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<document id="BA4EB4A96D7FC1DE3A25AAC4AC733717" ID-CLB-Dataset="5275" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a8353504-9387-42cf-8d81-8ecacbe9bd90" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5101757" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1626265680997" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre &amp; Dumitrica, Paulian" docDate="2021" docId="038DDA73FF81FE230644FBE5FE0849BC" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.43.15.405-573.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 43 (15)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Spongodiscoidea Haeckel 1862" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="425" masterDocId="FFB4A20BFF94FE350535FFD1FFF94F6C" masterDocTitle="A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts" masterLastPageNumber="573" masterPageNumber="405" pageNumber="424" updateTime="1699036812067" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="53C1F60F28C39F31438FC44967C77F11">A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D7752D78E2D22437A07A5BC5D6D3BFA2">Caulet, Jean-Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D41824D315FD633DC9167247AD0BD95C">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038DDA73FF81FE230644FBE5FE0849BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5131691" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183733749" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5131691" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038DDA73FF81FE230644FBE5FE0849BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DDA73FF81FE230644FBE5FE0849BC" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE200644FBE5FA924B22" box="[881,1387,1076,1102]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200644FBE5FA924B22" blockId="21.[881,1387,1076,1102]" box="[881,1387,1076,1102]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
Superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE2006CFFBE5FA924B22" authority="Haeckel, 1862 sensu Suzuki" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[1018,1387,1076,1102]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">
SPONGODISCOIDEA
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE2001F8FBE5FA924B22" author="HAECKEL E." box="[1229,1387,1076,1102]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" refId="ref179095" refString="HAECKEL E. 1862. - Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 572 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10155" type="book" year="1862">Haeckel, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE2006EEFB84FAE44BD3" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE2006EEFB84FAF84B02" blockId="21.[987,1281,1108,1134]" box="[987,1281,1108,1134]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
<heading id="D0D3DC09FF81FE2006EEFB84FAF84B02" box="[987,1281,1108,1134]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF81FE2006EEFB84FBF64B02" box="[987,1039,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">sensu</emphasis>
Suzuki emend. herein
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200618FB5CFAE44BD3" blockId="21.[811,1455,1165,1216]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
Spongodiscida
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE200688FB5CFB824BC9" author="HAECKEL E." box="[957,1147,1165,1189]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" refId="ref179095" refString="HAECKEL E. 1862. - Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 572 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10155" type="book" year="1862">Haeckel, 1862: 239</bibRefCitation>
, 452, 460 [as a tribe]; 1882: 461 [as a subfamily]; 1887: 409, 573-575 [as a family].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE200618FB06FA8F4B83" box="[813,1398,1239,1263]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200618FB06FA8F4B83" blockId="21.[813,1398,1239,1263]" box="[813,1398,1239,1263]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
Euchitoniilae –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE2006FDFB06FB984B83" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[968,1121,1239,1263]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell 1954</bibRefCitation>
: D86 [as a subsuperfamily].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE200618FAD6FBE84AE4" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200618FAD6FBE84AE4" blockId="21.[812,1455,1287,1417]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
Spongodiscacea [
<emphasis id="B950B777FF81FE2006E0FAD6FC124A72" box="[981,1003,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">sic</emphasis>
] –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE200124FAD6FB2A4A73" author="PESSAGNO E. A." box="[1041,1235,1287,1311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="5 - 83" refId="ref190829" refString="PESSAGNO E. A. 1971 a. - Jurassic and Cretaceous Hagiastridae from the Blake-Bahama Basin (Site 5 A, JOIDES Leg 1) and the Great Valley Sequence, California Coast Ranges. Bulletins of american Paleontology 60 (264): 5 - 83. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 28721244" type="journal article" year="1971">Pessagno 1971a: 16</bibRefCitation>
, 19 [as a superfamily] (=
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE20067DFAF0FC094A55" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[840,1008,1313,1337]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
); 1972: 273, 296 [as a superfamily]; 1973: 50, 56 [as a superfamily]; 1976: 25 [as a superfamily]; 1977b: 930 [as a superfamily]. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE2006D6FA87FB4D4A02" author="DUMITRICA P." box="[995,1204,1366,1390]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="91 - 102" refId="ref174277" refString="DUMITRICA P. 1984. - Systematics of Sphaerellarian radiolarian, in PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. &amp; STEPANJANTS S. D. (eds), Morphology, ecology and evolution of radiolarians. Material from the IV symposium of European radiolarists EURORAD IV. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR: 91 - 102. [in Russian]" type="proceedings paper" year="1984">Dumitrica 1984: 100</bibRefCitation>
[as a superfamily]. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE2000A4FA86FBF44AE4" author="DE WEVER P. &amp; DUMITRICA P. &amp; CAULET J. P. &amp; NIGRINI C. &amp; CARIDROIT M." pageId="21" pageNumber="424" refId="ref173394" refString="DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. &amp; CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181" type="book" year="2001">
De Wever
<emphasis id="B950B777FF81FE200644FAA0FC594AE5" box="[881,928,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">et al.</emphasis>
2001: 158
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE200618FA71FA8D4A81" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200618FA71FA8D4A81" blockId="21.[813,1455,1440,1517]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
Spongodiscilae –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE2006E2FA70FB6C4AD4" author="PESSAGNO E. A." box="[983,1173,1440,1465]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="5 - 83" refId="ref190829" refString="PESSAGNO E. A. 1971 a. - Jurassic and Cretaceous Hagiastridae from the Blake-Bahama Basin (Site 5 A, JOIDES Leg 1) and the Great Valley Sequence, California Coast Ranges. Bulletins of american Paleontology 60 (264): 5 - 83. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 28721244" type="journal article" year="1971">Pessagno 1971a: 19</bibRefCitation>
[as a subsuperfamily]; 1972: 278 [as a subsuperfamily]; 1973: 50 [as a subsuperfamily]; 1976: 25 [as a subsuperfamily]; 1977b: 930 [as a subsuperfamily].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE200618F9D4FC234900" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200618F9D4FC234900" blockId="21.[813,1457,1541,1644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE200618F9D4FC374971" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[813,974,1541,1565]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE2006D4F9D4FB224971" author="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G." box="[993,1243,1541,1565]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="541 - 675" refId="ref191818" refString="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. 1975. - Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP, in KENNET J. P., HOUTZ R. E. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book chapter" year="1975">Petrushevskaya 1975: 573</bibRefCitation>
;Petrushevskaya 1979: 110-111; 1984: 132;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE200138F9CEFAE1495B" author="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G." box="[1037,1304,1567,1591]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="185 - 195" refId="ref192103" refString="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. 1986. - Evolution of the Antarctissa group. Marine Micropaleontology 11: 185 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90013 - 7" type="journal article" year="1986">Petrushevskaya 1986: 128</bibRefCitation>
. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE20007DF9CEFC7F493E" author="DUMITRICA P." pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="9 - 35" refId="ref174122" refString="DUMITRICA P. 1979. - Clasa Actinopoda, in NEAGU T. (ed.), Micropaleontologie. Protozoare. Editura Technica, Bucharest, Romania: 9 - 35." type="book chapter" year="1979">Dumitrica 1979: 25</bibRefCitation>
. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE20069EF9EBFBB1493E" author="AMON E. O." box="[939,1096,1594,1618]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" refId="ref165927" refString="AMON E. O. 2000. - Upper Cretaceous radiolarians of Urals region. Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Institute of Geology and Geochemistry. Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, 209 p. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2000">Amon 2000: 33</bibRefCitation>
. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE200159F9EBFAB1493E" author="BRAGIN N. Y." box="[1132,1352,1594,1618]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="711 - 778" refId="ref169584" refString="BRAGIN N. Y. 2011. - Triassic radiolarians of Kotel'nyi Island (New Siberian Islands, Arctic). Paleontological Journal 45 (7): 711 - 778. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / s 003103011107001 x" type="journal article" year="2011">Bragin 2011: 757-758</bibRefCitation>
. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE200059F9EBFC2F4900" author="SUZUKI N. &amp; OGANE K. &amp; CHIBA K." pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="239 - 296" refId="ref198730" refString="SUZUKI N., OGANE K. &amp; CHIBA K. 2009 d. - Middle to Late Eocene polycystine radiolarians from the Site 1172, Leg 189, Southwest Pacific. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists, special Volume 14: 239 - 296." type="journal article" year="2009">
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE200059F9EBFA57493E" authority="Suzuki &amp; Caulet &amp; Dumitrica, 2021" authorityName="Suzuki &amp; Caulet &amp; Dumitrica" authorityYear="2021" box="[1388,1454,1594,1618]" family="Suzuki" pageId="21" pageNumber="571" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Suzuki</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B950B777FF81FE200618F984FCA54900" box="[813,860,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">et al.</emphasis>
2009d: 251
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE200618F955FB6A49DA" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200618F955FB6A49DA" blockId="21.[813,1455,1668,1718]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
Spongodiscata –
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE2006FBF955FB5949F0" author="AFANASIEVA M. S. &amp; AMON E. O. &amp; AGARKOV Y. V. &amp; BOLTOVSKOY D. S." box="[974,1184,1668,1692]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="135 - 392" refId="ref165638" refString="AFANASIEVA M. S., AMON E. O., AGARKOV Y. V. &amp; BOLTOVSKOY D. S. 2005. - Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (3, Suppl. S.): 135 - 392." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Afanasieva
<emphasis id="B950B777FF81FE20010EF955FB9049F0" box="[1083,1129,1668,1692]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
: S288 [as an order,
<emphasis id="B950B777FF81FE20006EF955FA7849F7" box="[1371,1409,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">pars</emphasis>
]. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF81FE200618F94FFB7649DA" author="AFANASIEVA M. S. &amp; AMON E. O." box="[813,1167,1694,1718]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" pagination="467" refId="ref165589" refString="AFANASIEVA M. S. &amp; AMON E. O. 2006. - Biotic crises and stages of radiolarian evolution in the Phanerozoic. Paleontological Journal 40 (4): S 453 - S 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030106100054" type="journal article" year="2006">Afanasieva &amp; Amon 2006: 130-131</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE200618F91FFA734877" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200618F91FFA734877" blockId="21.[811,1455,1742,1819]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
DIAGNOSIS. — Flat-shaped
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE200107F91FFB51498A" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1839" box="[1074,1192,1742,1766]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" phylum="Retaria" rank="class">Polycystinea</taxonomicName>
with or without, un-walled pylome (excluding
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE2006D0F938FB8A486C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1861" box="[997,1139,1769,1792]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Ommatocampe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF81FE2006D0F938FB8A486C" box="[997,1139,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">Ommatocampe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Radial spines and radial beams emanating from the center to the periphery of disk are absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFF81FE230618F883FE0849BC" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE200618F883FC684806" blockId="21.[811,1456,1874,2027]" box="[813,913,1874,1900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF81FE230618F8A0FCFE4EDD" blockId="21.[811,1456,1874,2027]" lastBlockId="22.[129,777,215,1744]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="21" pageNumber="424">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE20066EF8A0FBE948E7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[859,1040,1905,1931]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
include the
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE2001A7F8A0FAC048E7" authorityName="sensu Riedel" authorityYear="1971" box="[1170,1337,1905,1931]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Spongodiscidae</taxonomicName>
(including Clade E2)
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE200695F840FBCE48C7" authorityName="StOhr" authorityYear="1880" box="[928,1079,1937,1963]" class="Polycystinea" family="Euchitoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Euchitoniidae</taxonomicName>
(including Clade E3),
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE200004F840FC8348A7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" family="Spongobrachiidae" pageId="21" pageNumber="568" rank="family">Spongobrachiidae</taxonomicName>
and.
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE20068EF860FBD448A7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[955,1069,1969,1995]" family="Panartidae" pageId="21" pageNumber="568" rank="family">Panartidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF81FE200152F860FAD248A7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[1127,1323,1969,1995]" class="Polycystinea" family="Spongosphaeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="424" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Spongosphaeridae</taxonomicName>
should also be preferable grouped with these three families according to molecular results (100% PhyML bootstrap values with 10000 replicates and&gt;0.99 posterior probabilities), but we keep morphological (instead molecular) groups as a consensus.
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230587FEE6FE9E4E3D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[178,359,311,337]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
in the sense of this catalogue comprise Clades E2 and E3 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE230451FE86FDC34E1D" author="SANDIN M. M. &amp; BIARD T. &amp; ROMAC S. &amp; O'DOGHERTY L. &amp; SUZUKI N. &amp; NOT F." box="[356,570,343,369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" refId="ref194967" refString="SANDIN M. M., BIARD T., ROMAC S., O'DOGHERTY L., SUZUKI N. &amp; NOT F. 2021. - A morpho-molecular perspective on the diversity and evolution of Spumellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 172: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2021.125806" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Sandin
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230483FE89FE104E1D" box="[438,489,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
. Not only are these subclades unstable, but representatives of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230780FEA6FF384EDC" authority="Revue de Micropaleontologie" authorityName="Suzuki &amp; Caulet &amp; Dumitrica" authorityYear="2021" genus="Spongolivella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="542" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230780FEA6FF384EDC" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Spongolivella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(originally
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230402FE46FE714EDD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[311,392,407,433]" class="Polycystina" family="Coccodiscidae" genus="Cypassis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230402FE46FE714EDD" box="[311,392,407,433]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Cypassis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were scattered in Clades E2 and E3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF82FE2305ACFE69FE3E4ADC" blockId="22.[129,777,215,1744]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">
Molecular phylogenetic studies (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE230725FE69FD344EBE" author="ISHITANI Y. &amp; UJIIE Y. &amp; DE VARGAS C. &amp; NOT F. &amp; TAKAHASHI K." box="[528,717,440,466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" pagination="35775" refId="ref181935" refString="ISHITANI Y., UJIIE Y., DE VARGAS C., NOT F. &amp; TAKAHASHI K. 2012. - Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolutionary Patterns of the Order Collodaria (Radiolaria). PLoS ONE 7 (5): e 35775. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0035775" type="journal article" year="2012">
Ishitani
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230751FE68FD6D4EBE" box="[612,660,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE2307EDFE69FEEE4E9E" author="SANDIN M. M. &amp; BIARD T. &amp; ROMAC S. &amp; O'DOGHERTY L. &amp; SUZUKI N. &amp; NOT F." pageId="22" pageNumber="425" refId="ref194967" refString="SANDIN M. M., BIARD T., ROMAC S., O'DOGHERTY L., SUZUKI N. &amp; NOT F. 2021. - A morpho-molecular perspective on the diversity and evolution of Spumellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 172: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2021.125806" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Sandin
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230599FE08FF244E9E" box="[172,221,472,498]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
) clearly revealed that the so-called spongodiscids are divided into three groups at a superfamily level. One group includes
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2305D6FDC8FDFD4D5E" authority=", Tricranastrum" authorityName="Tricranastrum" box="[227,516,536,562]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Dictyocoryne" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE2305D6FDC8FE9D4D5E" box="[227,356,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Dictyocoryne</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230446FDC8FDFD4D5E" box="[371,516,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Tricranastrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(originally
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2307B4FDC9FD0E4D5E" box="[641,759,536,562]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Myelastrum" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE2307B4FDC9FD0E4D5E" box="[641,759,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Myelastrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2305B1FDE9FF154D3E" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1861" box="[132,236,568,594]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Spongaster" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE2305B1FDE9FF154D3E" box="[132,236,568,594]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Spongaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230417FDE9FE594D3E" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1854" box="[290,416,568,594]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Spongodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230417FDE9FE594D3E" box="[290,416,568,594]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Spongodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE23071EFDE9FD254D3E" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[555,732,568,594]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
; the second group, the
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230409FD89FE0D4D1E" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[316,500,600,626]" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Trematodiscoidea">Trematodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
, includes
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230766FD89FD574D1E" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1839" box="[595,686,600,626]" class="Polycystinea" family="Tholoniidae" genus="Flustrella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230766FD89FD574D1E" box="[595,686,600,626]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Flustrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and the third group is formed by
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE23044CFDA6FE164DFD" box="[377,495,631,657]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lecideaceae" genus="Schizodiscus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecideales" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE23044CFDA6FE164DFD" box="[377,495,631,657]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Schizodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230728FDA6FD374DFD" box="[541,718,631,657]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Spongobrachiopyle</emphasis>
, classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2305EFFD46FE7A4DDD" authorityName="Dreyer" authorityYear="1889" box="[218,387,663,689]" class="Polycystina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="569" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongopyloidea">Spongopyloidea</taxonomicName>
. Flat-shaped
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE23073CFD46FD7E4DDD" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1839" box="[521,647,663,689]" class="Polycystinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Retaria" rank="class">Polycystinea</taxonomicName>
show a high morphological convergence meaning that an unsophisticated recognition of such a structure as “spongy” or “concentric” leads to a completely false identification and contributes to confusion regarding
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2305D4FCC6FE7E4C5D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[225,391,791,817]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2304B9FCC6FDCE4C5D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[396,567,791,817]" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Trematodiscoidea">Trematodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230757FCC6FCFB4C5D" authorityName="Dreyer" authorityYear="1889" box="[610,770,791,817]" class="Polycystina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="569" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongopyloidea">Spongopyloidea</taxonomicName>
. The principal differences among
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2304F9FCE6FDA64C3D" authorityName="StOhr" authorityYear="1880" box="[460,607,823,849]" class="Polycystinea" family="Euchitoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Euchitoniidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230753FCE6FF514C1D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" family="Spongobrachiidae" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" rank="family">Spongobrachiidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2305EBFC86FE864C1D" authorityName="sensu Riedel" authorityYear="1971" box="[222,383,855,881]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Spongodiscidae</taxonomicName>
are: 1) a central structure around the spinose microsphere; 2) an ultra-fine structure throughout the shell; and 3) an upcropping condition of the central structure on both polar sides. No simple difference between
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2307A6FC67FF3F4C9C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2305C9FC07FE4B4C9C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[252,434,982,1008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Trematodiscoidea">Trematodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
is known. The
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE23076CFC07FCFE4C9C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[601,775,982,1008]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE23043CFC27FE564B7C" authorityName="Dreyer" authorityYear="1889" box="[265,431,1014,1040]" class="Polycystina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="569" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongopyloidea">Spongopyloidea</taxonomicName>
by having a walled pylome tube emanating from the microsphere and a disk made of very short parts of discontinuous concentric structures.
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230769FBE7FCFF4B3C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[604,774,1078,1104]" family="Trematodiscidae" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" rank="family">Trematodiscidae</taxonomicName>
have a microsphere with decussate primary radial beams, exterior concentric hoops which never cover the inner hoops, and four or more straight radial beams originating from the center to the periphery of the disk. A simple way to differentiate the
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2305B0FB04FECC4B83" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[133,309,1237,1263]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
from the
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230497FB04FDB34B83" authorityName="Dreyer" authorityYear="1889" box="[418,586,1237,1263]" class="Polycystina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="569" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongopyloidea">Spongopyloidea</taxonomicName>
lies in examining the wall-status of the pylome. The pylome was illustrated in
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2305B3FAC7FE4A4A5C" box="[134,435,1301,1328]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Dictyocoryne" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE2305B3FAC7FEFE4A43" box="[134,263,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Dictyocoryne</emphasis>
(Euchitoniidae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE2304F6FAC4FD8F4A43" author="MATSUOKA A." box="[451,630,1301,1327]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" pagination="287 - 297" refId="ref185919" refString="MATSUOKA A. 1992 c. - Skeletal growth of a spongiose radiolarian Dictyocoryne truncatum in laboratory culture. Marine Micropaleontology 19 (4): 287 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (92) 90034 - H" type="journal article" year="1992">Matsuoka 1992c</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, figs 7, 8; 1993b: pl. 1, figs 1, 2; 1994: figs 3.B-3.D, 6.A-6.D),
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE2307F8FAE4FE8B4A1C" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1861" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Spongaster" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE2307F8FAE4FF424A03" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Spongaster</emphasis>
(Spongodiscidae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE2304B5FA84FDDB4A03" author="MATSUOKA A." box="[384,546,1365,1391]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref186048" refString="MATSUOKA A. 1994. - Axoflagellum of discoidal spumellarians (Radiolaria) and the axoflagellum pore on their skeletons. Fossils (Kaseki) 56: 1 - 8. [in Japanese] https: // doi. org / 10.14825 / kaseki. 56.0 _ 1" type="journal article" year="1994">Matsuoka 1994</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3.B-3.D) and the
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE2305B6FAA4FEEB4AE3" box="[131,274,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Pseudocephalis</emphasis>
-form of an undescribed genus (
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230769FAA4FCF94AFC" authorityName="sensu Riedel" authorityYear="1971" box="[604,768,1397,1424]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Spongodiscidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE2305B8FA44FEC94AC3" author="MATSUOKA A." box="[141,304,1429,1455]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref186048" refString="MATSUOKA A. 1994. - Axoflagellum of discoidal spumellarians (Radiolaria) and the axoflagellum pore on their skeletons. Fossils (Kaseki) 56: 1 - 8. [in Japanese] https: // doi. org / 10.14825 / kaseki. 56.0 _ 1" type="journal article" year="1994">Matsuoka 1994</bibRefCitation>
: figs 5.B-5.E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FF82FE2305AEFA66FE0849BC" blockId="22.[129,777,215,1744]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">
Many described species cannot be placed into an appropriate genus as many genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230448FA07FDD54A9C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[381,556,1494,1520]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
remain undescribed. In particular, “
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE230410FA27FDE9497C" authorityName="Popofsky" authorityYear="1908" box="[293,528,1526,1552]" class="Polycystina" family="Spongodiscidae" genus="Spongotrochus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="glacialis">
<emphasis id="B950B777FF82FE230410FA27FDE9497C" box="[293,528,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="425">Spongotrochus glacialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” which is quite different from any other flat-shaped polycystines (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE230750F9C7FF45493D" author="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G." pageId="22" pageNumber="425" pagination="541 - 675" refId="ref191818" refString="PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. 1975. - Cenozoic radiolarians of the Antarctic, Leg 29, DSDP, in KENNET J. P., HOUTZ R. E. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 29. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 541 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.114.1975" type="book chapter" year="1975">Petrushevskaya 1975</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 35, figs 1-6;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE230441F9E7FD4A493C" author="NAKASEKO K. &amp; NISHIMURA A." box="[372,691,1590,1616]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" pagination="91 - 244" refId="ref188223" refString="NAKASEKO K. &amp; NISHIMURA A. 1982. - Radiolaria from the bottom sediments of the Bellingshausen Basin in the Antarctic Sea, Report of the Technology Research Center, Japan National Oil Corporation, 91 - 244 p." type="book chapter" year="1982">Nakaseko &amp; Nishimura 1982</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 29, figs 1-3; pl. 31, figs 2,3). Other undescribed genera remain in classically established
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FF82FE23045FF9A7FDE649FC" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[362,543,1654,1680]" class="Polycystina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="22" pageNumber="568" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Spongodiscoidea">Spongodiscoidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE230705F9A7FD5E49FC" author="JOUSE A. P." box="[560,679,1654,1680]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" refId="ref182365" refString="JOUSE A. P. 1977. - Marine micropaleontology; diatoms, Radiolaria, Silicoflagellata, foraminifera, and calcareous nannoplankton. Izd. Nauka., Moscow, 256 p. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1977">Jouse 1977</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 137, fig. 7; pl. 141, fig. 16;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FF82FE230441F947FD4A49DC" author="NAKASEKO K. &amp; NISHIMURA A." box="[372,691,1686,1712]" pageId="22" pageNumber="425" pagination="91 - 244" refId="ref188223" refString="NAKASEKO K. &amp; NISHIMURA A. 1982. - Radiolaria from the bottom sediments of the Bellingshausen Basin in the Antarctic Sea, Report of the Technology Research Center, Japan National Oil Corporation, 91 - 244 p." type="book chapter" year="1982">Nakaseko &amp; Nishimura 1982</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 32, figs 3; pl. 33, fig. 1; pl. 35, fig. 4).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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