574 lines
72 KiB
XML
574 lines
72 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A740F788AD818C5020BA37DDABD5DEAC">A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B8D163B312EDF1B0F16D886751CDB8AA">Suzuki, Noritoshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6C86EDFE150D23BF7600E284FE1A0BBD">Caulet, Jean-Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B7BC6609DCC65043ACB788E727324FF">Dumitrica, Paulian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="39794BBD2393F2E1DDD583AD2DE7AEB3">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038DDA73FF84FE2406A9F987FB4149FD" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183733845" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038DDA73FF84FE2406A9F987FB4149FD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DDA73FF84FE2406A9F987FB4149FD" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="420" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">
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<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF84FE2506A9F987FAB9491C" box="[924,1344,1622,1648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF84FE2506A9F987FAB9491C" blockId="16.[924,1344,1622,1648]" box="[924,1344,1622,1648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">
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<heading id="D0D3DC09FF84FE2506A9F987FAB9491C" box="[924,1344,1622,1648]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" reason="3">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF84FE2506D9F987FAB9491C" authority="Haeckel, 1882" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[1004,1344,1622,1648]" family="Astracturidae" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" rank="family">
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ASTRACTURIDAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE250197F987FAB9491C" author="HAECKEL E." box="[1186,1344,1622,1648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" pagination="418 - 472" refId="ref179241" refString="HAECKEL E. 1882. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418 - 472. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8700599" type="journal article" year="1882">Haeckel, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF84FE250618F945FB014820" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF84FE250618F945FC5749AB" blockId="16.[813,1455,1684,1735]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">
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Astracturida
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE250699F945FB8849C0" author="HAECKEL E." box="[940,1137,1684,1709]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" pagination="418 - 472" refId="ref179241" refString="HAECKEL E. 1882. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418 - 472. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8700599" type="journal article" year="1882">Haeckel, 1882: 458</bibRefCitation>
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[as a tribe]; 1887: 458, 469 [as a subfamily].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF84FE250618F935FA76487B" blockId="16.[813,1455,1764,1815]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">
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Astracturinae –
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE2506FCF935FB9B4990" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[969,1122,1764,1788]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
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: D82. —
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE2501FEF935FA754990" author="CHEDIYA D. M." box="[1227,1420,1764,1788]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" refId="ref172052" refString="CHEDIYA D. M. 1959. - Obzor Sistematiki Radiolyarii, Tadzhikskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, Stalingrad, 330 and corrigenda p. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1959">Chediya 1959: 130</bibRefCitation>
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. — Petrushevskaya 1979: 113 (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF84FE25010CF92EFB45487B" authority="emend." box="[1081,1212,1791,1815]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Calocyclas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="411" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="sensu">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FF84FE25010CF92EFB91487A" box="[1081,1128,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">sensu</emphasis>
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emend.
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</taxonomicName>
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). —
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE2501DEF92EFA73487B" author="AMON E. O." box="[1259,1418,1791,1815]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" refId="ref165927" refString="AMON E. O. 2000. - Upper Cretaceous radiolarians of Urals region. Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Institute of Geology and Geochemistry. Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, 209 p. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2000">Amon 2000: 49</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF84FE250618F8E5FB014820" blockId="16.[813,1272,1844,1868]" box="[813,1272,1844,1868]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB344C4BFF84FE250618F8E5FB014820" box="[813,1272,1844,1868]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF84FE250618F8E5FC574820" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[813,942,1844,1868]" family="Astracturidae" pageId="16" pageNumber="568" rank="family">Astracturidae</taxonomicName>
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–
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<treatmentCitation id="0A854D74FF84FE2506F2F8E5FB0D4820" author="KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H." box="[967,1268,1844,1868]" page="46" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE2506F2F8E5FB0D4820" author="KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H." box="[967,1268,1844,1868]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref183218" refString="KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1972. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil I: Revision der Oberfamilie Coccodiscacea HAECKEL 1862 emend. und Beschreibung ihrer triassischen Vertreter. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 2: 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Kozur & Mostler 1972: 46-48</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF84FE240618F8B8FDC64EC5" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="420" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF84FE250618F8B8FB4D4887" blockId="16.[813,1457,1897,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">
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<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FF84FE250618F8B8FCA64813" box="[813,863,1897,1920]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">TYPE</typeStatus>
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GENUS. —
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF84FE2506ECF8B8FAF148ED" authority="Haeckel, 1882: 458" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityPageNumber="458" authorityYear="1882" box="[985,1288,1897,1921]" class="Polycystinea" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Astractura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FF84FE2506ECF8B8FBC348EC" box="[985,1082,1897,1920]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">Astractura</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE250174F8B8FAF148ED" author="HAECKEL E." box="[1089,1288,1897,1921]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" pagination="418 - 472" refId="ref179241" refString="HAECKEL E. 1882. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418 - 472. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8700599" type="journal article" year="1882">Haeckel, 1882: 458</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FF84FE250022F8B8FABD48ED" box="[1303,1348,1897,1921]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">type</typeStatus>
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||
species by subsequent designation (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE25012FF852FB4948F7" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[1050,1200,1923,1947]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
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||
: D82):
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF84FE2501CFF855FC0148DA" authority="Haeckel, 1887: 476" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityPageNumber="476" authorityYear="1887" class="Polycystinea" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Astractura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="ordinata">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FF84FE2501CFF855FA5748F7" box="[1274,1454,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">Astractura ordinata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE250618F84FFC0148DA" author="HAECKEL E." box="[813,1016,1950,1974]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" refId="ref179311" refString="HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 23487916" type="url" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887: 476</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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] = junior subjective synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF84FE25007AF84FFBFC48BC" authority="Ehrenberg, 1846: 385" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="385" authorityYear="1846" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FF84FE25007AF84FFA4848D9" box="[1359,1457,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">Astromma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE250618F869FBFC48BC" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[813,1029,1976,2000]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" pagination="382 - 385" refId="ref176119" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1846. - Uber eine halibiolithische, von Herrn R. Schomburgk entdeckte, vorherrschend aus mikroskopischen Polycystinen gebildete, Gebirgsmasse von Barbados. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 382 - 385. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11056086" type="book chapter" year="1846">Ehrenberg, 1846: 385</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
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||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FF84FE250127F868FBC748BD" box="[1042,1086,1977,2001]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">type</typeStatus>
|
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species by subsequent monotypy:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF84FE2500A7F868FB504887" authority="Ehrenberg, 1847: 55" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1847" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="aristotelis">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FF84FE2500A7F868FC2D4887" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="419">Astromma aristotelis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF84FE2506EFF802FB504887" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[986,1193,2003,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="419" pagination="40 - 60" refId="ref176180" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1847. - Uber die mikroskopischen kieselschaligen Polycystinen als machtige Gebirgsmasse von Barbados und uber das Verhaltniss deraus mehr als 300 neuen Arten bestehenden ganz eigenthumlichen Formengruppe jener Felsmasse zu den jetzt lebenden Thieren und zur Kreidebildung Eine neue Anregung zur Erforschung des Erdlebens. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 40 - 60. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11226274" type="book chapter" year="1847">Ehrenberg, 1847: 55</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FF09FDC64EC5" blockId="17.[132,775,215,425]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED35F3A0FF85FE2405B1FF09FF124F82" box="[132,235,216,239]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">INCLUDED</collectionCode>
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GENERA. —
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24045DFF09FD5C4F83" authority="Ehrenberg, 1846: 385" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="385" authorityYear="1846" box="[360,677,215,239]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24045DFF09FE314F83" box="[360,456,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2404FBFF06FD5C4F83" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[462,677,215,239]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="382 - 385" refId="ref176119" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1846. - Uber eine halibiolithische, von Herrn R. Schomburgk entdeckte, vorherrschend aus mikroskopischen Polycystinen gebildete, Gebirgsmasse von Barbados. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 382 - 385. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11056086" type="book chapter" year="1846">Ehrenberg, 1846: 385</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2407F3FF09FF3C4E66" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astractinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2407F3FF09FF3C4E66" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astractinium</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
with the same
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||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FF85FE24046CFF23FE7A4E66" box="[345,387,242,266]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2404E2FF23FDCE4E65" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[471,567,242,265]" class="Polycystinea" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Astractura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2404E2FF23FDCE4E65" box="[471,567,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astractura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240708FF23FD864E66" bold="true" box="[573,639,242,266]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE240708FF23FD864E66" box="[573,639,242,266]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2407B9FF23FCFE4E65" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[652,775,242,265]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astracturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2407B9FF23FCFE4E65" box="[652,775,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astracturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405B1FEDCFF3F4E49" bold="true" box="[132,198,269,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE2405B1FEDCFF3F4E49" box="[132,198,269,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405E7FEDCFEBF4E48" box="[210,326,269,292]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astrococcura</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24047EFEDCFE754E49" bold="true" box="[331,396,269,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE24047EFEDCFE754E49" box="[331,396,269,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2404ACFEDCFDE34E48" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1896" box="[409,538,269,292]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Staurococcura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2404ACFEDCFDE34E48" box="[409,538,269,292]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Staurococcura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24072AFEDCFD994E49" bold="true" box="[543,608,269,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE24072AFEDCFD994E49" box="[543,608,269,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2407A1FEDDFEC34E53" authority="Haeckel 1882: 468" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityPageNumber="468" authorityYear="1882" class="Polycystinea" genus="Amphactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2407A1FEDDFCFE4E48" box="[660,775,268,292]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Amphactura</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2405B1FEF6FEC34E53" author="HAECKEL E." box="[132,314,295,319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="418 - 472" refId="ref179241" refString="HAECKEL E. 1882. - Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 15: 418 - 472. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8700599" type="journal article" year="1882">Haeckel 1882: 468</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240457FEF9FE474E53" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1896" box="[354,446,296,319]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Dicoccura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240457FEF9FE474E53" box="[354,446,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Dicoccura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24048AFEF6FE064E53" bold="true" box="[447,511,295,319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE24048AFEF6FE064E53" box="[447,511,295,319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24072DFEF6FD6E4E53" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[536,663,295,319]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Diplactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24072DFEF6FD6E4E53" box="[536,663,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Diplactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2407ADFEF6FD2E4E53" bold="true" box="[664,727,295,319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE2407ADFEF6FD2E4E53" box="[664,727,295,319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2405B1FE93FE054E35" authority="Ehrenberg, 1846: 385" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="385" authorityYear="1846" box="[132,508,321,345]" class="Polycystinea" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Hymeniastrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405B1FE93FEEA4E35" box="[132,275,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymeniastrum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240429FE90FE054E35" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[284,508,321,345]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="382 - 385" refId="ref176119" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1846. - Uber eine halibiolithische, von Herrn R. Schomburgk entdeckte, vorherrschend aus mikroskopischen Polycystinen gebildete, Gebirgsmasse von Barbados. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 382 - 385. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11056086" type="book chapter" year="1846">Ehrenberg, 1846: 385</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240716FE90FD554E35" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[547,684,321,345]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenastrella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240716FE90FD554E35" box="[547,684,321,345]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenastrella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the same
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FF85FE24058AFE8DFF104E18" box="[191,233,348,372]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240474FE8CFE394E18" box="[321,448,349,372]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240474FE8CFE394E18" box="[321,448,349,372]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2404F2FE8DFDF24E18" bold="true" box="[455,523,348,372]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE2404F2FE8DFDF24E18" box="[455,523,348,372]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24072CFE8CFD4D4E18" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[537,692,349,372]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenacturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24072CFE8CFD4D4E18" box="[537,692,349,372]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenacturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240789FE8DFCF94E18" bold="true" box="[700,768,348,372]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE240789FE8DFCF94E18" box="[700,768,348,372]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2405B1FEA6FEEC4EE2" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[132,277,375,398]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Trigonactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405B1FEA6FEEC4EE2" box="[132,277,375,398]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Trigonactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24042FFEA7FEA04EE2" bold="true" box="[282,345,374,398]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2630A0CFF85FE24042FFEA7FEA04EE2" box="[282,345,374,398]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240450FEA6FE054EE2" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[357,508,375,398]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240450FEA6FE054EE2" box="[357,508,375,398]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240733FEA6FD904EE2" box="[518,617,375,398]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Pentactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240733FEA6FD904EE2" box="[518,617,375,398]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Pentactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240741FEA6FCFF4EE2" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[628,774,375,398]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Trigonacturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240741FEA6FCFF4EE2" box="[628,774,375,398]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Trigonacturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonymized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE24041CFE40FDCD4EC5" author="KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H." box="[297,564,401,425]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref183218" refString="KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1972. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil I: Revision der Oberfamilie Coccodiscacea HAECKEL 1862 emend. und Beschreibung ihrer triassischen Vertreter. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 2: 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Kozur & Mostler 1972: 46</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF85FE2405B1FE10FE224D6B" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FE10FDC44EB4" blockId="17.[132,573,448,472]" box="[132,573,448,472]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
INVALID
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2405EFFE17FEE34EBB" box="[218,282,454,471]" family="Names" pageId="17" pageNumber="410" rank="family">NAMES</taxonomicName>
|
||
. —
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240472FE11FDC44EB4" box="[327,573,448,472]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
Amphiactura,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2404FBFE10FDC04EB4" box="[462,569,449,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Astrococcus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Astrococcus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FE21FE224D6B" blockId="17.[132,475,496,520]" box="[132,475,496,520]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
NOMEN DUBIUM. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240461FE21FE2F4D64" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[340,470,496,520]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Diplacturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240461FE21FE2F4D64" box="[340,470,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Diplacturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF85FE2405B1FDF1FCFF4C57" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FDF1FDC24C67" blockId="17.[131,776,544,779]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">DIAGNOSIS. — Roughly flat shell with a large convex lens-shaped latticed shell. A three-dimensional grid-like architecture formed by the arms is observed; frequently evolving from two to four arms, rarely more. Radial beams arise from the outer medullary shell and radiate towards both sides of the equatorial plane. These beams are connected to the large latticed shell. A bladed, solid and robust spine penetrates through the central axis of each arm in some members but is never seen connected to the medullary shell. No structure extends to both sides of the equatorial plane.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FCF2FCFF4C57" blockId="17.[132,774,803,827]" box="[132,774,803,827]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. —Late Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF85FE2405B1FCA4FE474BE2" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FCA4FF114CE1" blockId="17.[132,775,885,1167]" box="[132,232,885,911]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FC44FE474BE2" blockId="17.[132,775,885,1167]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
A series of publications by Riedel and Sanfilippo (e.g., Sanfilippo
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405E6FC64FEFE4CA3" box="[211,263,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1985) grouped several genera of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24079EFC64FF334C82" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" family="Lithocycliidae" pageId="17" pageNumber="568" rank="family">Lithocycliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240430FC05FE6F4C82" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[261,406,980,1006]" family="Astracturidae" pageId="17" pageNumber="568" rank="family">Astracturidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
into the single genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2407A5FC05FD064C82" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[656,767,980,1006]" class="Polycystinea" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Lithocyclia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2407A5FC05FD064C82" box="[656,767,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Lithocyclia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These were apparently miscategorized with several genera of different stratigraphic ranges. Thus, we are separating more genera than they did for the goal of future discussion. Internal skeletal structure was illustrated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240706FB85FD644B02" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[563,669,1108,1134]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240706FB85FD644B02" box="[563,669,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240798FB85FEF24BE2" author="PISIAS N. G. & MOORE T. C." pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="845 - 856" refId="ref192365" refString="PISIAS N. G. & MOORE T. C. 1978. - Cenozoic Radiolaria from Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 40, in BOLLI H. M., RYAN W. B. F. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 40. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 845 - 856. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 40.123.1978" type="book chapter" year="1978">Pisias & Moore 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 5, figs 1, 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF85FE2405B1FB65FB4149FD" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FB65FE9C4BA0" blockId="17.[130,777,1204,2028]" box="[132,357,1204,1230]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">VALIDITY OF GENERA</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FB05FF0C4B82" blockId="17.[130,777,1204,2028]" box="[132,245,1236,1262]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2405B1FB05FF0C4B82" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[132,245,1236,1262]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">Astromma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE2405B1FB25FD474880" blockId="17.[130,777,1204,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
As “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240585FB25FE6C4A61" box="[176,405,1268,1294]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="entomocora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240585FB25FE6C4A61" box="[176,405,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma entomocora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” was wrongly assigned as type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2405E5FAC5FEC34A42" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[208,314,1300,1326]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405E5FAC5FEC34A42" box="[208,314,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240456FAC2FDEC4A42" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[355,533,1299,1326]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell (1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D74), this genus was once applied for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240470FAE2FE294A21" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[325,464,1331,1357]" class="Polycystina" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Didymocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240470FAE2FE294A21" box="[325,464,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Didymocyrtis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2404D4FAE2FF0A4A02" author="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & KOZLOVA G. E." pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="495 - 648" refId="ref192143" refString="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & KOZLOVA G. E. 1972. - Radiolaria: Leg 14, Deep Sea Drilling Project, in HAYES D. E., PIMM A. C. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 14. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 495 - 648. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 14.116.1972" type="book chapter" year="1972">Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972: 522</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2405CFFA82FDF74A02" author="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G." box="[250,526,1363,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="541 - 675" refId="ref191818" refString="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. 1975. - Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP, in KENNET J. P., HOUTZ R. E. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book chapter" year="1975">Petrushevskaya 1975: 578</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Once we disassembled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2405B7FAA2FF104AE1" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[130,233,1395,1421]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405B7FAA2FF104AE1" box="[130,233,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24043FFAA2FE774AE1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[266,398,1395,1421]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astracturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24043FFAA2FE774AE1" box="[266,398,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astracturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in original) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240703FAA5FD354AE1" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[566,716,1396,1421]" class="Polycystinea" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Hymeniastrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240703FAA5FD354AE1" box="[566,716,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymeniastrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240471FA42FE4A4AC1" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[324,435,1427,1453]" class="Polycystinea" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Lithocyclia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240471FA42FE4A4AC1" box="[324,435,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Lithocyclia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2404E8FA42FF434AA2" author="RIEDEL W. R. & SANFILIPPO A." pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="1529 - 1672" refId="ref193911" refString="RIEDEL W. R. & SANFILIPPO A. 1971. - Cenozoic Radiolaria from the western tropical Pacific, Leg 7, in WINTERER E. L., RIEDEL W. R. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 7. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 1529 - 1672. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 7.132.1971" type="book chapter" year="1971">Riedel & Sanfilippo (1971: 522)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the so-called 50-year rule (ICZN 1999: Article 23.9 “Reversal of precedence”) is not an applicable case for both these genera.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240427FA22FE854961" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[274,380,1523,1549]" class="Polycystinea" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Astractura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240427FA22FE854961" box="[274,380,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astractura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240485FA22FDC14961" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[432,568,1523,1549]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astracturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240485FA22FDC14961" box="[432,568,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astracturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the same type species and are characterized by four crossed chambered arms, no patagium and a simple medullar shell (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240760F9E3FCF94921" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[597,768,1586,1613]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D82-83).
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405C3F982FE804901" box="[246,377,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astrococcura</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240483F982FDD24901" box="[438,555,1619,1645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Astrococcus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240483F982FDD24901" box="[438,555,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astrococcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the same type species and can be considered as having a double medullary shell (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2405F3F943FE8849C1" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[198,369,1682,1709]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D83).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2404F9F943FDA349C0" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1896" box="[460,602,1682,1708]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Staurococcura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2404F9F943FDA349C0" box="[460,602,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Staurococcura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by the presence of a patagium and double medullary shells (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2405B8F903FECC4981" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[141,309,1746,1773]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D84). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FF85FE24048DF903FDE34980" box="[440,538,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24070CF903FD5A4980" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[569,675,1746,1772]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24070CF903FD5A4980" box="[569,675,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in the Ehrenberg collection (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2404A4F923FDAF4860" author="OGANE K. & SUZUKI N. & AITA Y. & SAKAI T. & LAZARUS D." box="[401,598,1778,1804]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref190047" refString="OGANE K., SUZUKI N., AITA Y., SAKAI T. & LAZARUS D. 2009 b. - Ehrenberg's Radiolarian Collections from Barbados, in TANIMURA Y. & AITA Y. (eds), Joint Haeckel and Ehrenberg Project: Reexamination of the Haeckel and Ehrenberg Microfossil Collections as a Historical and Scientific Legacy. Vol. 40. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs: 97 - 106. https: // www. kahaku. go. jp / research / db / botany / ehrenberg / pdf / 97 - 106. pdf - https: // www. kahaku. go. jp / research / db / botany / ehrenberg / pdf / P- 5 - corr. pdf" type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Ogane
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2404E8F922FDF44860" box="[477,525,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 71, figs 1a-c) possess a double medullary shell and the different development of the patagium continues from a non-patagium form to a fully-grown form, and, thus, these genera listed here cannot be differentiated at a species level.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24076CF8A3FD3D48E0" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[601,708,1906,1932]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24076CF8A3FD3D48E0" box="[601,708,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the oldest available name among them (1846 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24076CF843FD3B48C0" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[601,706,1938,1964]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24076CF843FD3B48C0" box="[601,706,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 1882 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24059CF860FEEA48A7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[169,275,1969,1995]" class="Polycystinea" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Astractura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24059CF860FEEA48A7" box="[169,275,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astractura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 1887 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2404B4F860FDF148A7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[385,520,1969,1995]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astractinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2404B4F860FDF148A7" box="[385,520,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astractinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240720F860FD6448A7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[533,669,1969,1995]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astracturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240720F860FD6448A7" box="[533,669,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astracturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 1896 for
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2405B6F800FEFA4887" box="[131,259,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astrococcura</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24040FF800FE314887" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1896" box="[314,456,2001,2027]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Staurococcura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24040FF800FE314887" box="[314,456,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Staurococcura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 1954 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240709F800FD574887" box="[572,686,2001,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Astrococcus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240709F800FD574887" box="[572,686,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astrococcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE240618FF06FC4A4F9D" blockId="17.[810,1456,215,881]" box="[813,947,215,241]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240618FF06FC4A4F9D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[813,947,215,241]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Amphactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">Amphactura</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE240618FF28FA494C1C" blockId="17.[810,1456,215,881]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
The same type species was designated for both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240033FF28FA784E7F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[1286,1409,249,275]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Amphactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240033FF28FA784E7F" box="[1286,1409,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Amphactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24061FFEC9FC554E5E" box="[810,940,280,306]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Amphiactura</emphasis>
|
||
. The distinction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240145FEC9FB014E5E" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1136,1272,280,306]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Diplactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240145FEC9FB014E5E" box="[1136,1272,280,306]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Diplactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is suspect because no real specimens assignable to this genus were found during a long time. We simply keep it as valid for a future examination.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24061EFEA9FC4F4EFE" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[811,950,376,402]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Diplactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24061EFEA9FC4F4EFE" box="[811,950,376,402]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Diplactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by a single medullary shell, no patagium and the presence of a distal spine whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240007FE49FA544EDE" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[1330,1453,408,434]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Amphactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240007FE49FA544EDE" box="[1330,1453,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Amphactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by the former and double medullary shell with a patagium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240698FE09FBA94E9F" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[941,1104,472,499]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D82-83).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2401F6FE08FAD14E9E" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1896" box="[1219,1320,473,498]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Dicoccura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2401F6FE08FAD14E9E" box="[1219,1320,473,498]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Dicoccura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is defined by the lack of a patagium and the presence of a double medullary shell (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240653FDC9FBFB4D5E" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[870,1026,535,562]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D83). The synonymy among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24001AFDC9FA5E4D5E" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[1327,1447,536,562]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Amphactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24001AFDC9FA5E4D5E" box="[1327,1447,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Amphactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240618FDE6FC414D3D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[813,952,567,593]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Diplactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240618FDE6FC414D3D" box="[813,952,567,593]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Diplactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2406C5FDE9FBAC4D3D" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1896" box="[1008,1109,568,593]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Dicoccura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2406C5FDE9FBAC4D3D" box="[1008,1109,568,593]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Dicoccura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is problematic. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FF85FE240007FDE6FA684D3D" box="[1330,1425,567,593]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24061BFD86FC574D1D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[814,942,599,625]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Amphactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24061BFD86FC574D1D" box="[814,942,599,625]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Amphactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a high possibility to a broken specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24061BFDA9FC6F4DFE" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[814,918,632,658]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24061BFDA9FC6F4DFE" box="[814,918,632,658]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A different medullary shell is not confirmed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24061BFD46FC424DDD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[814,955,663,689]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Diplactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24061BFD46FC424DDD" box="[814,955,663,689]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Diplactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
so we have it questionably synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24061BFD66FC504DBD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[814,937,695,721]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Amphactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24061BFD66FC504DBD" box="[814,937,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Amphactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The exactly same morphotypes, excepted for the occurrence of a distal spine on the arms, are commonly found in the same samples so this indicator is not used at genus-level. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240651FCC6FC344C5D" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[868,973,791,817]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240651FCC6FC344C5D" box="[868,973,791,817]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the patagium has different growth stages in the same species. The valid name is automatically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240004FCE6FA574C3D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[1329,1454,823,849]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Amphactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240004FCE6FA574C3D" box="[1329,1454,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Amphactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because this genus was the oldest available name among them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE240618FC49FC284CDE" blockId="17.[811,1456,920,1681]" box="[813,977,920,946]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240618FC49FC284CDE" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[813,977,920,946]" class="Polycystinea" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Hymeniastrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">Hymeniastrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF85FE240618FC6BFB4149FD" blockId="17.[811,1456,920,1681]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240618FC6BFC314CBF" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[813,968,954,979]" class="Polycystinea" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Hymeniastrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240618FC6BFC314CBF" box="[813,968,954,979]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymeniastrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was used as a valid genus within 50 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2400B3FC6BFC604C9F" author="TAN Z. Y." pageId="17" pageNumber="420" refId="ref199669" refString="TAN Z. Y. 1998. - Phylum Protozoa. Class Sacodina. Order Acantharia. Order Spumellaria, Fauna Sinica, Protozoa, 315 p. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1998">Tan 1998: 224</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2406AAFC0BFB6C4C9F" author="TAN Z. Y. & CHEN M. H." box="[927,1173,985,1012]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="1 - 404" refId="ref199746" refString="TAN Z. Y. & CHEN M. H. 1999. - Offshore Radiolaria in China. China. Scientific Publications, 1 - 404 p. [in Chinese]" type="book chapter" year="1999">Tan & Chen 1999: 221</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240191FC0BFAD24C9F" box="[1188,1323,986,1011]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240191FC0BFAD24C9F" box="[1188,1323,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240069FC0BFC754B7F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenacturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240069FC0BFC754B7F" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenacturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the same type species and are characterized by a patagium, blunt and truncated arms, but no terminal spines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240603FBE8FC274B38" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[822,990,1081,1108]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D83).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240104FBEBFB234B3F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1073,1242,1082,1107]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240104FBEBFB234B3F" box="[1073,1242,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a patagium and a terminal spine on the distal end of each arm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240071FB88FC9C4BF8" author="CAMPBELL A. S." pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D83);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24068BFBABFB994BFF" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[958,1120,1146,1171]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Trigonactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24068BFBABFB994BFF" box="[958,1120,1146,1171]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Trigonactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by a patagium and arms with a distal radial spine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE240181FB48FAA74BDF" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[1204,1374,1176,1203]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D84), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24066EFB68FC074BBE" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[859,1022,1209,1234]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Trigonacturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24066EFB68FC074BBE" box="[859,1022,1209,1234]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Trigonacturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by arms distally blunt, or truncated, not with a terminal spine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE24012EFB09FB3B4B9F" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[1051,1218,1240,1267]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D84). The Nomarski imaging of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240695FB28FB5E4A7E" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1854" box="[928,1191,1272,1298]" class="Polycystinea" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Hymeniastrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="pythagorae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240695FB28FB5E4A7E" box="[928,1191,1272,1298]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymeniastrum pythagorae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the supporting image of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24067FFAC9FC274A5E" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[842,990,1304,1330]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenastrella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24067FFAC9FC274A5E" box="[842,990,1304,1330]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenastrella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240118FAC9FB9B4A5E" authorityName=", Campbell" authorityYear="1954" box="[1069,1122,1304,1330]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Atlas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="556" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atlas</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays the axial rod which is relevant to the terminal spine inside an arm. As other genera of this family, the patagium as well as the terminal spine on the arm are not characteristic at genus level. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FF85FE240007FAA9FA6D4AFE" box="[1330,1428,1400,1426]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240619FA48FC634ADE" box="[812,922,1433,1458]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Pentactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240619FA48FC634ADE" box="[812,922,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Pentactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE24069CFA49FB884ADE" author="OGANE K. & SUZUKI N. & AITA Y. & SAKAI T. & LAZARUS D." box="[937,1137,1432,1458]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref190047" refString="OGANE K., SUZUKI N., AITA Y., SAKAI T. & LAZARUS D. 2009 b. - Ehrenberg's Radiolarian Collections from Barbados, in TANIMURA Y. & AITA Y. (eds), Joint Haeckel and Ehrenberg Project: Reexamination of the Haeckel and Ehrenberg Microfossil Collections as a Historical and Scientific Legacy. Vol. 40. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs: 97 - 106. https: // www. kahaku. go. jp / research / db / botany / ehrenberg / pdf / 97 - 106. pdf - https: // www. kahaku. go. jp / research / db / botany / ehrenberg / pdf / P- 5 - corr. pdf" type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Ogane
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2406C0FA48FBDE4ADE" box="[1013,1063,1432,1458]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 69, figs 1a-c) confirms the simple drawing of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF85FE2406DAFA69FB5C4ABD" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[1007,1189,1463,1490]" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref176815" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1876. - Fortsetzung der mikrogeologischen Studien als Gesammt-Uebersichtder mikroskopischen Palaontologie gleichartig analysirter Gebirgsarten der Erde, mit specieller Rucksicht auf den Polycystinen-Mergel von Barbados. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1875): 1 - 225. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30148696" type="journal article" year="1876">Ehrenberg (1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 30, fig. 1) with more than five arms. The arrangement of the arms is not such as a cross unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240699FA29FBEC497E" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[940,1045,1528,1554]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Astromma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240699FA29FBEC497E" box="[940,1045,1528,1554]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Astromma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
so this genus is close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240038FA29FA5F497D" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[1293,1446,1528,1553]" class="Polycystinea" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Hymeniastrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240038FA29FA5F497D" box="[1293,1446,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymeniastrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The oldest available
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2406CAF9C9FBBA495E" box="[1023,1091,1560,1586]" family="Names" pageId="17" pageNumber="410" rank="family">names</taxonomicName>
|
||
among this group is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24002EF9C6FA57495D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1307,1454,1559,1585]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenastrella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24002EF9C6FA57495D" box="[1307,1454,1559,1585]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenastrella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1846 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2406BAF9E9FB9C493D" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[911,1125,1591,1618]" class="Polycystinea" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Hymeniastrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2406BAF9E9FBDB493D" box="[911,1058,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymeniastrum</emphasis>
|
||
, 1882
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2401BCF9E9FAF7493D" box="[1161,1294,1592,1617]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2401BCF9E9FAF7493D" box="[1161,1294,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240008F9E9FA5F493D" box="[1341,1446,1592,1617]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Pentactura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240008F9E9FA5F493D" box="[1341,1446,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Pentactura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 1887 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2406ACF986FBD7491D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[921,1070,1623,1649]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenastrella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2406ACF986FBD7491D" box="[921,1070,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenastrella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE24010BF989FB12491D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1086,1259,1624,1649]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenacturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE24010BF989FB12491D" box="[1086,1259,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenacturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE2401C9F989FA51491D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1276,1448,1624,1649]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Hymenactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE2401C9F989FA51491D" box="[1276,1448,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Hymenactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240618F9A9FC3649FD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[813,975,1656,1681]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Trigonactinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240618F9A9FC3649FD" box="[813,975,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Trigonactinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF85FE240130F9A9FB5149FD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1029,1192,1656,1681]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Trigonacturium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="17" pageNumber="420" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FF85FE240130F9A9FB5149FD" box="[1029,1192,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="420">Trigonacturium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |