125 lines
14 KiB
XML
125 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="A1726457FA84F5FA45D8A5D20E70FD72" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D3285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FF49B6E0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Pyrameis fossilis" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="55161EEC33878FD98B53C1FC9D99E3E9">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B41D0921D9A0EACE5EB9840C0968197B">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D0C9ED4C2DEDEE111E4AD37E3B863717">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="12B8D3DF92CD7601AC230EF01DAA6975">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FF49B6E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046961" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844919" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046961" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FF49B6E0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FF49B6E0" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FE78B4FC" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FD09B443" blockId="26.[151,682,1123,1149]" box="[151,682,1123,1149]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="D0F481A9285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FD09B443" bold="true" box="[151,682,1123,1149]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FD09B443" bold="true" box="[151,682,1123,1149]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FF52B443" bold="true" box="[151,241,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF7F0FBE4FF4EB443" box="[151,237,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pyrameis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossilis">fossilis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF79FFBE4FD09B443" authority="Nekrutenko, 1965" authorityName="Nekrutenko" authorityYear="1965" box="[248,682,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pyrameis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossilis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF79FFBE4FE60B443" bold="true" box="[248,451,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pyrameis fossilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF6ACFBE4FD09B443" author="Nekrutenko" box="[459,682,1123,1149]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Nekrutenko, Y. P. (1965) Tertiary nymphalid butterflies and some phylogenetic aspects of systematic lepidopterology. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 4, 149 - 158." type="journal article" year="1965">Nekrutenko, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7F0FB2EFE78B4FC" blockId="26.[151,1437,1193,1758]" box="[151,475,1193,1218]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF7F0FB2EFE90B4FC" box="[151,307,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF65AFB2EFE7BB4FC" box="[317,472,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C319654E285AFFCDF7A0FB4AFF49B6E0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7A0FB4AFC22B4D8" blockId="26.[151,1437,1193,1758]" box="[199,897,1229,1254]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98285AFFCDF7A0FB4AFC22B4D8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739212" box="[199,897,1229,1254]" collectorName="N. Caucasus" country="Russia" location="Kraj Stavropol" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kraj Stavropol">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147655285AFFCDF7A0FB4AFEB7B4D8" box="[199,276,1229,1254]" name="Russia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Russia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285AFFCDF678FB4AFE64B4D8" box="[287,455,1229,1254]" country="Russia" name="Stavropol'" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kraj Stavropol</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285AFFCDF6B4FB4AFDE1B4D8" box="[467,578,1229,1254]" country="Russia" name="Stavropol'" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Stavropol</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectorName id="26F65313285AFFCDF52AFB49FD7FB4D8" box="[589,732,1230,1254]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">N. Caucasus</collectorName>
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; late Miocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7A0FB76FD72B534" blockId="26.[151,1437,1193,1758]" box="[199,721,1265,1290]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Depository: PIRAS (holotype, PIN 254/2753).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7A0FA92FD65B510" blockId="26.[151,1437,1193,1758]" box="[199,710,1301,1326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF6FEFA92FD62B510" author="Nekrutenko" box="[409,705,1301,1326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Nekrutenko, Y. P. (1965) Tertiary nymphalid butterflies and some phylogenetic aspects of systematic lepidopterology. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 4, 149 - 158." type="journal article" year="1965">
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Nekrutenko (1965:
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285AFFCDF513FA92FD1BB510" box="[628,696,1301,1326]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7A0FABDFF49B6E0" blockId="26.[151,1437,1193,1758]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Fragment of hindwing only. Judging from Nekrutenko’s figure (1965:
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285AFFCDF48BFABEFB89B56C" box="[1004,1066,1337,1362]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig 4</figureCitation>
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) the cell is open, an apomorphy found (but not exclusively) in many
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF52EFADAFD47B548" box="[585,740,1373,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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. However, the author considered the fossil congeneric with
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF7F0FA05FE7CB5A4" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[151,479,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atalanta">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF7F0FA05FEFAB5A4" box="[151,345,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Vanessa atalanta</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF689FA06FCBEB5A4" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[494,797,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cynthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardui">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF689FA06FD3AB5A4" box="[494,665,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cynthia cardui</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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(considered to belong to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF3A3FA05FABDB5A7" box="[1220,1310,1410,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF3A3FA05FABDB5A7" box="[1220,1310,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Vanessa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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now), etc. (
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF7F9FA22FE98B580" box="[158,315,1445,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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), where the cell is closed, though the cross vein may be weak. Because of some proportional similarities, he suggested a close relationship with
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF5AAFA4DFC95B5DC" box="[717,822,1481,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cynthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardui">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF5AAFA4DFC95B5DC" box="[717,822,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. cardui</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although he admitted that the material is not complete enough for a reliable identification. He described the fossil under the “nomen conditionalis”,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF3A7FA69FA23B638" box="[1216,1408,1517,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pyrameis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossilis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF3A7FA69FA23B638" box="[1216,1408,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pyrameis fossilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a term not recognized by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. I found different venational proportions in the species from those mentioned by Nekrutenko. The proportions may be variable and not a reliable guide for relationship. The venational arrangement as far as visible in the fossil is found in many extant nymphalines and it is of little help in establishing closer relationships. In view of the deficient useful characters in the fossil I wonder why
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF6C9F926FDF7B684" author="Kozlov" box="[430,596,1697,1722]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Kozlov, M. V. (1988) Paleontology of lepidopterans and problems of the phylogeny of the order Papilionida. In: Ponomarenko, A. G. (Ed.), The Mesozoic-Cenozoic Crisis in the Evolution of Insects. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 16 - 69. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1988">Kozlov (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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synonimized it with
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF421F925FB49B687" authority="Miller & Brown" authorityName="Miller & Brown" box="[838,1258,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amerindica">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF421F925FB8AB684" box="[838,1065,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Vanessa amerindica</emphasis>
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Miller & Brown
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</taxonomicName>
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(see comments above).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |