383 lines
45 KiB
XML
383 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709" ID-GBIF-Dataset="78741a70-2be5-4536-a819-3a51f9d89cde" ID-PMC="PMC3084493" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-91-1" ID-PubMed="21594108" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-91-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 91" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)" checkinTime="1451250487905" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, Neil Adam" docDate="2011" docId="69797F9321286E96B7EBC04B8A5E5F89" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 91: 1-116" docOrigin="ZooKeys 91" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709" docTitle="Mancalla vegrandis Smith, 2011, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FF8FFFC9A904277FD17A5E6B442A302C" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)" masterLastPageNumber="116" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1668168425552" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Neil Adam</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>91</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>116</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-91-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159364929" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F6D55BF-C827-47C3-AAB6-777632C92DB6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/69797F9321286E96B7EBC04B8A5E5F89" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F6D55BF-C827-47C3-AAB6-777632C92DB6" class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">SDSNH 77399: a partial postcranial skeleton comprising the following elements: two cervical vertebrae, one costal and one vertebral rib, partial furcula, scapulae, left coracoid, partial right coracoid, partial sternum, left humerus, and pelvis (Figs 7 and 8; Tables1, 2 and 3). The holotype specimen was collected by W. T. Stein in October, 1961.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Figure 7. Holotype specimen of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
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(SDSNH 77399) A Cervical vertebra (C3?) in dorsal view B Cervical vertebra (C4?) in ventral view C Left humerus in posterior view D Costal rib E Vertebral rib F Pelvis in dorsal view. Anatomical abbreviations: ac acetabulum at antitrochanter ats antitrochanteral sulcus c capitulum of vertebral rib cg capital groove d deltopectoral crest dis dorsal illiac spine dsp dorsal supracondylar process fp flexor process h hypapophysis is iliosynsacral suture pf1 primary pneumotricipital fossa pz postzygapophysis sa sternal articulation of costal rib sc supracoracoidal crest tf tricipital fossae vt ventral tubercle.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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The species name vegrandis reflects the diminutive size of this taxon compared to other known
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
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species (vegrandis, from the Latin for small, diminutive or tiny).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="locality and horizon">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Locality and horizon.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Middle Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (Zanclean-Calabrian) San Diego Formation of San Diego County, California. Latitude, longitude, and elevation data are on file at SDSNH (locality 4273). Details of the geologic setting are provided in Appendix 6.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="referred specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Referred specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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SDSNH 42532: a complete left humerus from the Middle Pliocene to Early Pleistocene San Diego Formation of San Diego County, California (SDSNH locality 3468); SDSNH 42534: a complete right humerus from the Middle Pliocene to Early Pleistocene San Diego Formation of San Diego County, California (SDSNH locality 3468); SDSNH 28152: a complete right humerus from the Early Pliocene upper member of the San Mateo Formation of San Diego County, California (SDSNH locality 3161); SDSNH 75051: a complete right humerus from the Early Pliocene upper member of the San Mateo Formation of San Diego County, California (SDSNH locality 2643; Fig. 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Dorsal and ventral edges of the mancalline scar extending into primary pneumotricipital fossa taper to a point as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
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, rather than remaining parallel as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla californiensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californiensis">Mancalla californiensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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(123:1; Fig. 5); mancalline scar extending into primary pneumotricipital fossa is an excavated pit as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla californiensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californiensis">Mancalla californiensis</taxonomicName>
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rather than raised in relief to the floor of the primary pneumotricipital fossa and the humeral shaft as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
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(121:0); humerus shorter than other known
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
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(Tables 2 and 3).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="anatomical description">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anatomical description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Two cervical vertebrae are preserved (Fig. 7A and B). Comparisons with
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
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are limited to generalities regarding shape in dorsal view, for which the morphology of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
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is consistent with that of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
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. Only thoracic vertebrae are known for
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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. One of the vertebrae (Fig. 7A) is mediolaterally narrower than the other (Fig. 7B). Although the width of cervical vertebrae other than the axis and atlas do not vary considerably in extant
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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, the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae of some charadriiforms (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Larosterna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larosterna inca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">Larosterna inca</taxonomicName>
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Lesson, 1827) are mediolaterally narrower than cervical vertebra posterior to the 4th (i.e., C5, C6, C7). The dorsal surface of the broader vertebra (Fig. 7B) is perforated by a small foramen (i.e., perforation of laminae arcocostales). In extant alcids, only the third and fourth cervical vertebrae are perforated. Typically in extant
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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, the third cervical vertebra is punctured by a small foramina, whereas the foramina in the fourth cervical vertebra is much larger, leaving only a thin strut of bone bordering it laterally. The morphology of the preserved vertebrae is suggestive of C3 and C4; however, definitive assignment cannot be made at this time.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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One complete cervical rib and one complete costal rib (Fig. 7D and E) are preserved along with several other rib fragments (not figured). No morphological differences were evident between the ribs of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
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specimen SDSNH 25236,and other alcids for which the ribs are known.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">All</pageBreakToken>
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but the omal extremities of the furcula are preserved (Fig. 8D). The furcular rami are mediolaterally compressed as in all other
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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. The anterior surface of the furcular rami dorsal to the apophysis is rounded or convex as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
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, rather than grooved as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cepphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cepphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cepphus</taxonomicName>
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. The furcular apophysis does not bear the ventrally expanded, bladelike interclavicular process characteristic of extant
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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. However, the possibility that this feature was lost to damage cannot be ruled out. No additional morphological differences were evident between the preserved portions of the furcula of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
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and other alcids for which the furcula is known.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Figure 8. Holotype specimen of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
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(SDSNH 77399). A Right scapula in medial view B Left scapula in lateral view C Partial sternum in ventral view D Partial furcula in posterior view (dashed lines represent missing portion of left ramus) E Left coracoid in posterior view. Anatomical abbreviations: a acromion process ce caudal extremity of scapula cr sternal carina ct coracoidal tubercle fa furcular apophysis ff furcular facet of coracoid gp glenoid process lp latral process of coracoid lt lateral trabeculae of sternum pp procoracoid process st scapulotricipital tubercle.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The left coracoid is complete except for a small portion of the medial margin of the sternal facet (Fig. 8E). A fragment of the right coracoid preserves the medial margin of the sternal facet and the sternal portion of the coracoidal shaft (not figured). As in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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the furcular facet is rounded, rather than oval as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Fratercula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fratercula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fratercula</taxonomicName>
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. The head of the coracoid is apneumatic as in all
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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, but the brachial tuberosity is deeply undercut as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alca</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
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. The humeral articulation is more rounded than in extant
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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. As in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cepphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cepphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cepphus</taxonomicName>
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, the scar marking the position of m. supracoracoideus is less distinct than in other
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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. As in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alle" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alle</taxonomicName>
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,the procoracoidal process is not punctured by a foramen for passage of the tendon of m. supracoracoideus. The procoracoid process points dorsomedially as in all
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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except
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
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, in which the procoracoid points more ventromedially. As in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Brachyramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyramphus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Ptychoramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptychoramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ptychoramphus</taxonomicName>
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Brandt, 1837, the sternal margin of the procoracoid process is concave, rather than convex as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cerorhinca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerorhinca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cerorhinca</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Fratercula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fratercula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fratercula,</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
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. As in many alcids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Brachyramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) a single, distinct, straight ridge, which extends from the lateral angle of the sternal facet towards the humeral facet is present. This ridge does not extend sternally in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Synthliboramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synthliboramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Synthliboramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cepphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cepphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cepphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Fratercula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fratercula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fratercula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Ptychoramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptychoramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ptychoramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cerorhinca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerorhinca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cerorhinca</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This ridge is less pronounced and positioned farther laterally in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A well-developed lateral process is present. This feature is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dorsal margin
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the medial sternal process is notched as in most alcids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca torda" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torda">Alca torda</taxonomicName>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the posterior surface of the sternal end of the coracoid is more excavated than in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the sternal facet is curved ~150°.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Right and left scapulae are preserved (Fig. 8A and B). As in all
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the scapular shaft is mediolaterally compressed throughout its entire length. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the acromion projects farther anteriorly than that of other alcids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The acromion of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not project as far anteriorly as that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The coracoidal tubercle is more pronounced than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a scapulotricipital tubercle is present just distal to the glenoid process on the ventral margin of the scapular shaft. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the scapular shaft, including the caudal extremity, is slightly more robust than in other alcids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The caudal extremity is more dorsoventrally expanded than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The caudal extremity is not known for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Parts of the left distal end of the sternum including the distal end of the carina, and the left lateral process are preserved (Fig. 8C).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not preserve the same portions of the sternum so comparisons cannot presently be made between the sterni of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As a result of the deep incisure of the lateral notches the lateral processes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more elongate that any other alcids for which the sternum is known. In other Charadriiformes this condition is present only in the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Glareolidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Glareolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Scolpacidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Scolpacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and resembles the sternum in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Spheniscidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Spheniscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 9).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Figure 9. Comparison of charadriiform and sphenisciform sterni. A
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca torda" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torda">Alca torda</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 502382) B
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia psittacula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="psittacula">Aethia psittacula</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NCSM 18514) C
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sterna anaethetus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anaethetus">Sterna anaethetus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NCSM 17085) D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Jacanidae" genus="Hydrophasianus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophasianus chirurgus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chirurgus">Hydrophasianus chirurgus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 490566) E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Eudyptula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eudyptula minor" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">Eudyptula minor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(TMM M-391).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The left humerus is preserved (Fig. 7C). Based upon humeral proportions,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents the smallest known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 2). As in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ventral margin of the ventral tubercle is convex, and the capital groove is relatively narrower than other
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ventral tubercle does not project as far ventrally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla californiensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californiensis">Mancalla californiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The distal end of the deltopectoral crest transitions to the shaft less abruptly than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in other
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the humeral head is rotated anteriorly and the supracoracoideus muscle scar does not broaden proximally. The 'mancalline
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="scar’">scar'</normalizedToken>
|
||
is excavated as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla californiensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californiensis">Mancalla californiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rather than raised in relief like that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 5). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the 'mancalline
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="scar’">scar'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extends from a point just proximal to the junction of the bicipital crest with the humeral shaft and tapers to a point, and extends into the primary pneumotricipital fossa. The margins of this scar remain parallel in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla californiensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californiensis">Mancalla californiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in all
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the humeral shaft is arced rather than sigmoidal or straight. As in other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dorsal supracondylar tubercle is separated from the dorsal epicondyle by a small notch. A tubercle or papilla is present on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus adjacent to the dorsal condyle (Howard, 1966). As with all
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anterior surface of the ventral condyle is rounded, rather than flattened as in all other
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Rounded fossae are present at the proximal ends of the humerotricipital and scapulotricipital grooves. The flexor process extends distal to the ventral condyle as in all
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The pelvis is preserved in dorsal view (Fig. 7F). Comparisons of pelves within
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are limited to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in all alcids the anteroposterior length of the pelvis is greater than two times the mediolateral width across the antitrochanters.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
relative length of the pelves of other charadriiforms is anteroposteriorly shorter. The proximal end of the preacetabular ilium is wide as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most alcids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Brachyramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The distal end of the preacetabular ilium is relatively broader than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
the antitrochanteral sulcus does not extend proximally to contact the antitrochanter. As in most
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Brachyramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the post-acetabular dorsal ilium narrows, rather than broadens as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cepphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cepphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cepphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Fraterculinae">Fraterculinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The iliosynsacral suture is perforated as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Synthliboramphus, rather than fused along its entire length as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cepphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cepphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cepphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Brachyramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyramphus,</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Fraterculinae">Fraterculinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dorsal iliac spine has a pointed tip as in all alcids other than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Ptychoramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptychoramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ptychoramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the end of the spine is blunt.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
corresponds in size and humeral characteristics with some material previously referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla milleri" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="milleri">Mancalla milleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
Howard, 1970. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla milleri" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="milleri">Mancalla milleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
incertae sedis (see Appendix 1 for details of the taxonomic revision).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |