treatments-xml/data/03/E7/90/03E79035FFD14D0DACDDDB9FC6510C80.xml

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<mods:title id="5B37FD0F22A2738CD748AF747E482296">Systematics and biogeography of the genus Scaria Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Batrachideinae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C35472A8FFD14D0FACDDDB9FC4B209D0" box="[151,488,1700,1727]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD14D0FACDDDB9FC4B209D0" blockId="12.[151,488,1700,1727]" box="[151,488,1700,1727]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="D0B9964FFFD14D0FACDDDB9FC4B209D0" bold="true" box="[151,488,1700,1727]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD14D0FACDDDB9FC4B209D0" bold="true" box="[151,488,1700,1727]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Genus 
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<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD14D0FACA4DB9FC46609D0" bold="true" box="[238,316,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD14D0FAD0EDB9EC4B209D0" author="Bolivar, I." box="[324,488,1700,1727]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="175 - 313" refId="ref30415" refString="Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313." type="journal article" year="1887">Bolívar, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD14D0FACDDDBD3C47C086E" bold="true" box="[151,294,1768,1793]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="54F59F81FFD14D0FACDDDBD3C596086E" box="[151,204,1769,1793]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Type</typeStatus>
species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD14D0FAD66DBD0C709086E" ID-CoL="6XVV3" authority="Bolivar, 1887" authorityName=": Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[300,595,1768,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD14D0FAD66DBD0C49A086E" box="[300,448,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scaria hamata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD14D0FAD8DDBD2C709086E" author="Bolivar, I." box="[455,595,1768,1793]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="175 - 313" refId="ref30415" refString="Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313." type="journal article" year="1887">Bolívar, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD14D0FAF3CDBD2C6AF086E" author="Kirby, W. F." box="[886,1013,1768,1793]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref32188" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). 3 (2). British Museum, London, 674 pp." type="book" year="1910">Kirby, 1910</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD14D0EACDDDA15C6F00F94" blockId="12.[151,1437,1839,2010]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD14D0FACDDDA15C4480825" bold="true" box="[151,274,1839,1866]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Medium-sized and slender (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAE10DA15C7E50825" box="[602,703,1839,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1938,1963]" captionTargetBox="[181,1402,166,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[181,1407,166,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467996/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 8A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAE84DA0AC65A0825" box="[718,768,1840,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[175,1405,166,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[175,1412,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468020/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">19A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAF44DA0AC61A0825" box="[782,832,1840,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 20. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468022/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">20A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAF04DA15C6D80825" box="[846,898,1839,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,166,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,166,1955]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468030/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">24A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAFCDDA15C6E10825" box="[903,955,1839,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1974,1999]" captionTargetBox="[168,1417,166,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[168,1418,166,1954]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 26. Scaria granti sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468034/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">26A</figureCitation>
). Eyes strongly globose, frontal costa sulcate (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAC9EDA69C46D0801" box="[212,311,1875,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1938,1963]" captionTargetBox="[181,1402,166,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[181,1407,166,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467996/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 8B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAD09DA6EC42E0801" box="[323,372,1876,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[175,1405,166,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[175,1412,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468020/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">19B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FADCADA6EC4E80801" box="[384,434,1876,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 20. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468022/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">20B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FADF4DA69C4B50801" box="[446,495,1875,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,166,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,166,1955]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468030/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">24B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FADBEDA69C77C0801" box="[500,550,1875,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1974,1999]" captionTargetBox="[168,1417,166,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[168,1418,166,1954]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 26. Scaria granti sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468034/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">26B</figureCitation>
), antennae elongated and filiform. Pronotum with the dorsum flat and with the anterior edge of pronotum curved forward, sharp and hook-shaped, always somewhat ascendant, usually markedly so, not extending beyond the fastigium of vertex (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAE9ADAA1C61808D9" box="[720,834,1947,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1708,1733]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,174,1689]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Scaria producta Hancock, 1907 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. (Photos: Gustavo Tavares)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468006/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 12C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAF05DAA6C6DA08D9" box="[847,896,1948,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[175,1405,166,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[175,1412,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468020/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">19C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAFC7DAA6C6E408D9" box="[909,958,1948,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,166,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,166,1955]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468030/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">24C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0FAF81DAA6C6A408D9" box="[971,1022,1948,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,166,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[166,1420,166,1865]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 27. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468036/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">27C</figureCitation>
). No brachypronotal form is known. Humeral angles very obtuse, known species fully winged, elytra black, oblong, with a pale mark or without it (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD14D0EA92EDA85C5920FDC" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1708,1733]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,174,1689]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Scaria producta Hancock, 1907 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. (Photos: Gustavo Tavares)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468006/files/figure.png" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 12C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAC9CDDA3C45D0FDC" box="[214,263,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[175,1405,166,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[175,1412,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468020/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD5FDDA3C41C0FDC" box="[277,326,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,166,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,166,1955]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468030/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD1EDDA3C4DD0FDC" box="[340,391,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,166,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[166,1420,166,1865]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 27. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468036/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27C</figureCitation>
). Mid femora usually with an internal, dorso-apical spine. Female subgenital plate variable emarginated, with or without a median lobe (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAEDADD87C7AA0FB8" box="[656,752,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1968,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1418,166,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1425,166,1948]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467998/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 9E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAEB6DD87C67D0FB8" box="[764,807,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1912,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1411,294,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1411,294,1892]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scaria producta Hancock, 1907 (female) A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. (Photos: Gustavo Tavares)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468004/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF79DD87C6040FB8" box="[819,862,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1935,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1435,166,1916]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 18. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in dorso-lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. G. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468018/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">18F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF20DD87C6C30FB8" box="[874,921,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1970,1995]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1435,166,1951]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 21. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468024/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">21E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAFEFDD86C68B0FB8" box="[933,977,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1968,1993]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,166,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[170,1417,166,1949]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 25. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. G. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468032/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF97DD87C1540FB8" box="[989,1038,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1967,1992]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,166,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[170,1416,166,1948]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 28. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">28E</figureCitation>
). Penultimate male sternite projecting ventro-apically in various degrees of prominence (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAEBDDDDBC6380F94" box="[759,866,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1974,1999]" captionTargetBox="[168,1417,166,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[168,1418,166,1954]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 26. Scaria granti sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468034/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 26F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF24DDDBC6C40F94" box="[878,926,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,166,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[166,1420,166,1865]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 27. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468036/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35472A8FFD04D0EAC8DDC3EC4910B7C" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD04D0EAC8DDC3EC4910B7C" blockId="13.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAC8DDC3EC4030E70" bold="true" box="[199,345,260,287]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description.</emphasis>
Body slightly granulate, slim and elongated (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF10DC3FC6E40E70" box="[858,958,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1938,1963]" captionTargetBox="[181,1402,166,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[181,1407,166,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467996/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 8A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF80DC3FC6A70E70" box="[970,1021,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[175,1405,166,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[175,1412,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468020/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EA843DC3FC1610E70" box="[1033,1083,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 20. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468022/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EA80DDC3FC1210E4F" box="[1095,1147,261,288]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,166,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,166,1955]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468030/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EA8CADC3FC1E90E4F" box="[1152,1203,261,288]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1974,1999]" captionTargetBox="[168,1417,166,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[168,1418,166,1954]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 26. Scaria granti sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468034/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">26A</figureCitation>
). Head: frontal costa bifurcation located at the top of the vertex, between the compound eyes; scutellum narrow; lower margin of the antennal grooves located between of the lower margin of the compound eyes; eyes with a rounded dorsal base, globose or subglobose and exerted above the pronotum (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAEB2DC4BC6060EE4" box="[760,860,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1938,1963]" captionTargetBox="[181,1402,166,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[181,1407,166,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467996/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 8B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF23DC4BC6C00EE4" box="[873,922,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[175,1405,166,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[175,1412,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468020/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAFEDDC4BC6830EE4" box="[935,985,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 20. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468022/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAFAFDC4BC14D0EE3" box="[997,1047,369,396]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,166,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,166,1955]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468030/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EA856DC4BC1140EE3" box="[1052,1102,369,396]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1974,1999]" captionTargetBox="[168,1417,166,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[168,1418,166,1954]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 26. Scaria granti sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468034/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">26B</figureCitation>
); antennae 20–22 segmented, filiform with elongate articles; vertex variable, usually flat, sometimes very weakly domed or concave, median carina absent. Facial outline essentially flat, occasionally indented bellow the frontal costa. Fastigium of vertex not reaching the most anterior margin of the eyes, usually well behind this point, truncate from above; fastigio-fascial angle usually rectangular-rounded, sometimes obtuse or subobtuse-angulate; palpi elongated and flattened, always whitish. Pronotum: slender, surpassing the tip of hind femora (macropronotal), pronotal disc flat; anterior margin produced in a delicate to stout, acute, and elongate spine which is ascendant behind the head and curves over the vertex termination behind the fastigium; humeral angles rounded; lateral lobe sub-triangulated; stripe of the upper half of the lateral margin of pronotum strip of upper half of pronotum usually brownish, covering the lateral lobes of the pronotum (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD2BDF8FC49C0DA0" box="[353,454,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1938,1963]" captionTargetBox="[181,1402,166,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[181,1407,166,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467996/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 8D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD9EDF8FC75F0DA0" box="[468,517,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1967,1992]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1435,181,1901]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Scaria maculata Giglio-Tos, 1898 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Habitus in dorsal view C. Frons. D. Head and pronotum in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. (Photos: Filippo Maria Buzzetti)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468000/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAE58DF8FC71F0DA0" box="[530,581,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1708,1733]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,174,1689]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Scaria producta Hancock, 1907 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. (Photos: Gustavo Tavares)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468006/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAE18DF8EC7D90DA0" box="[594,643,692,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1850,1875]" captionTargetBox="[168,1436,589,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,589,1831]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Scaria lineata Bolívar, 1887 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view and. B. dorsal view respectively. (Photos: Mercedes París, MNCN)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468012/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAEDBDF8FC7980DA0" box="[657,706,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[151,250,2010,2035]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,870,1988]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,870,1988]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Scaria verutum (Grant, 1956) comb. nov. A. Habitus in lateral view and. B. dorsal view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468016/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">17B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAE85DF8FC65B0DA0" box="[719,769,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[175,1405,166,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[175,1412,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468020/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF44DF8FC61B0DA0" box="[782,833,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[158,1429,166,1921]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 20. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468022/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF04DF8FC6D90DA0" box="[846,899,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,166,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,166,1955]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468030/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24D</figureCitation>
). Wings: tegmina black, spotless, or with spots of various shapes, usually with a circular or oblong spot, that can be accompanied with additional strips, or not. (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EACD5DFC7C45E0C78" box="[159,260,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1938,1963]" captionTargetBox="[181,1402,166,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[181,1407,166,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467996/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 8C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD58DFC7C4190C78" box="[274,323,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1708,1733]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,174,1689]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Scaria producta Hancock, 1907 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. (Photos: Gustavo Tavares)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468006/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD1ADFC7C4DB0C78" box="[336,385,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[175,1405,166,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[175,1412,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468020/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EADC5DFC7C49A0C78" box="[399,448,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,166,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,166,1955]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468030/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD84DFC7C75B0C78" box="[462,513,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[166,1420,166,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[166,1420,166,1865]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 27. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468036/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27C</figureCitation>
); hind wings surpassing the abdomen tip. Legs: fore and mid legs elongate, fore femur obsolete to weakly sulcate above, internal dorso-apical spine on fore femur well developed; mid femora with a moderate to well-developed internal, dorso-apical spine, conspicuously sulcate above for the entire length; antegenicular tooth conspicuous; chevrons ridges in the external surface well visible. Terminalia: penultimate male sternite ventro-apically usually emarginated or with a small to prominent medio apical process; male subgenital plate inflated or slender with different angles curvature of its apex (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAFD8DE8BC6840CA4" box="[914,990,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1478,1503]" captionTargetBox="[167,1407,174,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[167,1420,174,1459]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Characters used in phylogeny. A–G, J. Male terminalia and H, I, K, L. Female terminalia: A, D, H. S. laeta. B, E. S. granti sp. nov. C, F, I. S. ferruginea. G, J, K. S. hamata. L. S. jonasi sp. nov. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the cladistics analysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467984/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
A–G). Ovipositor valves normal (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EA92EDE8BC5990C80" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1970,1995]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1435,166,1951]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 21. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468024/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 21F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAC84DEEEC45B0C80" box="[206,257,980,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1968,1993]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,166,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[170,1417,166,1949]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 25. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. G. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468032/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD46DEEFC4610C80" box="[268,315,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1967,1992]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,166,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[170,1416,166,1948]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 28. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">28F</figureCitation>
), only in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EADEEDEEFC4A20C80" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1940" box="[420,504,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeta">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EADEEDEEFC4A20C80" box="[420,504,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. laeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, short and broad (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAE88DEEFC64D0C80" box="[706,791,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1968,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1418,166,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1425,166,1948]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467998/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
); female subgenital plate emarginated along ventro apical edge (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAC91DEC3C4100B7C" box="[219,330,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1970,1995]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1435,166,1951]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 21. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468024/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 21E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD1CDEC2C4DB0B7C" box="[342,385,1016,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1968,1993]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,166,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[170,1417,166,1949]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 25. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. G. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468032/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EADC7DEC3C4E40B7C" box="[397,446,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1967,1992]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,166,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[170,1416,166,1948]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 28. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">28E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35472A8FFD04D0DAC8DD926C7B30C30" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD04D0EAC8DD926C79A0BA8" blockId="13.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAC8DD926C4080B58" bold="true" box="[199,338,1052,1079]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Comments:</emphasis>
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAD99D927C7460B58" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[467,540,1053,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAD99D927C7460B58" box="[467,540,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected by 
<collectingRegion id="498AEFC1FFD04D0EAE9BD927C67F0B58" box="[721,805,1053,1079]" country="Ecuador" name="Bolivar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bolívar</collectingRegion>
in 1877, for two species 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA80AD927C0370B58" authority="(De Geer, 1773)" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1773" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[1088,1389,1053,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA80AD927C1EA0B58" box="[1088,1200,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. hamata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EA8F5D927C03E0B58" author="De Geer, C." box="[1215,1380,1053,1079]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31030" refString="De Geer, C. (1773) Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes. Vol. 3. Pierre Hesselberg, Paris, 696 pp." type="book" year="1773">De Geer, 1773</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EACDDD97BC4F30B34" authority="Bolivar, 1887" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,425,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EACDDD97BC4590B34" box="[151,259,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. lineata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EAD41D97BC4F30B34" author="Bolivar, I." box="[267,425,1089,1115]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="175 - 313" refId="ref30415" refString="Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313." type="journal article" year="1887">Bolívar, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Later, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EADB5D97BC79E0B34" author="Hancock, J. L." box="[511,708,1089,1115]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="213 - 244" refId="ref31644" refString="Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Studies of the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1907, 213 - 244." type="journal article" year="1907">Hancock (1907 a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 1909) adds more species to the genus (
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA8E4D97BC0550B34" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1909" box="[1198,1295,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA8E4D97BC0550B34" box="[1198,1295,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. brevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA955D97BC0CC0B34" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1907" box="[1311,1430,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA955D97BC0CC0B34" box="[1311,1430,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EACDDD95FC4700B10" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,298,1125,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EACDDD95FC4700B10" box="[151,298,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAD28D95FC4B90B10" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1907" box="[354,483,1125,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="producta">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAD28D95FC4B90B10" box="[354,483,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. producta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EADB1D95FC7F60B10" author="De Geer, C." box="[507,684,1125,1151]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31030" refString="De Geer, C. (1773) Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes. Vol. 3. Pierre Hesselberg, Paris, 696 pp." type="book" year="1773">De Geer (1773)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EAEFED95FC6D80B10" author="Giglio-Tos, E." box="[692,898,1125,1151]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref31120" refString="Giglio-Tos, E. (1898) Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nella Republica dell'Ecuador et regioni vicine. VI. Ortotteri. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 13 (311), 1 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16811" type="journal article" year="1898">Giglio-Tos (1898)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EAFC5D95FC1750B10" author="Bruner, L." box="[911,1071,1125,1151]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="5 - 91" refId="ref30499" refString="Bruner, L. (1920 [1919]) Saltatorial Orthoptera from South America and the Isle of Pines. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 13, 5 - 91." type="journal article" year="1920">Bruner (1920)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EA82DD95FC04F0B10" author="Gunther, K." box="[1127,1301,1125,1151]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="450 - 500" refId="ref31599" refString="Gunther, K. (1940) Uber die Verbreitung einiger Insekten im Gebiete des Amazonenstromes und die Frage eines columbischen Faunendistriktes in der brasilianischen Subregion. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Leipzig, Neue Folge, 9 (4), 450 - 500." type="journal article" year="1940">Günther (1940)</bibRefCitation>
described a species each (
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAD7AD9B3C4C50BCC" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[304,415,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAD7AD9B3C4C50BCC" box="[304,415,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. hamata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EADE6D9B3C7750BCC" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1898" box="[428,559,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EADE6D9B3C7750BCC" box="[428,559,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. maculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAE76D9B3C79B0BCC" authorityName="Bruner" authorityYear="1920" box="[572,705,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviana">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAE76D9B3C79B0BCC" box="[572,705,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. boliviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAEBFD9B3C61D0BCC" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1940" box="[757,839,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeta">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAEBFD9B3C61D0BCC" box="[757,839,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. laeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
respectively); recently 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EA806D9B3C5B80BA8" author="Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. &amp; Cardona, J. M." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref30691" refString="Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. &amp; Cardona, J. M. (2015) Introduccion a los Saltamontes de Colombia (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididea: Acridomorpha, Tetrigoidea &amp; Tridactyloidea). Raleigh, North Carolina ,, 534 pp." type="book" year="2015">Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Cardona (2015)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EADCFD997C4830BA8" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1940" box="[389,473,1197,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeta">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EADCFD997C4830BA8" box="[389,473,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. laeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAE6DD997C7E30BA8" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1909" box="[551,697,1197,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAE6DD997C7E30BA8" box="[551,697,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD04D0EAC8DD9EAC7700ACF" blockId="13.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAC8DD9EAC4EB0B84" bold="true" box="[199,433,1232,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Comparative notes.</emphasis>
This genus can be easily distinguished from the Neotropical genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA8FBD9EBC0700B84" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1956" box="[1201,1322,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Rehnidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA8FBD9EBC0700B84" box="[1201,1322,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rehnidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some macropronotal species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EADF5D9CFC7130A60" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[447,585,1269,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EADF5D9CFC7130A60" box="[447,585,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Batrachidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It can be separated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAF30D9CFC6A90A60" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1956" box="[890,1011,1269,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Rehnidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAF30D9CFC6A90A60" box="[890,1011,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rehnidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on account of body size (
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA969D9CFC0C60A60" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1956" box="[1315,1436,1269,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Rehnidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA969D9CFC0C60A60" box="[1315,1436,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rehnidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is of a smaller size) (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EADCED823C4860A5C" box="[388,476,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1688,1713]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,174,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,174,1669]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characters used in phylogeny. A. Batrachidea flavonotata Bolívar, 1887. B. Rehnidium omnivagum Grant, 1956. C. Tettigidea parradae Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Cardona, 2015. D. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. Habitus in lateral view to all specimens. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the cladistics analysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467980/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), frontal costa is also more pronounced in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAF8BD823C1600A5C" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1956" box="[961,1082,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Rehnidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAF8BD823C1600A5C" box="[961,1082,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rehnidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA8D2D823C1BB0A5C" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[1176,1249,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA8D2D823C1BB0A5C" box="[1176,1249,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA8BAD823C0200A5C" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[1264,1402,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA8BAD823C0200A5C" box="[1264,1402,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Batrachidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
its more robust (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAD7BD807C4CE0A38" box="[305,404,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1688,1713]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,174,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,174,1669]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characters used in phylogeny. A. Batrachidea flavonotata Bolívar, 1887. B. Rehnidium omnivagum Grant, 1956. C. Tettigidea parradae Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Cardona, 2015. D. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. Habitus in lateral view to all specimens. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the cladistics analysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467980/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
) than 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAD95D807C7720A38" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[479,552,1341,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAD95D807C7720A38" box="[479,552,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and with a weakly decurved pronotal spine. Superficially, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA89BD807C0400A38" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[1233,1306,1341,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA89BD807C0400A38" box="[1233,1306,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is, in body appearance, similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EADDED85BC77F0A14" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1936" box="[404,549,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Palaioscaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EADDED85BC77F0A14" box="[404,549,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Palaioscaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; they can be separated by the lance-shaped tegmina, longer legs and subgenital plate of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EACB9D8BFC77C0ACF" authority="(Grant, 1966)" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1966" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[243,550,1413,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Palaioscaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EACB9D8BFC4DE0AF0" box="[243,388,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Palaioscaria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EADD8D8BFC7440ACF" author="Grant Jr., H. J." box="[402,542,1413,1440]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="579 - 601" refId="ref31502" refString="Grant Jr., H. J. (1966) The Pacific genera of the subfamily Batrachideinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Pacific Insects, 8 (4), 579 - 601." type="journal article" year="1966">Grant, 1966</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD04D0EAC8DD893C7B109F4" blockId="13.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
As additional characters to separate these three closely related genera, it can be observed that for the species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EACDDD8F7C5BA0A88" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,224,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EACDDD8F7C5BA0A88" box="[151,224,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, no brachipronotal population has even been found, (except for 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAFE4D8F7C1570A88" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1909" box="[942,1037,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAFE4D8F7C1570A88" box="[942,1037,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. brevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is placed below in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA97BD8F7C5E50964" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA97BD8F7C5E50964" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Batrachidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), all are macropronotals (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EADAAD8CBC7190964" box="[480,579,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1688,1713]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,174,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,174,1669]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characters used in phylogeny. A. Batrachidea flavonotata Bolívar, 1887. B. Rehnidium omnivagum Grant, 1956. C. Tettigidea parradae Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Cardona, 2015. D. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. Habitus in lateral view to all specimens. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the cladistics analysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467980/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 1D</figureCitation>
), and the few known individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAF92D8CBC10B0964" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1956" box="[984,1105,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Rehnidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAF92D8CBC10B0964" box="[984,1105,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rehnidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are all brachypronotals (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EA925D8CBC5E30940" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1688,1713]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,174,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,174,1669]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Characters used in phylogeny. A. Batrachidea flavonotata Bolívar, 1887. B. Rehnidium omnivagum Grant, 1956. C. Tettigidea parradae Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Cardona, 2015. D. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. Habitus in lateral view to all specimens. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the cladistics analysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467980/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Likewise, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAD2ADB2FC4B00940" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[352,490,1557,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAD2ADB2FC4B00940" box="[352,490,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Batrachidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only two species have been found to have macropronotal individuals: 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA8B4DB2CC0C70940" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[1278,1437,1557,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavonotata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA8B4DB2CC0C70940" box="[1278,1437,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. flavonotata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(seemingly atypical individuals, represented by a small percentage of the specimens examined in several locations in 
<collectingCountry id="F35961B3FFD04D0EACF9DB67C47B0918" box="[179,289,1629,1655]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(Cadena-Castañeda in prep.)) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAEEBDB64C66D0918" baseAuthorityName="Saint-Fargeau &amp; Serville" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[673,823,1630,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mucronata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAEEBDB64C66D0918" box="[673,823,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. mucronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with close to half the specimens being macropronotals according to the material reviewed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD04D0EAE0CDBBBC7BD09F4" author="Grant Jr., H. J." box="[582,743,1664,1691]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="67 - 108" refId="ref31328" refString="Grant Jr., H. J. (1956 a) The taxonomy of Batrachidea, Puiggaria, Lophoscirtus, Eutettigidea and Rehnidium n. gen. (Orthotpera: Acridoidea, Tetrigidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 82, 67 - 108." type="journal article" year="1956">Grant (1956a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD04D0EAC8DDB9FC05808F8" blockId="13.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Besides, tegmina in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EADE4DB9FC4AD09D0" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[430,503,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EADE4DB9FC4AD09D0" box="[430,503,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are black, accompanied by stripes or spots that separate the species (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EA941DB9FC00009D0" box="[1291,1370,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1415,1440]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,174,1396]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[174,1414,174,1396]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Characters used in phylogeny. A. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (habitus in dorsal view). B. Apex of pronotum in dorsal view of B. flavonotata. C–F. Head and pronotum in lateral view: C. S. ferruginea. D. T. parradae. E. S. laeta. F. S. producta. G and H. Fore and mid legs respectively of S. rafaeli. I. Hind femur of S. producta. J–M. Tegmina: J. S. laeta. K. S. granti sp. nov. L. S. jonasi sp. nov. M. S. ferruginea. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the cladistics analysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3467982/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
J–M), whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAD5DDBF3C4FB098C" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[279,417,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAD5DDBF3C4FB098C" box="[279,417,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Batrachidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAD93DBF3C708098C" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1956" box="[473,594,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Rehnidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAD93DBF3C708098C" box="[473,594,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rehnidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tegmina is brown, like in the rest of the genera of the subfamily. The body is slim and elongated in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EADFBDBD7C4A00868" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[433,506,1773,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EADFBDBD7C4A00868" box="[433,506,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, contrasting with the other two genera, which are from stout to squat even in the macropronotal forms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EADEFDA2BC7750844" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[421,559,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EADEFDA2BC7750844" box="[421,559,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Batrachidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hind femora in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAEA6DA2BC62C0844" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[748,886,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Batrachidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAEA6DA2BC62C0844" box="[748,886,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Batrachidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAFE0DA2BC1790844" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1956" box="[938,1059,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Rehnidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAFE0DA2BC1790844" box="[938,1059,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rehnidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not sulcate, unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA965DA2BC0220844" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[1327,1400,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EA965DA2BC0220844" box="[1327,1400,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In any case, male terminalia in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAD9CDA0FC7450820" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[470,543,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAD9CDA0FC7450820" box="[470,543,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are quite diverse, but they differ from the other genera in which the penultimate sternite is prolonged from slightly to noticeably (
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAEFFDA63C645081C" box="[693,799,1881,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1970,1995]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1435,166,1951]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 21. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468024/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 21F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF63DA62C606081C" box="[809,860,1880,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1968,1993]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,166,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[170,1417,166,1949]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 25. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. G. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468032/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD04D0EAF2CDA63C6CF081C" box="[870,917,1881,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1967,1992]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,166,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[170,1416,166,1948]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 28. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">28F</figureCitation>
), while the other genera lack this character, the penultimate sternite being rounded, with any protrusion whatsoever in the remaining 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA818DA47C1A408F8" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[1106,1278,1917,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Batrachideinae">Batrachideinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD04D0DAC8DDA9BC4170F93" blockId="13.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,153,1007]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD04D0EAC8DDA9BC61508D4" bold="true" box="[199,847,1952,1979]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Notes on literature and comments on some collections:</emphasis>
Harold J. Grant Jr. (
<date id="FFF007E3FFD04D0EA879DA9BC1EE08D3" box="[1075,1204,1953,1980]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1921" valueMax="1966">1921–1966</date>
) was a orthopterologist who made remarkable contributions to various genera of the order 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EAFE1DAFFC17D08B0" box="[939,1063,1989,2015]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
, including members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD04D0EA961DAFFC0C608B0" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1838" box="[1323,1436,1989,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetrigidae</taxonomicName>
(on this family he focused his efforts), 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAE1BDDA3C7B50FDC" box="[593,751,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Eumastacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eumastacidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAEB6DDA3C6DF0FDC" box="[764,901,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Romaleidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAFC5DDA3C6A70FDC" box="[911,1021,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DA87FDDA3C1960FDC" authorityName="Mugleston" authorityYear="2013" box="[1077,1228,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigoniidae</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, he suffered an untimely death, on 
<date id="FFF007E3FFD34D0DADB4DD87C7D30FB8" box="[510,649,189,215]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1927-02">27 February</date>
, 1966, resulting from a swimming accident off the coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F35961B3FFD34D0DA977DD87C0C60FB8" box="[1341,1436,189,215]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD34D0DACD5DDDBC41A0F93" author="Phillips, M. E." box="[159,320,225,252]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="233 - 238" refId="ref32935" refString="Phillips, M. E. (1966) Harold Johnson Grant, Jr., 1921 - 1966. Entomological News, 77 (9), 233 - 238." type="journal article" year="1966">Phillips, 1966</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD34D0DAC8DDC3FC4720EBC" blockId="14.[151,1437,153,1007]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Many of Grant’s contributions are focused on the subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAF21DC3FC14C0E70" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[875,1046,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Batrachideinae">Batrachideinae</taxonomicName>
, covering revisions of several genera of this subfamily (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD34D0DADC5DC13C77F0E2C" author="Grant, H. J." box="[399,549,296,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref31238" refString="Grant, H. J. (1955 a) Notes on the Neotropical tetrigid genus Paurotarsus Hancock, including the description of the new subspecies (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Notulae Naturae, 275, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1955">Grant, 1955a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 1956a, b, 1966; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD34D0DAF4EDC13C6B70E2C" author="Rehn, J. A. G. &amp; Grant, H. J." box="[772,1005,296,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="13 - 103" refId="ref33023" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. &amp; Grant, H. J. (1958) The Batrachideinae (Orthoptera; Acridoidea; Tetrigidae) of North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 84 (1), 13 - 103." type="journal article" year="1958">Rehn &amp; Grant, 1958</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD34D0DAFB2DC13C16E0E2B" author="Rehn, J. A. G. &amp; Grant, H. J." box="[1016,1076,297,324]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref33070" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. &amp; Grant, H. J. (1961) A monograph of the Orthoptera of North America (North of Mexico). Vol. 12. Monographs of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Printed by the George W. Carpenter Fund for the Encouragement of Original Scientific Research, Philadelphia, 160 pp." type="book" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
). His doctoral thesis was a revision of the subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DADC1DC77C7DD0E07" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[395,647,333,360]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Batrachideinae">Batrachideinae (1962)</taxonomicName>
, where his previous works on this group are condensed and developed in which would eventually become his future contributions on this subfamily of pygmy grasshoppers. By what can be inferred from what arguably was his 
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DAE1ADCACC7B60EC0" box="[592,748,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">magnum opus</emphasis>
, several revisions stemming from his doctoral thesis were left unpublished.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD34D0DAC8DDCE7C4900DC4" blockId="14.[151,1437,153,1007]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DACAEDCE7C4770E98" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[228,301,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DACAEDCE7C4770E98" box="[228,301,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Scaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s case, in Grant’s thesis (1962) no new species were reported, but a revision of the 
<typeStatus id="54F59F81FFD34D0DA88ADCE7C1AA0E98" box="[1216,1264,477,503]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
specimens was performed. He established the synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAE33DF3BC7A70D74" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1898" box="[633,765,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DAE33DF3BC7A70D74" box="[633,765,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. maculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAF01DF3BC6E10D74" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[843,955,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DAF01DF3BC6E10D74" box="[843,955,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. hamata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAFBBDF3BC1D90D74" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1909" box="[1009,1155,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DAFBBDF3BC1D90D74" box="[1009,1155,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under 
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DA89ADF3BC01B0D74" box="[1232,1345,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DA89ADF3BC0670D74" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1887" box="[1232,1341,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineata">S. lineata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
He also redescribed all the species and provided a key for their identification. In this paper, the reference base was Grant’s thesis, and we only used the data as far as we could agree with it. We had, however, several conclusions diverging from Grant’s, which we could otherwise corroborate, in particular distributional data about the species, which are duly recorded in this paper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD34D0DAC8DDF8FC7B30C30" blockId="14.[151,1437,153,1007]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Regrettably, many of the specimens of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAEB0DF8FC6310DA0" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1838" box="[762,875,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetrigidae</taxonomicName>
and others groups described by Lawrence Bruner and deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, 
<collectingRegion id="498AEFC1FFD34D0DAF9CDFE3C1340D9C" box="[982,1134,729,755]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F35961B3FFD34D0DA837DFE3C1E90D9C" box="[1149,1203,729,755]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">USA</collectingCountry>
(CMNH), were exchanged with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP) and some 
<typeStatus id="54F59F81FFD34D0DA852DFC7C1120C78" box="[1048,1096,765,791]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
specimens were lost along the way (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF5CD2FFD34D0DAC9FDE1BC7E80C54" author="Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. &amp; Cortes-Torres, C." box="[213,690,801,827]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="335 - 348" refId="ref30574" refString="Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. &amp; Cortes-Torres, C. (2013) New species and taxonomic rearrangements of Anostostomatid Crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Anostostomatidae) from the Neotropics. Zootaxa, 3664 (3), 335 - 348. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3664.3.4" type="journal article" year="2013">Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Cortés-Torres, 2013</bibRefCitation>
). So part of the data published by this author could not be tracked or confirmed to be included in our distribution maps.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35472A8FFD34D0DAC8DDE52C6510C80" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF12123FFD34D0DAC8DDE52C6510C80" blockId="14.[151,1437,153,1007]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DAC8DDE52C4390CEC" bold="true" box="[199,355,872,899]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution:</emphasis>
This genus is distributed in Amazonia, and only 
<taxonomicName id="4C4E5AA0FFD34D0DAFC9DE53C6A20CEC" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1907" box="[899,1016,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DAFC9DE53C6A20CEC" box="[899,1016,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found elsewhere, namely along the great forests of the Pacific region in northwest South America, in what is now called the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena ecoregion (Mittermeier 
<emphasis id="B93AFD31FFD34D0DADEBDE88C4BA0CA4" box="[417,480,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et. al.</emphasis>
2005) (formerly known as the Chocó-Darién-Western 
<collectingCountry id="F35961B3FFD34D0DA80BDE8BC1C40CA4" box="[1089,1182,945,971]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
Hotspot). This species ranges all the way north to southern 
<collectingCountry id="F35961B3FFD34D0DAE65DEEFC7F80C80" box="[559,674,981,1007]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13753DA6FFD34D0DAEFBDEEFC7A00C80" box="[689,762,981,1007]" captionStart="MAP 1" captionStartId="6.[151,209,1303,1328]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,196,1262]" captionText="MAP 1. Distributional records of Scaria species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3469910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3469910/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Map 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>