[1142,1405,1710,1736]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28" pagination="65 - 76" refId="ref18956" refString="Lange-Bertalot, H. (1997) Frankophila, Mayamaea, and Fistulifera: drei neue Gattungen der Klasse Bacillariophyceae. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 148: 65 - 76." type="journal article" year="1997">Lange-Bertalot (1997)</bibRefCitation>
p. 73, figs 28–32.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFB92F08FF5053A4FB02F8B6" blockId="17.[151,1436,1710,1814]" box="[198,1270,1787,1814]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFB92F08FF5053A4FE27F8B5" bold="true" box="[198,467,1787,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="28">Specimens examined:</emphasis>
—CHR618414! (cleaned frustules from cultured strain LCR-S:20:3)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFBA2F0BFF0156A8FE95FB8A" blockId="18.[151,1436,1015,1154]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFF0156A8FEC9FBAC" bold="true" box="[151,317,1015,1036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 76–86.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFED256A7FDEDFBAD" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bert. &amp; Bonik" box="[324,537,1016,1037]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="saprophila">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFED256A7FDEDFBAD" box="[324,537,1016,1037]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fistulifera saprophila</emphasis>
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, strain LCR-S:20:3, CHR618414. Scales: Fig. 76, 5 µm (use for Figs 76–82); Fig. 84, 1 µm (use for Figs 83–86).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFBA2F0BFF01516DFCC0FBE7" blockId="18.[151,1436,1015,1154]" box="[151,820,1074,1095]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFF01516DFEFDFBE7" bold="true" box="[151,265,1074,1095]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Figs 76, 77.</emphasis>
Live cells viewed by LM, showing lobed paretial plastid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFBA2F0BFF015110FBB8FBC5" blockId="18.[151,1436,1015,1154]" box="[151,1100,1103,1125]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFF015110FEFDFBC4" bold="true" box="[151,265,1103,1124]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Figs 78–82.</emphasis>
Cleaned frustules viewed by LM, showing valve margin and thickened raphe/sternum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFBA2F0BFF015132FBAEFB22" blockId="18.[151,1436,1015,1154]" box="[151,1114,1133,1154]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFF015132FEFDFB22" bold="true" box="[151,265,1133,1154]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Figs 83–86.</emphasis>
SEM of cleaned and partially cleaned valves (numerous thin copulae visible in Fig. 83).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32A6573FFBA2F0AFF5051F7FD9EFE3A" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFBA2F0BFF5051F7FD2EFB49" blockId="18.[151,1436,1192,2030]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFF5051F7FE9DFB62" bold="true" box="[198,361,1192,1218]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Distribution:</emphasis>
—regarded as cosmopolitan, but not previously known from 
<collectingCountry id="F3277668FFBA2F0BFBD651F7FB16FB62" box="[1088,1250,1192,1218]" name="New Zealand" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. It appeared in cultures from sites 4 and 
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the Styx catchment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFBA2F0BFF5051AAFBF6F9BE" blockId="18.[151,1436,1192,2030]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFF5051AAFE7BFAAF" bold="true" box="[198,399,1269,1295]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Molecular data:</emphasis>
—The closest matches to the 
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFD7C51AAFCE5FAAE" box="[746,785,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">rbc</emphasis>
L sequence of the Styx strain were 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFB3B51AAFAA5FAAF" box="[1197,1361,1269,1295]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFB3B51AAFADDFAAE" box="[1197,1321,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fistulifera</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
JPCC DA0580, described as a marine diatom isolated from the junction of the Sumiyo and Yakugachi Rivers, 
<collectingRegion id="49F4F81AFFBA2F0BFF01501DFED7FAFC" box="[151,291,1346,1372]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Kagoshima</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3277668FFBA2F0BFEA6501DFE80FAFC" box="[304,372,1346,1372]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B09FFBA2F0BFE13501DFD69FAFC" author="Matsumoto, M. &amp; Sugiyama, H. &amp; Maeda, Y. &amp; Sato, R. &amp; Tanaka, T. &amp; Matsunaga, T." box="[389,669,1346,1372]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" pagination="483 - 490" refId="ref19280" refString="Matsumoto, M., Sugiyama, H., Maeda, Y., Sato, R., Tanaka, T. &amp; Matsunaga, T. (2010) Marine diatom, Navicula sp. strain JPCC DA 0580 and marine green alga, Chlorella sp. strain NKG 400014 as potential sources for biodiesel production. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 161: 483 - 490." type="journal article" year="2010">
Matsumoto 
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFD8E501CFDA1FAFC" box="[536,597,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2010
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; p-distance = 0.010) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFC45501CFACAFAFC" authority="(Breb.)" baseAuthorityName="Breb." box="[979,1342,1346,1372]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="pelliculosa">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFC45501CFB2BFAFC" box="[979,1247,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fistulifera pelliculosa</emphasis>
(Bréb.)
</taxonomicName>
Lange- Bertalot 1997 CCMP 543, isolated from an oyster pond, Massachussetts, 
<collectingCountry id="F3277668FFBA2F0BFB915036FBB6FA23" box="[1031,1090,1385,1411]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">USA</collectingCountry>
(p-distance = 0.012). These two strains formed a robust clade with the Styx strain in both Bayesian and MPB analyses, but relationships between the 3 taxa were unresolved (
<figureCitation id="130B2A7DFFBA2F0BFDDD50E8FD46FA71" box="[587,690,1463,1489]" captionStart="FIGURE 164" captionStartId="29.[151,245,1925,1946]" captionTargetBox="[155,1366,1014,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-122@29.[151,1436,1002,1904]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 164. Bayesian phylogenies of Craticula and Fistulifera strains from the Styx River, for 18S rDNA (left) and rbcL (right). Support numbers above branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities / Maximum Parsimony bootstrap values. Scale bar = 0.1 subsitutions/site. See text for substitution models and description of data sets." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5062044/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fig. 164</figureCitation>
). The length of the Styx fragment was 497 bp in a total dataset 1470 bp long, with 288 variable sites (170 parsimony informative, 57 occurring within the Styx fragment). The model chosen and implemented in the Bayesian analysis was GTR+G.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFBA2F0BFF505375FC7AF8DA" blockId="18.[151,1436,1192,2030]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">
The closest matches to the 18S sequence of the Styx strain were 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFC745374FB12F9E4" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bert. &amp; Bonik" box="[994,1254,1579,1604]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="saprophila">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFC745374FB12F9E4" box="[994,1254,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fistulifera saprophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clone NSAP2, isolated from the Benzelterbaach River, 
<collectingCountry id="F3277668FFBA2F0BFDE3530EFCE4F9CB" box="[629,784,1617,1643]" name="Luxembourg" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Luxembourg</collectingCountry>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFCD9530EFC2EF9CB" box="[847,986,1617,1643]" class="Naviculales" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="class">Naviculales</taxonomicName>
sp. GSL083, isolated from Great Salt Lake, 
<collectingRegion id="49F4F81AFFBA2F0BFF755327FED4F932" box="[227,288,1656,1682]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Utah</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3277668FFBA2F0BFEB85327FE9DF932" box="[302,361,1656,1682]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">USA</collectingCountry>
(both identical). The 18S sequence for 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFCC35327FB95F931" box="[853,1121,1656,1681]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="pelliculosa">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFCC35327FB95F931" box="[853,1121,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fistulifera pelliculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strain HYNP021 differed substantially from these taxa (p-distance = 0.046), and examination of the alignment showed that it was distinctly different not only from the other strains of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFC82539AFB67F97F" authority="Lange-Bertalot 1997" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" box="[788,1171,1733,1759]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFC82539AFC66F97E" box="[788,914,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fistulifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B09FFBA2F0BFC0D539AFB67F97F" author="Lange-Bertalot, H." box="[923,1171,1733,1759]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" pagination="65 - 76" refId="ref18956" refString="Lange-Bertalot, H. (1997) Frankophila, Mayamaea, and Fistulifera: drei neue Gattungen der Klasse Bacillariophyceae. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 148: 65 - 76." type="journal article" year="1997">Lange-Bertalot 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
but from all the other diatoms in this group. The Styx strain formed a robust clade with NSAP2 and GSL083 in both Bayesian and MPB analyses (
<figureCitation id="130B2A7DFFBA2F0BFEC4524DFE4EF88C" box="[338,442,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIGURE 164" captionStartId="29.[151,245,1925,1946]" captionTargetBox="[155,1366,1014,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-122@29.[151,1436,1002,1904]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 164. Bayesian phylogenies of Craticula and Fistulifera strains from the Styx River, for 18S rDNA (left) and rbcL (right). Support numbers above branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities / Maximum Parsimony bootstrap values. Scale bar = 0.1 subsitutions/site. See text for substitution models and description of data sets." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5062044/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fig. 164</figureCitation>
). The fragment from the Styx strain was 787 bp long, in an overall dataset of 1735 bp, with 171 variable sites (73 parsimony informative, 22 occurring within the Styx fragment). The model chosen and implemented in the Bayesian analysis was T92+G+I.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36F8FFBA2F0AFF5052D9FD9EFE3A" blockId="18.[151,1436,1192,2030]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,152,410]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFF5052D9FE82F800" bold="true" box="[198,374,1926,1952]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Observations:</emphasis>
—The two described species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFC9F52D8FC71F800" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" box="[777,901,1927,1952]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFC9F52D8FC71F800" box="[777,901,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">Fistulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFC0F52D8FBCDF800" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bert. &amp; Bonik" box="[921,1081,1927,1952]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="saprophila">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFC0F52D8FBCDF800" box="[921,1081,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">F. saprophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFBEA52D8FAEAF800" box="[1148,1310,1927,1952]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="pelliculosa">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFBEA52D8FAEAF800" box="[1148,1310,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">F. pelliculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are most easily distinguished by size. The Styx strain agrees well with published measurements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFB6F52F2FA6FF866" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bert. &amp; Bonik" box="[1273,1435,1965,1990]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="saprophila">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFB6F52F2FA6FF866" box="[1273,1435,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">F. saprophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CC89B1DFFBA2F0BFF09528BFEDEF84E" box="[159,298,2004,2030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="6.05" valueMax="7.6" valueMin="4.5">4.5–7.6 µm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="4CC89B1DFFBA2F0BFE37528BFE01F84E" box="[417,501,2004,2030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4µm</quantity>
wide, vs 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBA2F0BFDFC528BFCFDF84D" box="[618,777,2004,2029]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="pelliculosa">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFDFC528BFCFDF84D" box="[618,777,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">F. pelliculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="4CC89B1DFFBA2F0BFC8F528BFC6FF84E" box="[793,923,2004,2030]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="10.75" valueMax="12.5" valueMin="9.0">9–12.5 µm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="4CC89B1DFFBA2F0BFB84528BFB71F84E" box="[1042,1157,2004,2030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="5.1" valueMax="6.2" valueMin="4.0">4–6.2 µm</quantity>
wide, 
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBA2F0BFB41528BFAF7F84D" box="[1239,1283,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="29">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B09FFBA2F0AFA9A528BFE6CFF12" author="Krammer, K. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H." lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" refId="ref18620" refString="Krammer, K. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. (1986) Bacillariophyceae 1 Teil: Naviculaceae. In: Ettl, H., Gerloff, J., Heynig, H. &amp; Mollenhauer, D. (Ed. s), Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, vol. 2 / 1. G. Fischer, Stuttgart &amp; New York, 876 pp." type="book" year="1986">Krammer &amp; Lange-Bertalot 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The species are very small and would be easily overlooked in LM, although once recognised it is unlikely to be confused with any other genus, due to its prominent sternum but otherwise light silicification, and very fine striae. Species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBB2F0AFD2B55BAFCCEFF5E" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" box="[701,826,229,254]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="19" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBB2F0AFD2B55BAFCCEFF5E" box="[701,826,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="30">Fistulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are evidently tolerant of a wide range of salinities, being found in fresh and brackish waters and in marine habitats elsewhere. Oceans are consequently unlikely to present a dispersal barrier; certainly there is little presently to distinguish the Styx strain from those isolated from other parts of the world. We note that one strain of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D7BFFBB2F0AFC135406FBF9FED2" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot" authorityYear="1997" box="[901,1037,345,370]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Fistulifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="19" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBB2F0AFC135406FBF9FED2" box="[901,1037,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="30">Fistulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is thought to have potential in biotechnology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B09FFBB2F0AFED854DFFDAAFE3A" author="Matsumoto, M. &amp; Sugiyama, H. &amp; Maeda, Y. &amp; Sato, R. &amp; Tanaka, T. &amp; Matsunaga, T." box="[334,606,384,410]" pageId="19" pageNumber="30" pagination="483 - 490" refId="ref19280" refString="Matsumoto, M., Sugiyama, H., Maeda, Y., Sato, R., Tanaka, T. &amp; Matsunaga, T. (2010) Marine diatom, Navicula sp. strain JPCC DA 0580 and marine green alga, Chlorella sp. strain NKG 400014 as potential sources for biodiesel production. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 161: 483 - 490." type="journal article" year="2010">
Matsumoto 
<emphasis id="B944EAEAFFBB2F0AFE4A54DFFDE3FE39" box="[476,535,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>