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<document id="C608193C0A07BAD8CD0464C72AB03358" ID-CLB-Dataset="5275" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a8353504-9387-42cf-8d81-8ecacbe9bd90" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5101757" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1626265680997" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre &amp; Dumitrica, Paulian" docDate="2021" docId="038DDA73FFE8FE4905EBFA46FA5749DC" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.43.15.405-573.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 43 (15)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Sphaerozoidea Muller 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="527" masterDocId="FFB4A20BFF94FE350535FFD1FFF94F6C" masterDocTitle="A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts" masterLastPageNumber="573" masterPageNumber="405" pageNumber="527" updateTime="1699036812067" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="B20C3955D0C4DEB4D9C0AEBA7FDE8FED">A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="50BC777A6B6E3C5425E4E3768CD21B2C">Suzuki, Noritoshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="17527A6591637CD36F4F7B26ECBB5364">Caulet, Jean-Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="43E6099E95A1647D311F3534436E9E49">Dumitrica, Paulian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4FFB0D4AEC5AAE75373B04FFA8E3CEE8">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6AFF9443DBE19DD1693B0F2B5B41CBE0">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038DDA73FFE8FE4905EBFA46FA5749DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5109847" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183733788" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5109847" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038DDA73FFE8FE4905EBFA46FA5749DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DDA73FFE8FE4905EBFA46FA5749DC" lastPageNumber="527" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFE8FE4905EBFA46FD544ADD" box="[222,685,1430,1457]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905EBFA46FD544ADD" blockId="124.[222,685,1430,1457]" box="[222,685,1430,1457]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
<heading id="D0D3DC09FFE8FE4905EBFA46FD544ADD" box="[222,685,1430,1457]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" reason="7">
Superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE490452FA46FD544ADD" authority="Muller, 1859" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[359,685,1430,1457]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaerozoidea">SPHAEROZOIDEA Müller, 1859</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFE8FE4905B1FA01FDE44800" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1FA01FDC24A84" blockId="124.[132,571,1488,1512]" box="[132,571,1488,1512]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
Sphaerozoen
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE490433FA01FE4F4A84" author="MULLER J." box="[262,438,1488,1512]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref187669" refString="MULLER J. 1859 a. - Uber die Thalassicollen, Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1858): 1 - 62. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29502127" type="journal article" year="1859">Müller, 1859a: 17</bibRefCitation>
[as a family].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1F9D1FF19495E" blockId="124.[132,774,1536,1586]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
Sphaerozoeen –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE490415F9D1FE254974" author="HERTWIG R." box="[288,476,1536,1560]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" refId="ref179929" refString="HERTWIG R. 1879. - Der Organismus der Radiolarien. G. Fischer, Jena, Germany, iv + 149 p. https: // archive. org / details / denkschriftender 02 medi / page / 126 / mode / 2 up" type="book" year="1879">Hertwig 1879: 261</bibRefCitation>
[as an order]. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE4907B1F9D1FF22495E" author="BRANDT K." pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="1 - 276" refId="ref169741" refString="BRANDT K. 1885. - Die koloniebildenden Radiolarien (Spherozoeen) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Monographie Fauna Flora Golfes Neapel 13: 1 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37846" type="journal article" year="1885">Brandt 1885: 210-212</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1F99BFD75490E" blockId="124.[132,652,1610,1634]" box="[132,652,1610,1634]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
Sphaerozoa –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE490439F99BFDFD490E" author="LANKESTER E. R. &amp; HICKSON S. J. &amp; LISTER J. J. &amp; GAMBLE F. W. &amp; WILLEY A. &amp; WOODCOCK H. M. &amp; WELDON W. F. R." box="[268,516,1610,1634]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" refId="ref184282" refString="LANKESTER E. R., HICKSON S. J., LISTER J. J., GAMBLE F. W., WILLEY A., WOODCOCK H. M. &amp; WELDON W. F. R. 1909. - A Treatise on Zoology. Part I. Introduction and Protozoa. First Fascicle. Adam &amp; Charles Black, London, 296 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 21118768" type="book" year="1909">
Lankester
<emphasis id="B950B777FFE8FE490444F99AFE59490E" box="[369,416,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">et al.</emphasis>
1909:145
</bibRefCitation>
[as an order].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1F9ABFDC249FE" blockId="124.[132,571,1658,1682]" box="[132,571,1658,1682]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
Spheroidea –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE49043FF9ABFE4A49FE" author="CALKINS G. N." box="[266,435,1658,1682]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" refId="ref170735" refString="CALKINS G. N. 1909. - Protozoology. Lea &amp; Febiger, New York, 349 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62800" type="book" year="1909">Calkins 1909: 40</bibRefCitation>
[as an order].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1F97BFDC449AE" blockId="124.[132,573,1706,1730]" box="[132,573,1706,1730]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
Spherozoea –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE490439F97BFE4C49AE" author="CALKINS G. N." box="[268,437,1706,1730]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" refId="ref170735" refString="CALKINS G. N. 1909. - Protozoology. Lea &amp; Febiger, New York, 349 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62800" type="book" year="1909">Calkins 1909: 40</bibRefCitation>
[as an order].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1F908FE214860" blockId="124.[132,775,1753,1804]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
Collosphaerinea –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE490409F908FE1B499E" author="POCHE F." box="[316,482,1753,1778]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="125 - 321" refId="ref192457" refString="POCHE F. 1913. - Das System der Protozoa. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 30: 125 - 321." type="journal article" year="1913">Poche 1913: 210</bibRefCitation>
[as a suborder] (synonymized with Collosphaerida, Polycyttaria).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1F8F5FD4D4850" blockId="124.[132,692,1828,1852]" box="[132,692,1828,1852]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB344C4BFFE8FE4905B1F8F5FD4D4850" box="[132,692,1828,1852]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE4905B1F8F5FEE94850" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[132,272,1828,1852]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="571" phylum="Retaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaerozoidea">Sphaerozoidea</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0A854D74FFE8FE49041FF8F5FDCA4850" author="BERTOLINI F." box="[298,563,1828,1852]" page="1267" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE49041FF8F5FDCA4850" author="BERTOLINI F." box="[298,563,1828,1852]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="1265 - 1275" refId="ref168270" refString="BERTOLINI F. 1937. - Sulla classificazione dei Radiolari, Twelfth International Zoological Congress, 1935. Lisbon, Portugal: 1265 - 1275." type="book chapter" year="1937">Bertolini 1937: 1267-1268</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
[as a group].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1F885FDE44800" blockId="124.[132,541,1876,1900]" box="[132,541,1876,1900]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
Collosphaeroidea –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE490472F885FDE04800" author="BERTOLINI F." box="[327,537,1876,1900]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="1265 - 1275" refId="ref168270" refString="BERTOLINI F. 1937. - Sulla classificazione dei Radiolari, Twelfth International Zoological Congress, 1935. Lisbon, Portugal: 1265 - 1275." type="book chapter" year="1937">Bertolini 1937: 1268</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFE8FE4905B1F855FC6E4DDD" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE4905B1F855FC6E4DDD" blockId="124.[131,777,1923,2027]" lastBlockId="124.[811,1457,215,689]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
DIAGNOSIS. —For Colonial
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE4904A7F852FE0348F7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[402,506,1923,1947]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="order">Collodaria</taxonomicName>
, the colony consists of many collodarian cells which are embedded in a gelatinous support. A reticulated system of pseudopodia interconnects the collodarian cells inside the gelatinous substance. The cell is constituted of three zonal structure: the adipose droplet (oil droplet) in the center, the intracapsular zone with an endoplasm, and the extracapsular zone with ectoplasm. The intracapsular zone includes many small nuclei, pigmented spherules observed in light microscopy, and several small orthorhombic shaped crystals. The intracapsular zone is bounded from the extracapsular zone by the capsular wall. The extracapsular zone resembles a transparent clear thin zone and consists of the ectoplasm and pseudopodia. Anatomically, the pseudopodia are part of the endoplasm. The endoplasm extrudes from the intracapsular zone through the fusules, that is a special tunnel organelle on the central capsule. The extracapsular zone is bounded by the plasmalemma of the gelatinous material. The pseudopodia buried in gelatinous material radiate and appear as fibers of gelatinous matter. The algal symbionts are located in the ectoplasm or in the gelatinous matter. The boundary of the gelatinous matter is unknown. If present, the siliceous skeletons are wrapped with silicalemma. It is unknown whether the silicalemma is a part of the endoplasm and/or of the ectoplasm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFE8FE490618FD09FA5749DC" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE490618FD09FC684D9C" blockId="124.[811,1457,728,1712]" box="[813,913,728,754]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFE8FE490618FD28FA5749DC" blockId="124.[811,1457,728,1712]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE49066FFD28FC324C7F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[858,971,761,787]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="order">Collodaria</taxonomicName>
are conventionally divided into “colonial
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE49004AFD28FC8E4C5F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="order">Collodaria</taxonomicName>
” and “solitary
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE49012FFCC8FB764C5F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[1050,1167,793,819]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="order">Collodaria</taxonomicName>
”; the former is commonly known as
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE490695FCE8FBB94C3F" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[928,1088,825,851]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="571" phylum="Retaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaerozoidea">Sphaerozoidea</taxonomicName>
. One of the most comprehensive studies of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE4906FFFC88FB9C4C1F" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[970,1125,857,883]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="571" phylum="Retaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaerozoidea">Sphaerozoidea</taxonomicName>
was performed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE49000FFC88FC014CFF" author="STRELKOV A. A. &amp; RESHETNYAK V. V." pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="295 - 418" refId="ref196870" refString="STRELKOV A. A. &amp; RESHETNYAK V. V. 1971. - Colonial Spumellarian radiolarians of the world ocean. Akademiya nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut, Issledovaniya Fauny Morei 9 (17): 295 - 418. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Strelkov &amp; Reshetnyak (1971)</bibRefCitation>
. The morphological terminology adopted in fig. 6 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE4906AAFC49FB1C4CDF" author="STRELKOV A. A. &amp; RESHETNYAK V. V." box="[927,1253,920,947]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="295 - 418" refId="ref196870" refString="STRELKOV A. A. &amp; RESHETNYAK V. V. 1971. - Colonial Spumellarian radiolarians of the world ocean. Akademiya nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut, Issledovaniya Fauny Morei 9 (17): 295 - 418. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Strelkov &amp; Reshetnyak (1971)</bibRefCitation>
is a basis in understanding the
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE490686FC69FBB64CBE" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[947,1103,952,978]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="571" phylum="Retaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaerozoidea">Sphaerozoidea</taxonomicName>
. The metabarcoding survey found that the coastal area populations are dominated by the
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE490064FC09FC8D4B7E" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" class="Polycystinea" family="Sphaerozoidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Sphaerozoidae</taxonomicName>
, while open ocean populations are dominated by the
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE490618FBC9FB514B5F" authority="(Biard et al. 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Biard" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[813,1192,1048,1075]" class="Polycystinea" family="Collosphaeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">
Collosphaeridae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE4906DFFBC9FB644B5E" author="BIARD T. &amp; BIGEARD E. &amp; AUDIC S. &amp; POULAIN J. &amp; DRIGUEZ A. &amp; PESANT S. &amp; STEMMANN L. &amp; NOT F." box="[1002,1181,1048,1074]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="1331 - 1344" refId="ref168437" refString="BIARD T., BIGEARD E., AUDIC S., POULAIN J., GUTIERREZ- RO- DRIGUEZ A., PESANT S., STEMMANN L. &amp; NOT F. 2017. - Biogeography and diversity of Collodaria (Radiolaria) in the global ocean. The ISME Journal 11 (6): 1331 - 1344. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / ismej. 2017.12" type="journal article" year="2017">
Biard
<emphasis id="B950B777FFE8FE49011EFBC8FBA74B5E" box="[1067,1118,1048,1074]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Although the exact taxonomy of the host is unknown, amphipod species such as
<emphasis id="B950B777FFE8FE49061BFB89FC114B1E" box="[814,1000,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">Oxycephalusclausi</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B950B777FFE8FE4906CDFB89FB654B1E" box="[1016,1180,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">Streetsiaporcella</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE4901EDFB88FABC4B1E" authorityName="Bowman" authorityYear="1973" box="[1240,1349,1113,1138]" class="Malacostraca" family="Lestrigonidae" genus="Hyperietta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FFE8FE4901EDFB88FABC4B1E" box="[1240,1349,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">Hyperietta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stebbingi were found among
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE490139FBA9FB554BFE" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[1036,1196,1144,1170]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="571" phylum="Retaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaerozoidea">Sphaerozoidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE490188FBA9FA5E4BFE" author="HARBISON G. R. &amp; BIGGS D. C. &amp; MADIN L. P." box="[1213,1447,1144,1170]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="465 - 488" refId="ref179520" refString="HARBISON G. R., BIGGS D. C. &amp; MADIN L. P. 1977. - The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton - II; Associations with Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Radiolaria. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 24 (5): 465 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0146 - 6291 (77) 90484 - 2" type="journal article" year="1977">
Harbison
<emphasis id="B950B777FFE8FE49001BFBA9FA9F4BFE" box="[1326,1382,1144,1170]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">et al.</emphasis>
1977
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFE8FE490618FB46FC404BDD" author="ZEIDLER W." box="[813,953,1175,1201]" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" pagination="1 - 136" refId="ref202442" refString="ZEIDLER W. 2016. - A review of the families and genera of the superfamily Platysceloidea Bowman &amp; Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), together with keys to the families, genera and species. Zootaxa 4192 (1): 1 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4192.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Zeidler 2016</bibRefCitation>
). The
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE4906CAFB46FB634BDD" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[1023,1178,1175,1201]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="571" phylum="Retaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaerozoidea">Sphaerozoidea</taxonomicName>
consists of the Collophiidae,
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE490654FB66FBF64BBD" box="[865,1039,1207,1233]" class="Polycystinea" family="Collosphaeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Collosphaeridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE49017DFB66FB1E4BBD" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[1096,1255,1207,1233]" class="Polycystinea" family="Sphaerozoidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Sphaerozoidae</taxonomicName>
. The formation of superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE49068EFB09FBFB4B9E" box="[955,1026,1240,1266]" family="Names" pageId="124" pageNumber="410" rank="family">names</taxonomicName>
for this group needs some additional explanations. The Latin stem of
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE4901BDFB26FAEB4A7D" authorityName="Meyen" authorityYear="1834" box="[1160,1298,1271,1297]" class="Polycystina" family="Collozoidae" genus="Sphaerozoum" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FFE8FE4901BDFB26FAEB4A7D" box="[1160,1298,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="527">Sphaerozoum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is Sphaerozo-, thus Sphaerozo-oidea is grammatically correct. However, in this case, there is an old pronunciation problem. When one pronounces a double “oo”, the result is not very nice for Latin, Italian, French and Spanish ears. In English the pronunciation can result as “ouuu” sound. There is just a big exception which is the Greek name “zoon” = zoo (identical in all European languages, even in Russian). The prevalent use in occidental languages is to remove the additional “o”, so as not to pronounce this not phonetically nice “oo”.
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFE8FE490026F9C7FA57495C" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1859" box="[1299,1454,1558,1584]" class="Polycystinea" family="Sphaerozoidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Collodaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="527" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Sphaerozoidae</taxonomicName>
sounds better than Sphaerozooidae.Very often, many radiolarists have been using translations of such word in their native languages: Sphaerozoidés in French, Sphaerozoids in English and Sphaerozoiden in German (always without a double “o”).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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