371 lines
46 KiB
XML
371 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="F3F3E7A5AACA17EEE45D46064D5AAD1A" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6F92CAAFF17FADA13DAF98F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Streblognathus Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="95BA7C3330245B8B96411402F2E342C8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8A780BF3B8A126779A8163714E9E2220">
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<mods:title id="7D96BF80D4E335F69DAFA8C2A2173B38">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="909BD8ED41971851DCF6C171466BA2BD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="28826517B5B6124603E871945C773D18">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A1C88D2221F0E1EC155ADFAEB3C5EFD7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B7CD4448C9411651147798529651260F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="50982A8C4C2D6AA030E322CA587EB7FE">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4EA0B463C1A05C228555B69A8BE0354D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="1C11F218BD6812F683AE7BCEEA8122B6">
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<mods:title id="FC3FD304D8A9335CAB05CF55B1A906B0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="1CD9EA877DB6B0563BEBF7570664FAAF">
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<mods:date id="9E8A39B201AE610E073C500380099027">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5C7A1F4DA01A15A7BD4F53923B346335" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="2553D734771F15AA5F8BBFA27E6FC192">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="B934AF0E98937030F577335E30D6B69A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BE099D443EF98104146B907FD85D91DA">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="D10DD3834CB17453D237D97920AB87A6" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="395F1A1BFAE3809AAC5F7F695EAA9DC3">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="86569FA2AC7FB75CA5B010879AC7FC06">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="3ED4DEAB777563175EF23C8287008547">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D2D9FF2C362EA0817363E6E210AB50FA" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6F92CAAFF17FADA13DAF98F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117528" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117528" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6F92CAAFF17FADA13DAF98F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6F92CAAFF17FADA13DAF98F" lastPageId="136" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F92CA4FF17FADA11FEFAAC" box="[151,411,1340,1366]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F92CA4FF17FADA11FEFAAC" blockId="134.[151,411,1340,1399]" box="[151,411,1340,1366]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6F92CA4FF17FADA11FEFAAC" bold="true" box="[151,411,1340,1366]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FF17FADA11FEFAAC" ID-CoL="7P4C" ID-ENA="373803" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[151,411,1340,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FF17FADA11FEFAAC" bold="true" box="[151,411,1340,1366]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FF17FADA112BFAAC" bold="true" box="[151,334,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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Mayr
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F92CA4FF17FAB81083FA8D" box="[151,230,1374,1399]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F92CA4FF17FAB81083FA8D" blockId="134.[151,411,1340,1399]" box="[151,230,1374,1399]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6F92CA4FF17FAB81083FA8D" box="[151,230,1374,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="135.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,517,1949]" captionTargetId="figure-195@135.[151,1436,517,1961]" captionTargetPageId="135" captionText="FIGURE 26. Worker caste of Streblognathus peetersi: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0173636, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Streblognathus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120872" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120872/files/figure.png" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F92CA4FF17FA401295F9BE" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F92CA4FF17FA401156FA21" blockId="134.[151,1436,1446,1499]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6F92CA4FF17FA401156FA21" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F92CA4FF17FA4011BBFA46" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6295132" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6295132" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ED7FC8BF-C157-4674-8613-D437A6896C56" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,478,1446,1468]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9CA92E5B38E6F66002DF956DA6BCAF6A" page="716" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" year="1862">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FF17FA4011BBFA46" ID-CoL="7P4C" authority="Mayr, 1862: 716" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="716" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,478,1446,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FF17FA40114AFA46" box="[151,303,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F92CA4FEB5FA4111BBFA46" author="Mayr, G." box="[309,478,1446,1468]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref155085" refString="Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr, 1862: 716</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as genus in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FDE5FA4012AFFA46" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[613,714,1446,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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[Poneridae]). Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FC6FFA411512FA46" authority="Smith, F., 1858: 91" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityPageNumber="91" authorityYear="1858" box="[1007,1399,1446,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FC6FFA4114CEFA46" box="[1007,1195,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Ponera aethiopica</emphasis>
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Smith, F., 1858: 91
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</taxonomicName>
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; by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F92CA4FF17F9E11295F9BE" blockId="134.[151,1436,1543,2037]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FF17F9E1115AF9DA" ID-CoL="7P4C" box="[151,319,1543,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FF17F9E1115AF9DA" box="[151,319,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small genus (two described species) restricted to southern Africa. It is notable for the large size of its workers and for its reproduction by gamergates.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F92CAAFF47F9A91085FE9F" lastPageId="136" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F92CA4FF47F9A91140F87D" blockId="134.[151,1436,1543,2037]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FF47F9A91124F992" bold="true" box="[199,321,1615,1640]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Diagnostic morphological apomorphies of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FCCAF9A91397F992" box="[842,1010,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FCCAF9A91397F992" box="[842,1010,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers include their subtriangular mandibles, paired teeth on the anterior clypeal margin, small paired propodeal teeth, broad cuticular flange posterior to the metapleural gland orifice, and tall fin-like petiole. This combination of characters does not occur in any other ponerine genus, and indeed the shape of the petiole is unique among ants. Subtriangular mandibles occur in several other ponerine genera, paired clypeal teeth occur in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FCE8F906138AF90D" box="[872,1007,1760,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FCE8F906138AF90D" box="[872,1007,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, propodeal spines or teeth occur in a handful of other genera, and a cuticular flange behind the metapleural gland orifice occurs in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FB59F8E21502F8E7" box="[1241,1383,1796,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FB59F8E21502F8E7" box="[1241,1383,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but none of these genera has all the apomorphies of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FD49F8C11314F8BA" box="[713,881,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FD49F8C11314F8BA" box="[713,881,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in combination, and none of them has a similar petiole.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FF77F8AA11FAF89F" box="[247,415,1868,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FF77F8AA11FAF89F" box="[247,415,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers are the largest of any African ponerine, exceeded globally only by those of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FF17F896117BF87D" box="[151,286,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FF17F896117BF87D" box="[151,286,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F92CA5FF47F87214AEFE2A" blockId="134.[151,1436,1543,2037]" lastBlockId="135.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="135" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FF47F87211A0F857" bold="true" box="[199,453,1940,1965]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F92CA4FE4DF8721246F857" box="[461,547,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Worker.</emphasis>
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Very large (TL
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<quantity id="4C2645F5A6F92CA4FD5CF872134AF851" box="[732,815,1940,1965]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F92CA4FCBCF872139CF857" author="Robertson, H. G." box="[828,1017,1940,1965]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref160863" refString="Robertson, H. G. (2002) Revision of the ant genus Streblognathus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 97, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2002">Robertson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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) ants with the standard characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F92CA4FF17F85E109FF82B" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[151,250,1976,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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. Mandibles subtriangular, with relatively short masticatory margins and a weak basal groove. Anterior margin of clypeus straight or with a broad concavity, bounded on each side by a short tooth. Frontal lobes widely separated anteriorly by an extension of the clypeus. Eyes of moderate size, located just anterior of head midline and somewhat medially. Metanotal groove very shallowly impressed. Propodeal dorsum narrowed, with a shallow longitudinal depression and a pair of small teeth at the posterodorsal margin. Propodeal spiracle slit-shaped. Metapleural gland orifice with a broad shallow cuticular flange posteriorly. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole fin-shaped, in profile with a convex anterior face and a concave posterior face, tapering to a sharp point dorsally, with sharp lateral and anterior margins on the dorsal third; petiole taller than the mesosoma and gaster. Gaster squat, without a girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Head and body sparsely punctate, with generally sparse pilosity except for scattered short decumbent black hairs on the head and pronotum; pubescence of moderate density. Color black.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DFA1B898A6F82CA5FF17F8591435F809" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120872" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120872" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120872/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" startId="135.[151,250,1983,2005]" targetBox="[151,1436,517,1949]" targetPageId="135">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F82CA5FF17F8591435F809" blockId="135.[151,1436,1983,2035]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F82CA5FF17F859114DF82E" bold="true" box="[151,296,1983,2005]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
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Worker caste of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F82CA5FE74F859128FF82F" authorityName="Robertson" authorityYear="2002" box="[500,746,1983,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peetersi">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F82CA5FE74F859128FF82F" box="[500,746,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Streblognathus peetersi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0173636, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F82CA5FC33F83B142FF809" box="[947,1098,2013,2035]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F82CA5FC33F83B142FF809" box="[947,1098,2013,2035]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FF7E12EAFF4A" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" box="[199,655,151,176]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF47FF7E1172FF55" box="[199,279,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Queen.</emphasis>
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Unknown and apparently absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FF5A12CFFF2F" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" box="[199,682,188,213]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF47FF5A116DFF2F" box="[199,264,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Male.</emphasis>
|
|
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F72CAAFE8EFF5A1153FF2F" box="[270,310,188,213]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">See</collectingRegion>
|
|
description in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFE5EFF5A12C3FF2F" author="Robertson, H. G." box="[478,678,188,213]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref160863" refString="Robertson, H. G. (2002) Revision of the ant genus Streblognathus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 97, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2002">Robertson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FF071549FEE6" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF47FF071174FF02" box="[199,273,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Larva.</emphasis>
|
|
The larvae of
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFE46FF0612E2FF02" box="[454,647,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
|
S. “
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFE6EFF39121BFF02" box="[494,638,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">aethiopicus</taxonomicName>
|
|
”
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
were described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFCF3FF3914D0FF02" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[883,1205,223,248]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="50 - 55" refId="ref167410" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1989) Notes on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 97, 50 - 55." type="journal article" year="1989">Wheeler & Wheeler (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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|
, though given their collection locality they were probably actually larvae of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFC90FEE213E0FEE6" authorityName="Robertson" authorityYear="2002" box="[784,901,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peetersi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFC90FEE213E0FEE6" box="[784,901,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">S. peetersi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(described later by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFBE3FEE2157BFEE7" author="Robertson, H. G." box="[1123,1310,260,285]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref160863" refString="Robertson, H. G. (2002) Revision of the ant genus Streblognathus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 97, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2002">Robertson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FEC11085FE9F" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF47FEC11197FEBA" bold="true" box="[199,498,295,320]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFE7CFEC112C6FEBA" box="[508,675,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFE7CFEC112C6FEBA" box="[508,675,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is restricted to
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F72CAAFCDEFEC113DEFEBA" box="[862,955,295,320]" name="Lesotho" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F72CAAFC49FEC1145BFEBA" box="[969,1086,295,320]" name="Swaziland" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
|
and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F72CAAFBFBFEC1156BFEBA" box="[1147,1294,295,320]" name="South Africa" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFAA0FEC110B1FE9F" author="Robertson, H. G." pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref160863" refString="Robertson, H. G. (2002) Revision of the ant genus Streblognathus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 97, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2002">Robertson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F72CAAFF47FE8913DAF98F" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="biology_ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FE8913F3FE0F" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF47FE8911AAFE72" bold="true" box="[199,463,367,392]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
|
Relatively little is known about most aspects of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFC6EFE8914F3FE72" box="[1006,1174,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFC6EFE8914F3FE72" box="[1006,1174,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
ecology. They occur in arid thorn scrub and grasslands in extreme southeastern Africa, and apparently are specialist predators of tenebrionid beetles (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFEFBFE511277FE2A" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[379,530,439,464]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="45 - 79" refId="ref134888" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (2000) Diversity of ants. In: Agosti, D., Majer, J., Alonso, E. & Schultz, T. R. (Eds.), Ants: standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 45 - 79." type="book chapter" year="2000">Brown, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFD9EFE5112B8FE2A" author="Robertson, H. G." box="[542,733,439,464]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref160863" refString="Robertson, H. G. (2002) Revision of the ant genus Streblognathus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 97, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2002">Robertson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Workers stridulate when disturbed (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFB00FE511561FE2A" author="Ware, A. B." box="[1152,1284,439,464]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="31 - 36" refId="ref166569" refString="Ware, A. B. (1994) Factors eliciting stridulation by the ponerine ant Streblognathus aethiopicus Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). African Entomology, 2 (1), 31 - 36." type="journal article" year="1994">Ware, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and are able to differentiate nestmates from non-nestmates (Schlüns
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFC87FE3B1325FE0F" box="[775,832,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 1996).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FDE614BEFCEF" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
|
In contrast, a fair bit is known about the reproductive and social behavior of the genus. Colonies are small, with usually around
|
|
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6F72CAAFEC6FDC211B7FDC7" box="[326,466,548,573]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="worker">100 workers</specimenCount>
|
|
or fewer (mean = 35 for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFD74FDC213F7FDC7" box="[756,914,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFD74FDC213F7FDC7" box="[756,914,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">S. aethiopicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; mean = 95 for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFBCCFDC214A4FDC6" authorityName="Robertson" authorityYear="2002" box="[1100,1217,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peetersi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFBCCFDC214A4FDC6" box="[1100,1217,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">S. peetersi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFB51FDC215FDFDC7" author="Ware, A. B. & Compton, S. G. & Robertson, H. G." box="[1233,1432,548,573]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="189 - 199" refId="ref166606" refString="Ware, A. B., Compton, S. G. & Robertson, H. G. (1990) Gamergate reproduction in the ant Streblognathus aethiopicus Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 37 (3), 189 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224047" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
|
Ware
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFA94FDC31528FDC7" box="[1300,1357,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 1990
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Peeters, 1993). The queen caste is entirely absent, with reproduction instead being performed by a single mated gamergate worker. This gamergate, or “alpha” worker, is morphologically indistinguishable from the other workers but differs from them in its ovarian development (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFD79FD6913B7FD52" author="Ware, A. B. & Compton, S. G. & Robertson, H. G." box="[761,978,655,680]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="189 - 199" refId="ref166606" refString="Ware, A. B., Compton, S. G. & Robertson, H. G. (1990) Gamergate reproduction in the ant Streblognathus aethiopicus Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 37 (3), 189 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224047" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
|
Ware
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFCC3FD7713E7FD52" box="[835,898,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 1990
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), hormone levels (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFB33FD6915F5FD52" author="Brent, C. & Peeters, C. & Dietmann, V. & Crewe, R. & Vargo, E." box="[1203,1424,655,680]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="315 - 320" refId="ref134283" refString="Brent, C., Peeters, C., Dietmann, V., Crewe, R. & Vargo, E. (2006) Hormonal correlates of reproductive status in the queenless ponerine ant Streblognathus peetersi. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 192 (3), 315 - 320. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00359 - 005 - 0065 - 6" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
|
Brent
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFA81FD77155AFD52" box="[1281,1343,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2006
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), neurochemistry (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFED6FD5212C8FD37" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Lenoir, A." box="[342,685,692,717]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="149 - 153" refId="ref136464" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Lenoir, A. (2006) Biogenic amine levels, reproduction and social dominance in the queenless ant Streblognathus peetersi. Naturwissenschaften. 93 (3), 149 - 153. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 006 - 0086 - 1" type="journal article" year="2006">Cuvillier-Hot & Lenoir, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), cuticular hydrocarbons (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFC57FD521565FD37" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Renault, V. & Peeters, C." box="[983,1280,692,717]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="73 - 77" refId="ref136640" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V., Renault, V. & Peeters, C. (2005) Rapid modification in the olfactory signal of ants following a change in reproductive status. Naturwissenschaften, 92 (2), 73 - 77. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 004 - 0588 - 7" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
|
Cuvillier-Hot
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFBF9FD5314D1FD37" box="[1145,1204,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2005
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and relative proportions of mandibular gland secretions (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFD2BFD3113EDFD0A" author="Jones, T. H. & Garraffo, H. M. & Blum, M. S. & Everett, D. M. & Hastings, H. & Ware, A. B." box="[683,904,727,752]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="125 - 134" refId="ref148457" refString="Jones, T. H., Garraffo, H. M., Blum, M. S., Everett, D. M., Hastings, H., & Ware, A. B. (1998) Elucidation of dimethylalkylpyrazines from the ant Streblognathus aethiopicus by GC-FTIR. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24 (1), 125 - 134." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
|
Jones
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFD79FD3F135DFD0A" box="[761,824,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 1998
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Within a colony, workers are behaviorally differentiated into foragers, nest workers and the sole reproductive gamergate (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFB89FD1A14ABFCEF" author="Ware, A. B. & Compton, S. G. & Robertson, H. G." box="[1033,1230,764,789]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="189 - 199" refId="ref166606" refString="Ware, A. B., Compton, S. G. & Robertson, H. G. (1990) Gamergate reproduction in the ant Streblognathus aethiopicus Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 37 (3), 189 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224047" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
|
Ware
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFBCCFD1B14E0FCEF" box="[1100,1157,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 1990
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FCF912B8FBEA" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
|
A dominance hierarchy exists among the workers in a colony, with high-ranking workers subordinate to the alpha but dominant over the low-ranking individuals. Gamergates inhibit reproduction by subordinate workers through chemical signaling (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFE5CFC811376FC7A" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Lenoir, A. & Crewe, R. & Malosse, C. & Peeters, C." box="[476,787,871,896]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1209 - 1219" refId="ref136578" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V., Lenoir, A., Crewe, R., Malosse, C. & Peeters, C. (2004 b) Fertility signalling and reproductive skew in queenless ants. Animal Behaviour, 68, 1209 - 1219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2003.11.026" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
|
Cuvillier-Hot
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFDFDFC8F12DDFC7A" box="[637,696,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2004b
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The reproductive division of labor within the colony is further maintained by the low-ranking workers, who identify the alpha worker and aggressively prevent sub-alpha workers from ascending to dominance unless the alpha senesces. In such instances, high-ranking workers aggressively compete until a single alpha ascends to dominance; this is usually the previous “beta,” or second ranked, worker (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFECFFC11121EFBEA" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Lenoir, A. & Peeters, C." box="[335,635,1015,1040]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="970 - 975" refId="ref136521" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V., Lenoir, A. & Peeters, C. (2004 a) Reproductive monopoly enforced by sterile police workers in a queenless ant. Behavioral Ecology, 15 (6), 970 - 975. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / beheco / arh 072" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
|
Cuvillier-Hot
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFE6EFC1F1243FBEA" box="[494,550,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2004a
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFD06FC1112B4FBEA" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Lenoir, A. & Crewe, R. & Malosse, C. & Peeters, C." box="[646,721,1015,1040]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1209 - 1219" refId="ref136578" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V., Lenoir, A., Crewe, R., Malosse, C. & Peeters, C. (2004 b) Fertility signalling and reproductive skew in queenless ants. Animal Behaviour, 68, 1209 - 1219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2003.11.026" type="journal article" year="2004">2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FBFA1156FB12" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF47FBFA1281FBCF" bold="true" box="[199,740,1052,1077]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFD71FBFA13FCFBCF" box="[753,921,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFD71FBFA13FCFBCF" box="[753,921,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was erected by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFBE6FBFA149EFBCF" author="Mayr, G." box="[1126,1275,1052,1077]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref155085" refString="Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr (1862)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
to house the species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFF6FFBA7123FFBA2" authority="F. Smith. All" authorityName="F. Smith. All" box="[239,602,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF6FFBA711A5FBA2" box="[239,448,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Ponera aethiopica</emphasis>
|
|
F. Smith. All
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
subsequent authors have maintained distinct generic status for this taxon.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFF17FB821103FB87" author="Robertson, H. G." box="[151,358,1124,1149]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref160863" refString="Robertson, H. G. (2002) Revision of the ant genus Streblognathus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 97, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2002">Robertson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
revised the genus and divided
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFC80FB8213C2FB87" box="[768,935,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFC80FB8213C2FB87" box="[768,935,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">S. aethiopicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
into two species. We continue to treat
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFF17FB61115AFB5A" box="[151,319,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF17FB61115AFB5A" box="[151,319,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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as a distinct genus on both morphological and molecular grounds.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFBDEFB611544FB5A" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1118,1313,1159,1184]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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molecular phylogeny of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFEDDFB4A11A8FB3F" box="[349,461,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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places
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFDA3FB4A12AFFB3F" box="[547,714,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFDA3FB4A12AFFB3F" box="[547,714,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
solidly within the
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|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFC1FFB4A142CFB3F" box="[927,1097,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFC1FFB4A142CFB3F" box="[927,1097,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Odontomachus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, though its sister group is unresolved.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F72CAAFF47FB1213DAF98F" blockId="136.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFF47FB1211ECFAF7" author="Carpenter, F. M." box="[199,393,1268,1293]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref135108" refString="Carpenter, F. M. (1930) The fossil ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 70, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1930">Carpenter (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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, in describing the fossil ponerine genus
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFCCBFB1213B2FAF7" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1930" box="[843,983,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Archiponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFCCBFB1213B2FAF7" box="[843,983,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Archiponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, argued for a close relationship between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFF17FAF1115AFACA" box="[151,319,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF17FAF1115AFACA" box="[151,319,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFE02FAFE126CFAD5" box="[386,521,1304,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFE02FAFE126CFAD5" box="[386,521,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, even going so far as to suggest that they be considered a supergenus. He apparently based this hypothesized relationship on the relatively medial placement of the eyes, the presence of paired teeth on the anterior margin of the clypeus, and presumably their large size; to this list of similarities could be added the loss of a queen caste. This purported relationship has been repeated in much of the subsequent literature on
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|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFEA7FA4111ABFA3A" box="[295,462,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFEA7FA4111ABFA3A" box="[295,462,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
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|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFD85FA4E12E9FA45" box="[517,652,1448,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFD85FA4E12E9FA45" box="[517,652,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
(
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|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFD1DFA4F12A9FA3A" box="[669,716,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">e.g.,</emphasis>
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFD54FA41131CFA3A" author="Haskins, C. P." box="[724,889,1447,1472]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="355 - 388" refId="ref145794" refString="Haskins, C. P. (1970) Researches in the biology and social behavior of primitive ants. In: Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S. & Rosenblatt, J. S. (Eds.), Development and Evolution of Behavior. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 355 - 388." type="book chapter" year="1970">Haskins, 1970</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F72CAAFC04FA4114E5FA3A" author="Haskins, C. P. & Zahl, P. A." box="[900,1152,1447,1472]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref145916" refString="Haskins, C. P. & Zahl, P. A. (1971) The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species. Psyche (Camb.), 78 (1 - 2), 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1971">Haskins & Zahl, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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|
), but is clearly false. The similarities between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFE04FA2A124EFA1F" box="[388,555,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFE04FA2A124EFA1F" box="[388,555,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFDE8FA2B128AFA1E" box="[616,751,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFDE8FA2B128AFA1E" box="[616,751,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are apparently the result of convergence, as morphological and molecular evidence otherwise argue against a sister relationship between these genera.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFB3AFA091523F9F2" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1930" box="[1210,1350,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Archiponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFB3AFA091523F9F2" box="[1210,1350,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Archiponera</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which Carpenter believed was close to both
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFDCCF9F312B6F9D6" box="[588,723,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFDCCF9F312B6F9D6" box="[588,723,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFC8FF9F213D3F9D7" box="[783,950,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFC8FF9F213D3F9D7" box="[783,950,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, has uncertain affinities but is unlikely to actually represent an ancestor or sister group to either of these extant genera (see further discussion under
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFF17F9BB117BF98E" box="[151,286,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFF17F9BB117BF98E" box="[151,286,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). The true sister group of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F72CAAFDC3F9BA128EF98F" box="[579,747,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F72CAAFDC3F9BA128EF98F" box="[579,747,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Streblognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is still unresolved.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
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</document> |