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<document id="7488761E8E0ACFB15E82F6DD616E1DDD" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.170669" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cc432084-63d9-4ab2-a3aa-8e2efc7b740a" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="170669" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459714546813" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Braby, Michael F." docDate="2005" docId="03813712D224FF9FD062F94CFBCAFC9D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00832.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 832" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Coliadinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFB84F6AD222FF97D16AFF85FFEFFF8B" masterDocTitle="Provisional checklist of genera of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698207631183" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="719AAA1A859E2021EAE6A12688278E64" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B3C248B09297B5935C501DDE16FF1A98">
<mods:title id="A2ED2CF82D0A3F075B224FA90B4DA66F">Provisional checklist of genera of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="5CEC8A066D8050EDAA8A8F9DDFD888BB">Braby, Michael F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part id="72F1F1F6FAF6CF6431281FB279F70ECA">
<mods:date id="5FF29040DC2CC5E5E3C2F60BA7391329">2005</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="BE2751B911AED0F6E066F79B57058CDB" type="volume">
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<mods:classification id="01B83E7083F8A8C18183842ABD096E77">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="45C80E531E9E067C17460E86B4F492B0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.170669</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7957C007515EF11EACC0560EF0D87039" type="Zenodo-Dep">170669</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03813712D224FF9FD062F94CFBCAFC9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5688522" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119334264" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5688522" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03813712D224FF9FD062F94CFBCAFC9D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03813712D224FF9FD062F94CFBCAFC9D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="C332D58FD224FF90D062F94CFB77FBA6" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B978604D224FF91D062F94CFE60F968" blockId="6.[264,1323,1737,1878]" box="[264,399,1737,1763]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D0DF3168D224FF91D062F94CFE60F968" bold="true" box="[264,399,1737,1763]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D224FF91D062F94CFE60F968" box="[264,399,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coliadinae">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D224FF91D062F94CFE60F968" bold="true" box="[264,399,1737,1763]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coliadinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B978604D224FF90D062F969FB77FBA6" blockId="6.[264,1323,1737,1878]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The pantropical genus
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D224FF91D349F968FD0CF88D" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[547,739,1772,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D224FF91D349F968FD90F88D" box="[547,639,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eurema</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
has been extensively revised in the Old World (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D224FF91D07AF891FE61F8A5" author="Yata" box="[272,398,1812,1838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="16" refString="Yata, O. (1989) A revision of the Old World species of the genus Eurema Hubner (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Part I. Phylogeny and zoogeography of the subgenus Terias Swainson and description of the subgenus Eurema Hubner. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History, 9, 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1989">Yata 1989</bibRefCitation>
), and only two subgenera are now recognised:
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D224FF91D2ACF890FBCDF8A5" box="[966,1058,1813,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D224FF91D2ACF890FBCDF8A5" box="[966,1058,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D224FF91D535F890FE71F8DD" authority="Swainson. Klots (1933)" authorityName="Swainson. Klots" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Terias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D224FF91D535F890FB4AF8A5" box="[1119,1189,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Terias</emphasis>
Swainson.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D224FF91D062F8B9FE71F8DD" author="Klots" box="[264,414,1852,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="15" refString="Klots, A. B. (1933) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica america, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1933">Klots (1933)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
treated
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D224FF91D095F8B8FD58F8DD" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[511,695,1852,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Nirmula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D224FF91D095F8B8FD8EF8DD" box="[511,609,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nirmula</emphasis>
Moore
</taxonomicName>
(with
<typeStatus id="549338A6D224FF91D26CF8B9FCD6F8DD" box="[774,825,1852,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
species
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D224FF91D2F4F8B8FC03F8DD" box="[926,1004,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">venata</emphasis>
Moore) and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D224FF91D5EDF8B8FB3DF8DD" box="[1159,1234,1853,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Maiva" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D224FF91D5EDF8B8FB3DF8DD" box="[1159,1234,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Maiva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Grose­ Smith &amp; Kirby (with
<typeStatus id="549338A6D225FF90D36DFE99FDD6FEBD" box="[519,569,284,310]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D3F5FE99FCD8FEBD" authority="Stoll" authorityName="Stoll" box="[671,823,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brigitta">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D3F5FE99FD18FEBE" box="[671,759,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">brigitta</emphasis>
Stoll
</taxonomicName>
) as subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D56DFE99FB8CFEBE" box="[1031,1123,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D56DFE99FB8CFEBE" box="[1031,1123,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D5CAFE99FAC5FEBD" author="Yata" box="[1184,1322,284,310]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Yata, O. (1989) A revision of the Old World species of the genus Eurema Hubner (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Part I. Phylogeny and zoogeography of the subgenus Terias Swainson and description of the subgenus Eurema Hubner. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History, 9, 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1989">Yata (1989)</bibRefCitation>
considered them to be synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D3ABFEC1FC78FED6" box="[705,919,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D3ABFEC1FC78FED6" box="[705,919,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema (Eurema)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on similarities of the male and female genitalia.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D37BFEE9FD48FE0D" author="Field" box="[529,679,364,390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Field, W. D. (1950) A revision of Eurema Hubner subgenus Teriocolias Rober. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 9, 359 - 374." type="journal article" year="1950">Field (1950)</bibRefCitation>
revised
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D27EFEE9FC05FE0D" authority="Rober" authorityName="Rober" box="[788,1002,364,390]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Teriocolias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D27EFEE9FC78FE0E" box="[788,919,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Teriocolias</emphasis>
Röber
</taxonomicName>
from the New World and treated it as a monobasic subgenus (with
<typeStatus id="549338A6D225FF90D261FE11FCD2FE25" box="[779,829,404,430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D2C0FE11FBDAFE25" authority="Lucas" authorityName="Lucas" box="[938,1077,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Teriocolias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zelia">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D2C0FE11FC0EFE26" box="[938,993,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">zelia</emphasis>
Lucas
</taxonomicName>
) of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D507FE11FB26FE26" box="[1133,1225,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D507FE11FB26FE26" box="[1133,1225,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D5B7FE11FEB6FE5D" author="Lamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Lamas, G. (2005) Pieridae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (in press)." type="book" year="2005">Lamas (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, however, provisionally treated
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D3A5FE39FCBFFE5E" box="[719,848,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Teriocolias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D3A5FE39FCBFFE5E" box="[719,848,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Teriocolias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, together with the two other New World subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D0C2FE61FDEBFE76" box="[424,516,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D0C2FE61FDEBFE76" box="[424,516,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D379FE61FD2CFE75" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[531,707,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Abaeis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D379FE61FD8CFE76" box="[531,611,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Abaeis</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D394FE61FC59FE75" authority="Butler" authorityName="Butler" box="[766,950,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pyrisitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D394FE61FC8CFE76" box="[766,867,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pyrisitia</emphasis>
Butler
</taxonomicName>
, as distinct genera pending further investigation of their monophyly. Lamas’ classification is tentatively followed here, although it should be noted that a recent cladistic analysis of molecular characters provided strong evidence that
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D338FDD9FD41FDFE" box="[594,686,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D338FDD9FD41FDFE" box="[594,686,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is paraphyletic, with the
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D28DFDD9FBACFDFE" box="[999,1091,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D28DFDD9FBACFDFE" box="[999,1091,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (i.e.
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D5A5FDD9FE8BFD16" authority="(Terias)" baseAuthorityName="Terias" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D5A5FDD9FE8BFD16" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema (Terias)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D0E9FD01FDBAFD16" box="[387,597,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D0E9FD01FDBAFD16" box="[387,597,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema (Eurema)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) including the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D23EFD01FBABFD15" authority="Doubleday" authorityName="Doubleday" box="[852,1092,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leucidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D23EFD01FC54FD16" box="[852,955,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Leucidia</emphasis>
Doubleday
</taxonomicName>
, as well as
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D5A2FD01FEDDFD4E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Terioco ­ lias</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D01AFD29FE3AFD4E" box="[368,469,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pyrisitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D01AFD29FE3AFD4E" box="[368,469,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pyrisitia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Braby
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D350FD29FD9FFD4E" box="[570,624,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
., unpublished data). Although
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D28FFD29FBDAFD4E" box="[997,1077,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Abaeis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D28FFD29FBDAFD4E" box="[997,1077,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Abaeis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not included in that study, it is clear that the status of other taxa currently or formerly included in
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D5A5FD51FAC4FD66" box="[1231,1323,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D5A5FD51FAC4FD66" box="[1231,1323,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will need to be revised. Two possible solutions are either to raise the Old World subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D062FCA1FEA2FCB6" box="[264,333,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Terias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D062FCA1FEA2FCB6" box="[264,333,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Terias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to generic status, or to treat
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D3C2FCA1FCE2FCB6" box="[680,781,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pyrisitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D3C2FCA1FCE2FCB6" box="[680,781,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pyrisitia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D277FCA1FC71FCB6" box="[797,926,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Teriocolias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D277FCA1FC71FCB6" box="[797,926,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Teriocolias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D2B6FCA1FBACFCB6" box="[988,1091,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leucidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D2B6FCA1FBACFCB6" box="[988,1091,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Leucidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all as subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D062FCC9FE8CFCEE" box="[264,355,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D062FCC9FE8CFCEE" box="[264,355,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Historically,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D366FCC9FD30FCED" author="Klots" box="[524,735,844,870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Klots, A. B. (1933) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica america, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1933">Klots (1933: 184)</bibRefCitation>
regarded
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D23CFCC9FC54FCEE" box="[854,955,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pyrisitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D23CFCC9FC54FCEE" box="[854,955,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pyrisitia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D29CFCC9FB96FCEE" box="[1014,1145,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Teriocolias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D29CFCC9FB96FCEE" box="[1014,1145,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Teriocolias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as subordinate taxa of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D00FFCF1FE2EFC06" box="[357,449,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D00FFCF1FE2EFC06" box="[357,449,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but stated that “the relationships of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D2E9FCF1FC05FC06" box="[899,1002,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leucidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D2E9FCF1FC05FC06" box="[899,1002,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Leucidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are rather hard to trace. It may be an offshoot from the ancestral stem of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D240FC19FC69FC3E" box="[810,902,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D240FC19FC69FC3E" box="[810,902,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to some species of which the genitalia are very similar.” implying that
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D3DEFC41FCF5FC56" box="[692,794,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leucidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D3DEFC41FCF5FC56" box="[692,794,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Leucidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be the sister taxon to
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D538FC41FB41FC56" box="[1106,1198,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D538FC41FB41FC56" box="[1106,1198,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The analysis of Braby
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D0DCFC69FE02FB8E" box="[438,493,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. (unpublished data) shows that
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D219FC69FC35FB8E" box="[883,986,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leucidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D219FC69FC35FB8E" box="[883,986,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Leucidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs within the
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D5A5FC69FAC4FB8E" box="[1231,1323,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D5A5FC69FAC4FB8E" box="[1231,1323,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eurema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, being most closely related to New World species of
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D2D7FB91FB77FBA6" box="[957,1176,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D2D7FB91FB7BFBA6" box="[957,1172,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eurema (Eurema)</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C332D58FD225FF9FD052FBB9FBCAFC9D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B978604D225FF90D052FBB9FE81F9BD" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D052FBB9FE3EFBDD" author="Klots" box="[312,465,1084,1110]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Klots, A. B. (1933) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica america, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1933">Klots (1933)</bibRefCitation>
proposed three subgenera within the predominantly Neotropical genus
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D062FBE1FE27FBF5" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[264,456,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D062FBE1FE89FBF6" box="[264,358,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phoebis</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D0B6FBE1FDD5FBF6" box="[476,570,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D0B6FBE1FDD5FBF6" box="[476,570,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phoebis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D321FBE1FC20FBF5" authority="Godman &amp; Salvin" authorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" box="[587,975,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D321FBE1FD08FBF6" box="[587,743,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhabdodryas</emphasis>
Godman &amp; Salvin
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D2B7FBE1FB75FBF5" authority="Butler" authorityName="Butler" box="[989,1178,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D2B7FBE1FBAAFBF6" box="[989,1093,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aphrissa</emphasis>
Butler
</taxonomicName>
) but treated
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D062FB09FE3CFB2D" authority="Schaus" authorityName="Schaus" box="[264,467,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Prestonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D062FB09FE96FB2E" box="[264,377,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Prestonia</emphasis>
Schaus
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of it.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D3D5FB09FC8CFB2D" author="Lamas" box="[703,867,1164,1190]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Lamas, G. (2005) Pieridae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (in press)." type="book" year="2005">Lamas (2005)</bibRefCitation>
did not recognise any subgenera in his comprehensive checklist of the Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D27CFB31FC96FB45" box="[790,889,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
, treating
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D283FB31FB6AFB46" box="[1001,1157,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D283FB31FB6AFB46" box="[1001,1157,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhabdodryas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D5A8FB31FAC5FB46" box="[1218,1322,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D5A8FB31FAC5FB46" box="[1218,1322,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aphrissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D0E8FB59FE1CFB7E" box="[386,499,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Prestonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D0E8FB59FE1CFB7E" box="[386,499,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Prestonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct genera, although emphasised that his taxonomic elevations were partly a matter of convenience until more phylogenetic information becomes available. The status of these four taxa will almost certainly be revised in future.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D5F8FAA9FAC7FACD" author="Klots" box="[1170,1320,1324,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Klots, A. B. (1933) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica america, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1933">Klots (1933)</bibRefCitation>
noted that ‘his’ subgenera were somewhat heterogenous and that
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D57AFAD1FB81FAE6" box="[1040,1134,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D57AFAD1FB81FAE6" box="[1040,1134,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phoebis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed greater intraspecific differences in genitalia and other characters compared to differences observed between other genera. A recent molecular cladistic analysis (Braby
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D5E5FA21FB2DFA36" box="[1167,1218,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
., unpublished data) showed that
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D352FA49FD78FA6E" box="[568,663,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D352FA49FD78FA6E" box="[568,663,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phoebis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D3BCFA49FCD1FA6E" box="[726,830,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D3BCFA49FCD1FA6E" box="[726,830,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aphrissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprise sister taxa in a well­supported monophyletic group, although that study did not include
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D2F4FA71FBD5F986" box="[926,1082,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D2F4FA71FBD5F986" box="[926,1082,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhabdodryas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D50AFA71FB3EF986" box="[1120,1233,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Prestonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D50AFA71FB3EF986" box="[1120,1233,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Prestonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B978604D225FF9FD052F9C1FB92FDFD" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1324,284,790]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D052F9C1FE21F9D5" author="Klots" box="[312,462,1604,1630]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Klots, A. B. (1933) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica america, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1933">Klots (1933)</bibRefCitation>
placed three species of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D387F9C1FC40F9D5" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[749,943,1604,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D387F9C1FCD5F9D6" box="[749,826,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colias</emphasis>
Fabricius
</taxonomicName>
in the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D510F9C1FAC4F9D5" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[1146,1323,1604,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Zerene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D510F9C1FB25F9D6" box="[1146,1226,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zerene</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
(with
<typeStatus id="549338A6D225FF90D039F9E9FE69F90D" box="[339,390,1644,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
species
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D09FF9E9FDB2F90E" box="[501,605,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">caesonia</emphasis>
Stoll). The male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D2B3F9E9FBC6F90E" box="[985,1065,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Zerene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D2B3F9E9FBC6F90E" box="[985,1065,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zerene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D580F9E9FEB6F925" author="Klots" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Klots, A. B. (1933) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica america, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1933">Klots (1933)</bibRefCitation>
, differ fundamentally from
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D3CEF911FD1FF926" box="[676,752,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D3CEF911FD1FF926" box="[676,752,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and several authors (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D541F911FB2DF925" author="Berger" box="[1067,1218,1684,1710]" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Berger, L. A. (1986) Systematique du genre Colias F. Lepidoptera-Pieridae. Lambillionea, 86, 1 - 68 (suppl.)." type="journal article" year="1986">Berger 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D5A5F911FEA9F95D" author="Cheong" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Cheong, S. W. (1990) Comparative morphology and phylogeny on the female internal genitalia of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera). Ph. D Thesis, Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea, 80 pp." type="book" year="1990">Cheong 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D039F939FE31F95D" author="Ferris" box="[339,478,1724,1750]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Ferris, C. D. (1993) Reassessment of the Colias alexandra group, the legume-feeding species, and preliminary cladistic analysis of the North American Colias (Pieridae: Coliadinae). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, No. 138, 1 - 85." type="book chapter" year="1993">Ferris 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D081F939FD22F95D" author="Pollock" box="[491,717,1724,1750]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Pollock, D. D., Watt, W. B., Rashbrook, V. K. &amp; Iyengar, E. V. (1998) Molecular phylogeny for Colias butterflies and their relatives (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 524 - 531." type="journal article" year="1998">
Pollock
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D327F939FD66F95E" box="[589,649,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
) have advocated full generic status. The molecular phylogenetic analysis of 10 Holarctic species by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D22CF961FBD7F975" box="[838,1080,1764,1790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Pollock, D. D., Watt, W. B., Rashbrook, V. K. &amp; Iyengar, E. V. (1998) Molecular phylogeny for Colias butterflies and their relatives (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 524 - 531." type="journal article">
Pollock
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D2C2F961FC34F976" box="[936,987,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. (1998)
</bibRefCitation>
revealed that
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D5B4F961FAC5F976" box="[1246,1322,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D5B4F961FAC5F976" box="[1246,1322,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF90D057F889FE62F8AE" box="[317,397,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Zerene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF90D057F889FE62F8AE" box="[317,397,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zerene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were sister taxa and formed a well­supported monophyletic group.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D5ACF889FEB6F8C5" author="Petersen" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Petersen, B. (1963) The male genitalia of some Colias species. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 1, 135 - 156." type="journal article" year="1963">Petersen (1963)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D00EF8B1FDE7F8C5" author="Berger" box="[356,520,1844,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Berger, L. A. (1986) Systematique du genre Colias F. Lepidoptera-Pieridae. Lambillionea, 86, 1 - 68 (suppl.)." type="journal article" year="1986">Berger (1986)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D225FF90D328F8B1FD17F8C5" author="Verhulst" box="[578,760,1844,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Verhulst, J. T. (2000) Les Colias du Globe. Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern, 308 pp." type="book" year="2000">Verhulst (2000)</bibRefCitation>
revised the higher­level classification of
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D225FF9FD5B4F8B1FE71FEBE" italics="true" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D225FF9FD5B4F8B1FEA6FEBE" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colias" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu">
Colias
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26FE76DD22AFF9FD062FE99FEA6FEBE" box="[264,329,284,309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
</taxonomicName>
stricto
</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD0DAFE99FDB8FEBD" author="Berger" box="[432,599,284,310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" refString="Berger, L. A. (1986) Systematique du genre Colias F. Lepidoptera-Pieridae. Lambillionea, 86, 1 - 68 (suppl.)." type="journal article" year="1986">Berger (1986)</bibRefCitation>
divided the genus into eight subgenera, five of which were newly described. The subgenera are distinguished by few morphological characters, each showing rather minor differences, and the validity of some of these taxa has been seriously questioned (Yamauchi
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD34DFE11FD8BFE26" box="[551,612,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
., unpublished data; G. Lamas, pers. comm. 2004). For instance,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD010FE39FDDFFE5D" author="Shapiro" box="[378,560,444,470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Shapiro, A. M. (1993) The proposed Magellanic type-locality of Colias imperialis Butler (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Acta Entomologica Chilena, 18, 77 - 82." type="journal article" year="1993">Shapiro (1993)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD355FE39FD0AFE5D" author="Lamas" box="[575,741,444,470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" refString="Lamas, G. (2005) Pieridae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (in press)." type="book" year="2005">Lamas (2005)</bibRefCitation>
and Yamauchi
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD2CFFE39FC33FE5E" box="[933,988,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. (unpublished data) did not recognise subgenus
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD09FFE61FD92FE76" box="[501,637,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Protocolias</emphasis>
Petersen, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD242FE61FBF4FE75" box="[808,1051,484,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Pollock, D. D., Watt, W. B., Rashbrook, V. K. &amp; Iyengar, E. V. (1998) Molecular phylogeny for Colias butterflies and their relatives (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 524 - 531." type="journal article">
Pollock
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD2E0FE61FC52FE76" box="[906,957,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. (1998)
</bibRefCitation>
concluded that
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD5BCFE61FEDDFDAE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Neocolias</emphasis>
Berger would be better subsumed under
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD277FD89FC78FDAE" box="[797,919,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eriocolias</emphasis>
E.
<collectingCountry id="F33FC694D22AFF9FD2DDFD89FC21FDAD" box="[951,974,524,550]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Y</collectingCountry>
. Watson. The subgenus
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD586FD89FEA1FDC6" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eriocolias</emphasis>
, however, was not recognised by either
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD252FDB1FC3FFDC5" author="Klots" box="[824,976,564,590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" refString="Klots, A. B. (1933) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica america, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1933">Klots (1933)</bibRefCitation>
or
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD296FDB1FB49FDC5" author="Lamas" box="[1020,1190,564,590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" refString="Lamas, G. (2005) Pieridae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (in press)." type="book" year="2005">Lamas (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. Six of the subgenera, besides
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D22AFF9FD081FDD9FD70FDFE" box="[491,671,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD081FDD9FD70FDFE" box="[491,671,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colias (Colias)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are listed tentatively until further study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B978604D22AFF9FD052FD01FBCAFC9D" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD052FD01FDEDFD15" author="Hemming" box="[312,514,644,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" refString="Hemming, F. (1964) Paper XLIII. Establishment of a new genus in the family Pieridae. Annotationes Lepidopterologicae, 4, 148 - 149." type="journal article" year="1964">Hemming (1964)</bibRefCitation>
introduced
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D22AFF9FD3E7FD01FC86FD15" authority="Hemming" authorityName="Hemming" box="[653,873,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Klotsius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD3E7FD01FD01FD16" box="[653,750,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Klotsius</emphasis>
Hemming
</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D22AFF9FD55DFD01FB09FD15" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[1079,1254,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anteos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD55DFD01FB68FD16" box="[1079,1159,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anteos</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
(with
<typeStatus id="549338A6D22AFF9FD062FD29FED5FD4D" box="[264,314,684,710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D22AFF9FD0CBFD29FD85FD4D" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[417,618,684,710]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anteos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menippe">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD0CBFD29FDEAFD4E" box="[417,517,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">menippe</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
), but this was not accepted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD2B1FD29FB6FFD4D" author="Lamas" box="[987,1152,684,710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" refString="Lamas, G. (2005) Pieridae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (in press)." type="book" year="2005">Lamas (2005)</bibRefCitation>
on nomenclatural grounds.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9FBF5D22AFF9FD0D7FD51FCEAFD65" author="Yamauchi" box="[445,773,724,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Yamauchi, T. &amp; Yata, O. (2000) Systematics and biogeography of the genus Gandaca Moore (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Entomological Science, 3, 331 - 343." type="journal article" year="2000">Yamauchi and Yata (2000)</bibRefCitation>
revised the systematics of
<taxonomicName id="4C28FD87D22AFF9FD537FD51FAC9FD65" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[1117,1318,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Gandaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95C5A16D22AFF9FD537FD51FB26FD66" box="[1117,1225,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gandaca</emphasis>
Moore
</taxonomicName>
, although did not propose changes at the generic or subgeneric level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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