819 lines
102 KiB
XML
819 lines
102 KiB
XML
<document id="EE513139E9B426EF74AFD196F0308121" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6B82CE8FF17F9661263F947" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ponera Latreille" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="203" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="200" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4368EAE597A969B322C04B927977D396">
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<mods:title id="1EA54BEEC59C388883C72DD236397459">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F1143C217F1462811DA6EC46496E82BF">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B985586A2D4DBF885EC6A14849B1873E">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="345BA14495656EB0B38AEB898E645E96">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DA34B9A36E0B8B558276805060ECD6EC">
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<mods:date id="F80EA552C20DCE855C45068F3CB6A7EE">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="AFE66F7916E155D08BB8022C50903C01">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="D0E46BF36BF9B3EFD07C742175EB983D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9A480A81E3317160577BADF0AA589BA8">3817</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03775906A6B82CE8FF17F9661263F947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117630" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709943" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117630" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6B82CE8FF17F9661263F947" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6B82CE8FF17F9661263F947" lastPageId="202" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B82CE5FF17F9661104F960" box="[151,353,1664,1690]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF17F9661104F960" blockId="199.[151,353,1664,1723]" box="[151,353,1664,1690]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6B82CE5FF17F9661104F960" bold="true" box="[151,353,1664,1690]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FF17F9661104F960" ID-CoL="63NZ7" ID-ENA="123181" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[151,353,1664,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF17F9661104F960" bold="true" box="[151,353,1664,1690]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF17F966108AF960" bold="true" box="[151,239,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B82CE5FF17F9441083F941" box="[151,230,1698,1723]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF17F9441083F941" blockId="199.[151,353,1664,1723]" box="[151,230,1698,1723]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6B82CE5FF17F9441083F941" box="[151,230,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="200.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,195,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-77@200.[216,1373,195,1896]" captionTargetPageId="200" captionText="FIGURE 48. Worker caste of Ponera. Upper specimen: Ponera alpha: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172423, April Nobile and www.antweb.org). Lower specimen: Ponera tenuis: lateral view of body and fullface view of head (ANIC32-001503 and CASENT0172429, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Ponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120921/files/figure.png" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B82CEBFF17F90D14D9FF2F" lastPageId="201" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF17F90D11FBF8E5" blockId="199.[151,1436,1770,2007]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6B82CE5FF17F90D11FBF8E5" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FF17F90D11D2F8FA" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[151,439,1770,1792]" page="179" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1804">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FF17F90D11D2F8FA" ID-CoL="63NZ7" authority="Latreille, 1804: 179" authorityName="Latreille" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1804" box="[151,439,1770,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF17F90D1087F8FA" box="[151,226,1771,1792]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FF6AF90C11D2F8FA" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[234,439,1770,1792]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="129 - 200" refId="ref150252" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1804) Tableau methodique des insectes. In: Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle. Tome 24. Deterville, Paris, pp. 129 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1804">Latreille, 1804: 179</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FD4BF90D1407F8FA" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[715,1122,1770,1792]" page="65" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1802">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD4BF90D1407F8FA" authority="Latreille, 1802 c: 65" authorityName="Latreille" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1802" box="[715,1122,1770,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FD4BF90D13EEF8FA" box="[715,907,1771,1792]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Formica coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FC14F90C1407F8FA" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[916,1122,1770,1792]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="65 - 66" refId="ref150216" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1802 c) Description d'une nouvelle espece de fourmi. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societe Philomatique (de Paris), 3, 65 - 66." type="journal article" year="1802">Latreille, 1802c: 65</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by subsequent designation of
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FF47F8EF11FFF8E5" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[199,410,1801,1823]" page="83" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1840">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FF47F8EF11FFF8E5" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[199,410,1801,1823]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="81 - 89" refId="ref166795" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1840) Observations on the genus Typhlopone, with descriptions of several exotic species of ants. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6, 81 - 89." type="journal article" year="1840">Westwood, 1840: 83</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF17F8CE146EF8A6" blockId="199.[151,1436,1770,2007]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6B82CE5FF17F8CE146EF8A6" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FF17F8CE1217F8C4" authority="Wheeler, W. M., 1933 a: 12" authorityName="Wheeler, W. M." authorityPageNumber="12" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,626,1832,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudocryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF17F8CE1136F8C4" box="[151,339,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Pseudocryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
Wheeler, W.M., 1933a: 12
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FC0CF8CE1579F8C4" author="Emery, C." box="[908,1308,1832,1854]" page="321" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1900">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FC0CF8CE1579F8C4" authority="Emery, 1900 a: 321" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="321" authorityYear="1900" box="[908,1308,1832,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FC0CF8CE142CF8C4" box="[908,1097,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Cryptopone tenuis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FBD3F8CE1579F8C4" author="Emery, C." box="[1107,1308,1832,1854]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery, 1900a: 321</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by original designation.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FEC8F8A01266F8A6" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[328,515,1862,1884]" page="356" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1957">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FEC8F8A01266F8A6" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[328,515,1862,1884]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="355 - 386" refId="ref168565" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1957) The tenuis and selenophora groups of the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 116, 355 - 386." type="journal article" year="1957">Wilson, 1957: 356</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD92F8A012AAF8A6" box="[530,719,1862,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudocryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FD92F8A012AAF8A6" box="[530,719,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Pseudocryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FC31F8A11399F8A6" ID-CoL="63NZ7" box="[945,1020,1863,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FC31F8A11399F8A6" box="[945,1020,1863,1884]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF17F8801292F863" blockId="199.[151,1436,1770,2007]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6B82CE5FF17F8801292F863" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FF17F88011A9F881" author="Bernard, F." box="[151,460,1893,1915]" page="3" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1950">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FF17F88011A9F881" authority="Bernard, 1950: 3" authorityName="Bernard" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,460,1893,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pteroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF17F8801173F881" box="[151,278,1894,1915]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Pteroponera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FE9EF88311A9F881" author="Bernard, F." box="[286,460,1893,1915]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref132682" refString="Bernard, F. (1950) Notes sur les fourmis de France. II. Peuplement des montagnes meridionales. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 115, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1950">Bernard, 1950: 3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FD5DF88014D5F881" author="Bernard, F." box="[733,1200,1893,1915]" page="4" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1950">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD5DF88014D5F881" authority="Bernard, 1950: 4" authorityName="Bernard" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1950" box="[733,1200,1893,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pteroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sysphinctoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FD5DF880139DF881" box="[733,1016,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Pteroponera sysphinctoides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FC7FF88314D5F881" author="Bernard, F." box="[1023,1200,1893,1915]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref132682" refString="Bernard, F. (1950) Notes sur les fourmis de France. II. Peuplement des montagnes meridionales. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 115, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1950">Bernard, 1950: 4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by monotypy.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FAD1F8801148F860" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." page="184" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1973">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FAD1F8801148F860" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown, 1973: 184</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FEBCF86211DEF863" box="[316,443,1924,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pteroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FEBCF86211DEF863" box="[316,443,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Pteroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD1DF862128DF863" ID-CoL="63NZ7" box="[669,744,1924,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FD1DF862128DF863" box="[669,744,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF17F84413A6F82D" blockId="199.[151,1436,1770,2007]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6B82CE5FF17F84413A6F82D" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FF17F844125CF842" authority="Wheeler, W. M., 1933 a: 19" authorityName="Wheeler, W. M." authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,569,1954,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Selenopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF17F8441169F842" box="[151,268,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Selenopone</emphasis>
|
||
Wheeler, W.M., 1933a: 19
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FCE1F8451570F842" author="Emery, C." box="[865,1301,1954,1976]" page="317" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1900">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FCE1F8451570F842" ID-CoL="4LTNH" authority="Emery, 1900 a: 317" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="317" authorityYear="1900" box="[865,1301,1954,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="selenophora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FCE1F8451453F842" box="[865,1078,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ponera selenophora</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FBC4F8451570F842" author="Emery, C." box="[1092,1301,1954,1976]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery, 1900a: 317</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by original designation.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B82CE5FEC8F8271266F82D" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[328,515,1985,2007]" page="356" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" year="1957">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FEC8F8271266F82D" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[328,515,1985,2007]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="355 - 386" refId="ref168565" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1957) The tenuis and selenophora groups of the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 116, 355 - 386." type="journal article" year="1957">Wilson, 1957: 356</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD92F82712E2F82D" box="[530,647,1985,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Selenopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FD92F82712E2F82D" box="[530,647,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Selenopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FCE9F82413D1F82D" ID-CoL="63NZ7" box="[873,948,1986,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FCE9F82413D1F82D" box="[873,948,1986,2007]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6B72CEAFF17F87115FCF811" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120921/files/figure.png" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" startId="200.[151,250,1943,1965]" targetBox="[216,1373,195,1886]" targetPageId="200">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B72CEAFF17F87115FCF811" blockId="200.[151,1436,1943,2027]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B72CEAFF17F8711144F856" bold="true" box="[151,289,1943,1965]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">FIGURE 48.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B72CEAFE53F87E1278F857" ID-CoL="63NZ7" box="[467,541,1944,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B72CEAFE53F87E1278F857" box="[467,541,1944,1965]" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Upper specimen:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B72CEAFD60F87E1308F857" ID-CoL="4LTMN" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[736,877,1943,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B72CEAFD60F87E1308F857" box="[736,877,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Ponera alpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172423, April Nobile and www.antweb.org). Lower specimen:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B72CEAFC50F851143BF836" ID-CoL="4LTNR" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[976,1118,1975,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B72CEAFC50F851143BF836" box="[976,1118,1975,1996]" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Ponera tenuis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral view of body and fullface view of head (ANIC32-001503 and CASENT0172429, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B72CEAFAC9F83015F1F811" ID-CoL="63NZ7" box="[1353,1428,2006,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B72CEAFAC9F83015F1F811" box="[1353,1428,2006,2027]" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CEBFF17FF7F14D9FF2F" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFF17FF7F108FFF4A" ID-CoL="63NZ7" box="[151,234,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF17FF7F108FFF4A" box="[151,234,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a large genus (53 described species) of small cryptobiotic ponerines. Though Asia is the center of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFAC9FF7F108DFF2F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFAC9FF7F15F9FF4A" box="[1353,1436,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diversity, a small number of species occur in Europe,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B62CEBFCC7FF5A13B5FF2F" box="[839,976,188,213]" name="Madagascar" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and North America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B62CEBFF47FF391153FA66" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CEBFF47FF3912A2FE2A" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF47FF391124FF02" bold="true" box="[199,321,223,248]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFE54FF071243FF02" box="[468,550,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFE54FF071243FF02" box="[468,550,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are superficially similar to those of several other ponerine genera, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFF17FEE31146FEE6" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,291,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF17FEE31146FEE6" box="[151,291,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFEB0FEE211D1FEE1" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[304,436,260,283]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFEB0FEE211D1FEE1" box="[304,436,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFE42FEE31255FEE6" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[450,560,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFE42FEE31255FEE6" box="[450,560,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFDE5FEE21362FEE7" box="[613,775,260,285]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFDE5FEE21362FEE7" box="[613,775,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFCBFFEE313F4FEE6" box="[831,913,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFCBFFEE313F4FEE6" box="[831,913,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from these genera in having an anterior fenestra in the subpetiolar process. A few species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFD66FECF1317FEBA" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[742,882,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFD66FECF1317FEBA" box="[742,882,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently also have a fenestra, but they lack the paired posterior teeth on the subpetiolar process that are typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFC29FEAB139EFE9E" box="[937,1019,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFC29FEAB139EFE9E" box="[937,1019,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFBBFFEAB14AEFE9E" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[1087,1227,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFBBFFEAB14AEFE9E" box="[1087,1227,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only a single maxillary palp segment while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFE67FE97125CFE72" box="[487,569,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFE67FE97125CFE72" box="[487,569,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFD6AFE891314FE72" box="[746,881,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFD6AFE891314FE72" box="[746,881,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFC26FE971456FE72" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[934,1075,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFC26FE971456FE72" box="[934,1075,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have an anterior fenestra in the subpetiolar process, but these genera have narrow mandibles with long attenuated teeth, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFA99FE73150EFE56" box="[1305,1387,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFA99FE73150EFE56" box="[1305,1387,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has typical triangular mandibles with only short teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CEBFF47FE3A147EFC5F" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF47FE3A11A6FE0F" bold="true" box="[199,451,476,501]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFE4AFE3A1245FE0F" box="[458,544,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Very small to small (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6B62CEBFCB7FE3A13F0FE0F" box="[823,917,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFAB6FE3A15FDFE0F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1432,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, with numerous small teeth or denticles on the masticatory margin and without a basal groove or pit. Anterior clypeal margin mildly convex, sometimes with a median tooth. Frontal lobes small and closely approximated for nearly their entire length. Antennae often with a four or five segmented apical club. Eyes very small and located very far anterior on the sides of the head. Metanotal groove reduced to a suture. Propodeum broad to mildly narrowed dorsally, with sharp posterior margins. Propodeal spiracles round. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Petiole squamiform, in dorsal view with a convex anterior face and a straight posterior face. Subpetiolar process rectangular or rounded, sometimes with a pair of teeth at the posterior margin and always with a thin spot (fenestra) near the anterior end. Gaster with a strong girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Hypopygium rarely with a row of stout spines on each side. Head and body lightly punctate, sometimes with light striations on the sides of the mesosoma and sometimes with smooth and shiny regions of the mesosoma. Head and body with sparse pilosity but a dense pubescence. Color variable, testaceous to black.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B62CEBFE60FC6A126CFC5F" box="[480,521,908,933]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
the more detailed description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFCF9FC6A147DFC5F" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[889,1048,908,933]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CEBFF47FC561267FC17" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF47FC561172FC3D" box="[199,279,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker but winged, with ocelli, larger compound eyes, and the usual modifications of the thoracic sclerites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFEE2FC321193FC17" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[354,502,980,1005]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CEBFF47FC1112E3FBEA" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" box="[199,646,1015,1040]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF47FC11116DFBEA" box="[199,264,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B62CEBFE8EFC111153FBEA" box="[270,310,1015,1040]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFE64FC1112E4FBEA" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[484,641,1015,1040]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CEBFF47FBFB11FAFB87" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF47FBFB1174FBCE" box="[199,273,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFE35FBFA1213FBCF" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[437,630,1052,1077]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref167551" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1900 b) A study of some Texan Ponerinae. Biological Bulletin, 11 (1), 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1900">Wheeler (1900b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFD02FBFA13D4FBCF" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[642,945,1052,1077]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler & Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFC3DFBFA1461FBCF" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[957,1028,1052,1077]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">1971a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFB99FBFA14D3FBCF" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1049,1206,1052,1077]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFB72FBFA1081FBA2" author="Escoubas, P. & Whitman, D. W. & Clement, J. L. & Blum, M. S." pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="241 - 247" refId="ref141439" refString="Escoubas, P., Whitman, D. W., Clement, J. L. & Blum, M. S. (1987) Larval appendages of two termitophagous ants, Hypoponera eduardi and Ponera pennsylvatica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 13 (3), 241 - 247." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Escoubas
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFAE3FBFB15F9FBCF" box="[1379,1436,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1987)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFF72FBA71120FBA2" box="[242,325,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF72FBA71120FBA2" box="[242,325,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have three or four pairs of sticky tubercles with which they are attached to nest walls by workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFE80FB8211F6FB87" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[256,403,1124,1149]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CEBFF47FB611153FA66" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF47FB611197FB5A" bold="true" box="[199,498,1159,1184]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFC9CFB6F130BFB5A" box="[796,878,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFC9CFB6F130BFB5A" box="[796,878,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is highest in eastern and southeastern Asia and Melanesia, with only a few species reaching
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B62CEBFD1FFB4A1363FB3F" box="[671,774,1196,1221]" name="Australia" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and points east. Like the distantly related but convergent genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFF5FFB37110EFB12" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[223,363,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF5FFB37110EFB12" box="[223,363,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFEF9FB3711AEFB12" box="[377,459,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFEF9FB3711AEFB12" box="[377,459,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems better adapted to inhabiting temperate regions of the world than most ponerines, as an endemic cluster of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFE2EFB13123DFAF7" box="[430,600,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFE2EFB131264FAF6" box="[430,513,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in Europe and North America. A few species are readily spread by human activity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFED7FAF1118BFACA" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[343,494,1303,1328]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFE7FFAF11368FACA" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[511,781,1303,1328]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref133706" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2011) Taxonomy of Afrotropical and West Palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi. Zootaxa, 2843, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="2011">Bolton & Fisher, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFC75FAFF14C0FACA" box="[1013,1189,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFC75FAFF1422FACA" box="[1013,1095,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from the Malagasy region (Antweb, 2008; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFDFBFADA13E1FAAF" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[635,900,1340,1365]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref133706" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2011) Taxonomy of Afrotropical and West Palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi. Zootaxa, 2843, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="2011">Bolton & Fisher, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and an undescribed species which may be a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFF17FA87108CFA82" box="[151,233,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF17FA87108CFA82" box="[151,233,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B62CEBFE33FAB91256FA82" box="[435,563,1375,1400]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFDC9FAB9129FFA82" author="Longino, J. T." box="[585,762,1375,1400]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFCC8FAB9138CFA82" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[840,1001,1375,1400]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a detailed discussion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFACAFA8715F9FA82" box="[1354,1436,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFACAFA8715F9FA82" box="[1354,1436,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
biogeography.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B62CE8FF47FA411263F947" lastPageId="202" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CEBFF47FA4115E9F8B7" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFF47FA4111B6FA3A" bold="true" box="[199,467,1447,1472]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
The ecology and behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFCADFA4F131AFA3A" box="[813,895,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFCADFA4F131AFA3A" box="[813,895,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFBDCFA41149EFA3A" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1116,1275,1447,1472]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We will only briefly summarize his key points and then note additional research.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFC0CFA2B13BBFA1E" box="[908,990,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFC0CFA2B13BBFA1E" box="[908,990,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are among the smallest of all ponerines and are thus well adapted to a cryptobiotic lifestyle. Nests are constructed in rotting wood or under rocks, and colonies are small, usually with around
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6B62CEBFDDFF9F21287F9D7" box="[607,738,1556,1581]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="worker">30 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
, but colonies with up to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6B62CEBFB80F9F2141BF9D7" box="[1024,1150,1556,1581]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="worker">60 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
have been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFA07F9F31265F9AA" authority="(Wheeler, 1900 a)" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFA07F9F31152F9AA" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">P. pennsylvanica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFEC5F9D11192F9AA" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[325,503,1591,1616]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="43 - 69" refId="ref167522" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1900 a) The habits of Ponera and Stigmatomma. Biological Bulletin, 11 (2), 43 - 69." type="journal article" year="1900">Wheeler, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and an average colony size of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6B62CEBFCD7F9D113B6F9AA" box="[855,979,1591,1616]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="worker">60 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
and a maximum observed colony size of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6B62CEBFF17F9BA1147F98F" box="[151,290,1628,1653]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="worker">135 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
was reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFE6AF9BB1338F98F" authority="(Liebig et al., 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Liebig" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[490,861,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFE6AF9BB120AF98E" box="[490,623,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">P. coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
(Liebig
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFD51F9BB136FF98F" box="[721,778,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1985)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFC23F9BB144AF98E" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[931,1071,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFC23F9BB144AF98E" box="[931,1071,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFBBDF9BB14EAF98E" box="[1085,1167,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFBBDF9BB14EAF98E" box="[1085,1167,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have specialized sticky tubercles with which workers attach them to nest surfaces, moving them higher to avoid flooding.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFAC9F96715F9F962" box="[1353,1436,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFAC9F96715F9F962" box="[1353,1436,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are probably generalist arthropod predators, though few direct observations of their food preferences have been observed. In cafeteria-style feeding experiments, various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFCBDF92F138BF91A" box="[829,1006,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFCBDF92F13EAF91A" box="[829,911,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B62CEBFBDFF92114D5F91A" box="[1119,1200,1735,1760]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
accepted diplurans, collembolans, and spiders, but rejected various other prey. Workers are rarely seen foraging on the ground surface, but are collected from leaf litter, moss, rotting wood, and other confined microhabitats. Workers are sluggish and feign death when disturbed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFE56F8D21214F8B7" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[470,625,1844,1869]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="355 - 386" refId="ref168565" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1957) The tenuis and selenophora groups of the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 116, 355 - 386." type="journal article" year="1957">Wilson, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFDFCF8D2135CF8B7" author="Pratt, S. C. & Carlin, N. F. & Calabi, P." box="[636,825,1844,1869]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="43 - 61" refId="ref160373" refString="Pratt, S. C., Carlin, N. F. & Calabi, P. (1994) Division of labor in Ponera pennsylvanica (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 41, 43 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01240572" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Pratt
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFD37F8D31295F8B7" box="[695,752,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colony foundation is semi-claustral (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFB6CF8D2151AF8B7" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1260,1407,1844,1869]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B62CE8FF47F8BE1225FE7D" blockId="201.[151,1440,151,2013]" lastBlockId="202.[151,1437,151,1725]" lastPageId="202" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B62CEBFF47F8BE11EEF88A" author="Pratt, S. C. & Carlin, N. F. & Calabi, P." box="[199,395,1879,1904]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="43 - 61" refId="ref160373" refString="Pratt, S. C., Carlin, N. F. & Calabi, P. (1994) Division of labor in Ponera pennsylvanica (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 41, 43 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01240572" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Pratt
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFE83F8BF115EF88A" box="[259,315,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the division of labor in colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CEBFCF3F8BF144BF88A" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[883,1070,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CEBFCF3F8BF144BF88A" box="[883,1070,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">P. pennsylvanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most colonies exhibited typical age-related polyethism, with younger workers focusing on brood care and older workers on foraging. Most colonies were monogynous, but some had multiple queens (though the reproductive division of labor among them was unknown). Both winged and ergatoid queens occur in this species (ergatoids have also been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B62CE8FA07F82311A8FF4A" authority=": Wheeler, 1900 a" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="202" lastPageNumber="203" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B62CE8FA07F8231164FF4A" italics="true" lastPageId="202" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">P. coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FE94FF7111A8FF4A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[276,461,151,176]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="43 - 69" refId="ref167522" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1900 a) The habits of Ponera and Stigmatomma. Biological Bulletin, 11 (2), 43 - 69." type="journal article" year="1900">Wheeler, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FE64FF7F12C1FF4A" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[484,676,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE64FF7F12C1FF4A" box="[484,676,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. pennsylvanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unusual among ponerines in that it mates in large swarms of reproductives away from the nest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FD9BFF5A12A5FF2F" author="Haskins, C. P." box="[539,704,188,213]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="355 - 388" refId="ref145794" refString="Haskins, C. P. (1970) Researches in the biology and social behavior of primitive ants. In: Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S. & Rosenblatt, J. S. (Eds.), Development and Evolution of Behavior. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 355 - 388." type="book chapter" year="1970">Haskins, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FD4CFF5A1316FF2F" author="Peeters, C." box="[716,883,188,213]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="141 - 152" refId="ref158818" refString="Peeters, C. (1991 a) The occurrence of sexual reproduction among ant workers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44, 141 - 152." type="journal article" year="1991">Peeters, 1991a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FC07FF5A1429FF2F" author="Pratt, S. C. & Carlin, N. F. & Calabi, P." box="[903,1100,188,213]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="43 - 61" refId="ref160373" refString="Pratt, S. C., Carlin, N. F. & Calabi, P. (1994) Division of labor in Ponera pennsylvanica (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 41, 43 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01240572" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Pratt
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FC43FF5B139EFF2F" box="[963,1019,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that foraging in this species is generally performed by solitary workers, but groups of workers will sometimes cooperate to retrieve large prey. Tandem running was used during nest emigrations (this has also been reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB6BFEE31510FEE6" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1900" box="[1259,1397,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB6BFEE31510FEE6" box="[1259,1397,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: N Carlin, pers. comm. in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FE28FEC1128FFEBA" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." box="[424,746,295,320]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B52CE8FC81FEC1134FFEBA" box="[769,810,295,320]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FCB5FEC1139DFEBA" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[821,1016,295,320]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="43 - 69" refId="ref167522" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1900 a) The habits of Ponera and Stigmatomma. Biological Bulletin, 11 (2), 43 - 69." type="journal article" year="1900">Wheeler (1900a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FB87FEC114BBFEBA" author="Kannowski, P. B." box="[1031,1246,295,320]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="115 - 162" refId="ref148636" refString="Kannowski, P. B. (1959) The flight activities and colony-founding behavior of bog ants in southeastern Michigan. Insectes Sociaux, 7 (2), 115 - 162. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02225947" type="journal article" year="1959">Kannowski (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FAA1FEC11138FE9F" author="Mackay, W. P. & Anderson, R. S." pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="696 - 699" refId="ref152721" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Anderson, R. S. (1991) New distributional records for the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in North America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 99 (4), 696 - 699." type="journal article" year="1991">Mackay & Anderson (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for additional details of the habits of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FCC4FEAB146AFE9F" box="[836,1039,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FCC4FEAB146EFE9F" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[836,1035,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanica">P. pennsylvanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FB9DFEAA14B6FE9F" author="Johnson, C." box="[1053,1235,332,357]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="358 - 361" refId="ref148366" refString="Johnson, C. (1987) Biogeography and habitats of Ponera exotica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 22 (4), 358 - 361." type="journal article" year="1987">Johnson (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported on the distribution and ecology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FE4CFE97125CFE7D" box="[460,569,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE4CFE97125CFE7D" box="[460,569,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. exotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B52CE8FF47FE72144AFDE2" blockId="202.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FF47FE7211C2FE57" author="Liebig, J. & Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[199,423,404,429]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref151236" refString="Liebig, J., Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1995) Queen size variation in the ponerine ant Ponera coarctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 102 (1), 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1995 / 34186" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Liebig
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE99FE731131FE57" box="[281,340,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed queen size polymorphism in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FCEAFE731394FE56" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1900" box="[874,1009,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FCEAFE731394FE56" box="[874,1009,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a close relative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB57FE7315F0FE57" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1239,1429,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB57FE7315F0FE57" box="[1239,1429,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. pennsylvanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FF4BFE5111D4FE2A" author="Liebig, J. & Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[203,433,439,464]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="707 - 722" refId="ref151297" refString="Liebig, J., Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1997) Trophallaxis and aggression in the ponerine ant, Ponera coarctata: implications for the evolution of liquid food exchange in the Hymenoptera. Ethology, 103 (9), 707 - 722. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1997. tb 00180. x" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Liebig
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE9FFE5F1139FE2A" box="[287,348,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that workers in orphaned colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FC44FE5F142AFE2A" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1900" box="[964,1103,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FC44FE5F142AFE2A" box="[964,1103,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form dominance hierarchies through aggressive interactions, and that they exchange liquids via trophallaxis as a form of social appeasement (among ponerines, trophallaxis is otherwise only known from some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FC12FDE7147BFDE2" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[914,1054,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FC12FDE7147BFDE2" box="[914,1054,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B52CE8FF47FDC213C4FCEF" blockId="202.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF47FDC212B4FDC7" bold="true" box="[199,721,548,573]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD57FDC31385FDC7" authority="Latreille (1804)" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[727,992,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD57FDC3134CFDC6" box="[727,809,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FCB0FDC21385FDC7" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[816,992,548,573]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="129 - 200" refId="ref150252" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1804) Tableau methodique des insectes. In: Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle. Tome 24. Deterville, Paris, pp. 129 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1804">Latreille (1804)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the two oldest genus names in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF42FDA11157FD9A" box="[194,306,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the other being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FE77FDA112C5FD9A" box="[503,672,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE77FDA112C5FD9A" box="[503,672,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and is the designated
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B52CE8FC30FDAE1385FD9A" box="[944,992,584,608]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB0CFDA11499FD9A" box="[1164,1276,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FAB6FDA115FCFD9A" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1433,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For much of the early taxonomic history of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD27FD8A137FFD7F" box="[679,794,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FCA4FD8B1312FD7E" box="[804,887,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FCA4FD8B1312FD7E" box="[804,887,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
served as a sort of default genus into which most new species were placed. This fact is demonstrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FC8FFD691391FD52" author="Bolton, B. & Alpert, G. & Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P." box="[783,1012,655,680]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" refId="ref133459" refString="Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P. (2006) Bolton's Catalogue of Ants of the World: 1758 - 2005. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., CD-ROM." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B52CE8FC8FFD69133EFD52" box="[783,859,655,680]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FCE4FD7713FBFD52" box="[868,926,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who list 312 species and subspecies names which have been transferred out of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD04FD5312B2FD36" box="[644,727,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD04FD5312B2FD36" box="[644,727,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and into other ponerine genera (this is nearly as many as are listed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FE83FD3E1106FD15" box="[259,355,728,751]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE83FD3E1106FD15" box="[259,355,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Formica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the oldest ant genus name). Only as the subfamily became gradually more finely divided along generic lines did the current boundaries of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FDF6FD1B12ADFCEE" box="[630,712,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FDF6FD1B12ADFCEE" box="[630,712,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
start to take shape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B52CE8FF47FCF9145CFBF5" blockId="202.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
|
||
The identity of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B52CE8FE1EFCC611ABFCC2" box="[414,462,800,824]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FDCCFCC712FBFCC2" box="[588,670,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FDCCFCC712FBFCC2" box="[588,670,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat controversial.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FC59FCF914EFFCC2" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[985,1162,799,824]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="129 - 200" refId="ref150252" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1804) Tableau methodique des insectes. In: Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle. Tome 24. Deterville, Paris, pp. 129 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1804">Latreille (1804)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B52CE8FAECFCC615F9FCC2" box="[1388,1436,800,824]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species when first describing the genus, but later (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FC9CFCA213ABFCA7" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[796,974,836,861]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" refId="ref150292" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1810) Considerations generales sur l'ordre natural des animaux composant les classes des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes; avec un tableau methodique de leurs genres, disposes en familles. F. Schoell, Paris, 444 pp." type="book" year="1810">Latreille, 1810</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FBF2FCA31534FCA7" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1138,1361,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinoda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FBF2FCA31534FCA7" box="[1138,1361,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera crassinoda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF17FC8111DCFC7A" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[151,441,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinoda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF17FC8111DCFC7A" box="[151,441,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Pachycondyla crassinoda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B52CE8FE75FC8E1240FC7A" box="[501,549,872,896]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FD0EFC811332FC7A" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[654,855,871,896]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="81 - 89" refId="ref166795" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1840) Observations on the genus Typhlopone, with descriptions of several exotic species of ants. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6, 81 - 89." type="journal article" year="1840">Westwood (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was either unaware of this designation or chose to ignore it, as he named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FE17FC6B127BFC5E" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1900" box="[407,542,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE17FC6B127BFC5E" box="[407,542,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B52CE8FDCFFC6A121AFC5E" box="[591,639,908,932]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD7EFC6B1335FC5E" box="[766,848,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD7EFC6B1335FC5E" box="[766,848,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FCDFFC6A139EFC5F" author="Emery, C." box="[863,1019,908,933]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB3CFC6B1536FC5F" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1212,1363,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinoda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB3CFC6B1536FC5F" box="[1212,1363,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. crassinoda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B52CE8FF17FC5610A2FC32" box="[151,199,944,968]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FEE1FC491265FC32" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[353,512,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FEE1FC491265FC32" box="[353,512,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Subsequent authors have universally used the generic names
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FA90FC571507FC32" box="[1296,1378,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FA90FC571507FC32" box="[1296,1378,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF17FC321153FC17" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[151,310,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF17FC321153FC17" box="[151,310,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the sense of Westwood and Emery.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B52CE8FD67FC32136AFC17" box="[743,783,980,1005]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FC97FC3213D4FC17" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[791,945,980,1005]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a more detailed discussion of this issue. We follow recent authors and treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD9FFC1F1286FBEA" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[543,739,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD9FFC1F1286FBEA" box="[543,739,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B52CE8FCB2FC1E1307FBEA" box="[818,866,1016,1040]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FC5FFC1F1457FBEA" box="[991,1074,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FC5FFC1F1457FBEA" box="[991,1074,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B52CE8FF47FBFB1557FAA9" blockId="202.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF47FBFB117CFBCE" box="[199,281,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF47FBFB117CFBCE" box="[199,281,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has three junior synonyms:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FDE8FBFA1463FBCF" authority="Wheeler (1933 a)" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[616,1030,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudocryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FDE8FBFA135CFBCF" box="[616,825,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Pseudocryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FCC3FBFA1463FBCF" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[835,1030,1052,1077]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref168008" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 a) Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. American Museum Novitates, 672, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1933">Wheeler (1933a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB95FBFA1501FBCF" authority="Wheeler (1933 a)" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[1045,1380,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Selenopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB95FBFA14F3FBCF" box="[1045,1174,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Selenopone</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FB21FBFA1501FBCF" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1185,1380,1052,1077]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref168008" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 a) Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. American Museum Novitates, 672, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1933">Wheeler (1933a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF17FBA711B9FBA2" authority="Bernard (1950)" authorityName="Bernard" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,476,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pteroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF17FBA71141FBA2" box="[151,292,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Pteroponera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FEACFBD911B9FBA2" author="Bernard, F." box="[300,476,1087,1112]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref132682" refString="Bernard, F. (1950) Notes sur les fourmis de France. II. Peuplement des montagnes meridionales. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 115, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1950">Bernard (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter described only from a male specimen and synonymized unceremoniously under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF69FB83115EFB86" box="[233,315,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF69FB83115EFB86" box="[233,315,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FEFDFB82124EFB87" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[381,555,1124,1149]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In removing several species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FC79FB83142EFB86" box="[1017,1099,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FC79FB83142EFB86" box="[1017,1099,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to create his new genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF17FB61110DFB5A" box="[151,360,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudocryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF17FB61110DFB5A" box="[151,360,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Pseudocryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FE23FB611296FB5A" authority=", Wheeler (1933 a)" authorityName=", Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[419,755,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Selenopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE23FB611241FB5A" box="[419,548,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Selenopone</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FDB4FB611296FB5A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[564,755,1159,1184]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref168008" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 a) Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. American Museum Novitates, 672, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1933">Wheeler (1933a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
admitted the flimsy merits of his new generic distinctions, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FF49FB4A1109FB3F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[201,364,1196,1221]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="355 - 386" refId="ref168565" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1957) The tenuis and selenophora groups of the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 116, 355 - 386." type="journal article" year="1957">Wilson (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later agreed, synonymizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD34FB4A13E1FB3F" box="[692,900,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudocryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD34FB4A13E1FB3F" box="[692,900,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Pseudocryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FC3FFB4A1425FB3F" authorityName=", Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[959,1088,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Selenopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FC3FFB4A1425FB3F" box="[959,1088,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Selenopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
back under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB51FB4B1546FB3E" box="[1233,1315,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB51FB4B1546FB3E" box="[1233,1315,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The final major change in the taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD8EFB371205FB12" box="[526,608,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD8EFB371205FB12" box="[526,608,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
came with the thorough revision by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FC7AFB2914F3FB12" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1018,1174,1231,1256]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Taylor recognized that
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF17FB12116DFAF1" box="[151,264,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF1FFB121165FAF1" box="[159,256,1268,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
actually consisted of two unrelated lineages: true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FCC6FB1313FCFAF6" box="[838,921,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FCC6FB1313FCFAF6" box="[838,921,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, represented by most of the species formerly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FE88FAF111BCFACA" box="[264,473,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudocryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE88FAF111BCFACA" box="[264,473,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Pseudocryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD94FAF112F0FACA" authorityName=", Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[532,661,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Selenopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD94FAF112F0FACA" box="[532,661,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Selenopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FCA1FAFF1383FACA" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[801,998,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FCA1FAFF1383FACA" box="[801,998,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera coarctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its relatives; and the much larger genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF5FFADB110EFAAE" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[223,363,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF5FFADB110EFAAE" box="[223,363,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B52CE8FEF9FADA11C7FAAF" box="[377,418,1340,1365]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FE28FADA1227FAAF" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[424,578,1340,1365]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a more detailed discussion of the taxonomic history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB58FADB154FFAAE" box="[1240,1322,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB58FADB154FFAAE" box="[1240,1322,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B52CE8FF47FAB91263F947" blockId="202.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FF47FAB911ECFA82" author="Schmidt, C." box="[199,393,1375,1400]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD5EFAB9132BFA82" box="[734,846,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirms Taylor’s distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FA96FA87150DFA82" box="[1302,1384,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FA96FA87150DFA82" box="[1302,1384,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF17FA631146FA66" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,291,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF17FA631146FA66" box="[151,291,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FE30FA631266FA66" box="[432,515,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FE30FA631266FA66" box="[432,515,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD15FA631326FA66" box="[661,835,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD15FA631326FA66" box="[661,835,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This relationship is also supported by morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FF1EFA411156FA3A" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[158,307,1447,1472]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While there are no obvious synapomorphies linking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FC1EFA4F1395FA3A" box="[926,1008,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FC1EFA4F1395FA3A" box="[926,1008,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FBAAFA4F14BDFA3A" box="[1066,1240,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FBAAFA4F14BDFA3A" box="[1066,1240,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FF17FA2B108CFA1E" box="[151,233,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF17FA2B108CFA1E" box="[151,233,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FF7BFA2B1141FA1E" box="[251,292,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FEB4FA2B11F4FA1F" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[308,401,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FEB4FA2B11F4FA1F" box="[308,401,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. alpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are quite similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD04FA2B13BAFA1F" authority="(Taylor, 1967)" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[644,991,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD04FA2B1357FA1E" box="[644,818,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FCC2FA2A13B2FA1F" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[834,983,1484,1509]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB39FA2B1502FA1E" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1209,1383,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB39FA2B1502FA1E" box="[1209,1383,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will prove to be non-monophyletic with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FD18FA17128EF9F2" box="[664,747,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FD18FA17128EF9F2" box="[664,747,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the latter genus representing a morphologically reduced clade within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FEACF9F311BFF9D6" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[300,474,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FEACF9F311BFF9D6" box="[300,474,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The reverse scenario, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FCA2F9F3131AF9D7" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[802,895,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FCA2F9F3131AF9D7" box="[802,895,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">P. alpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB8CF9F314DFF9D6" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1036,1210,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB8CF9F314DFF9D6" box="[1036,1210,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB7FF9F31534F9D6" box="[1279,1361,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB7FF9F31534F9D6" box="[1279,1361,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hence non-monophyletic) is also possible but less plausible given the morphological reductions in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FB1CF9DF15FDF9AA" authority="(Taylor, 1967)" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1180,1432,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FB1CF9DF148BF9AA" box="[1180,1262,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FB7CF9D115F5F9AA" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1276,1424,1591,1616]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Many species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FED5F9BB1187F98E" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[341,482,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FED5F9BB1187F98E" box="[341,482,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have an anterior fenestra in their subpetiolar process as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B52CE8FBF6F9BB14AAF98E" box="[1142,1231,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B52CE8FBF6F9BB14AEF98E" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1142,1227,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and this character could represent a synapomorphy of these two genera, though molecular phylogenetic evidence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B52CE8FB6BF99915F0F962" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1259,1429,1663,1688]" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggests that they are not sisters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |