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Cranston 
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. (1989
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: 18
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<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF4DFC3CFF3A4B33" box="[151,253,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Neelamia</emphasis>
Soponis
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<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF4DFBDCFEDE4B13" box="[151,281,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kribioxenus</emphasis>
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: 18
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<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF4DFBFCFEDE4B73" box="[151,281,1069,1092]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kribioxenus</emphasis>
Goetghebuer
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<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF4DFB9CFE814B53" box="[151,326,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paranilothauma</emphasis>
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: 11
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<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF4DFBBCFE814BB3" box="[151,326,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paranilothauma</emphasis>
Soponis
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<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF4DFB5CFEE24B93" box="[151,293,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Toyayusurika</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="966098084631FFA7FEF6FB5CFDB84B93" author="Sasa" box="[300,639,1165,1188]" page="52" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FEF6FB5CFD914B93" author="Sasa" box="[300,598,1165,1188]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Sasa, M., Suzuki, H. &amp; Sakai, T. (1998) Studies on the chironomid midges collected on the shore of Shimanto River in April, 1998. Part 1. Description of species of the subfamily Chironominae. Tropical Medicine, 40, 47 - 89." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sasa, Suzuki 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FE61FB5CFE094B93" box="[443,462,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Sakai, 1998
</bibRefCitation>
: 52
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FDBED924631FFA7FF4DFB02FAB54A98" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="177EBE194631FFA7FF4DFB02FA944BD9" blockId="8.[151,1437,1235,2035]" box="[151,1363,1235,1262]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF4DFB02FEFE4BDA" bold="true" box="[151,313,1235,1261]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<typeStatus id="C87A00BB4631FFA7FF4DFB02FF134BDA" box="[151,212,1235,1261]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FE9AFB05FCE94BD9" authority="Kieffer, 1921b: 37" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1921" box="[320,814,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictipenne">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FE9AFB05FD8B4BDA" box="[320,588,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nilothauma pictipenne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FD8EFB05FCC54BD9" author="Kieffer" box="[596,770,1236,1262]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1921 b) Chironomides de l'Afrique Equatoriale (1 e partie). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 90, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1921" yearSuffix="b">Kieffer, 1921b</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</taxonomicName>
; by subsequent monotypy (
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FBB4FB05FA824BD9" author="Kieffer" box="[1134,1349,1236,1262]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1921 b) Chironomides de l'Afrique Equatoriale (1 e partie). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 90, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1921" yearSuffix="b">Kieffer 1921b: 37</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194631FFA7FF1CFB2BFAB54A98" blockId="8.[151,1437,1235,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF1CFB2BFE554A23" bold="true" box="[198,402,1274,1300]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Included species</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FE7BFB2AFD4A4A23" box="[417,653,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Palaearctic Region:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FD4EFB2AFBEE4A23" authority="(Goetghebuer, 1921: 173)" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityPageNumber="173" authorityYear="1921" baseAuthorityName="Goetghebuer" baseAuthorityPageNumber="173" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[660,1065,1274,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brayi">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD4EFB2AFD334A23" box="[660,756,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. brayi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FCD9FB2BFBE74A23" author="Goetghebuer" box="[771,1056,1274,1300]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Goetghebuer, M. (1921) Chironomides de Belgique et specialement de la zone des Flandres. Memoires du Musee royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 8, Fascicule 4, Memoire 31, 1 - 211." type="journal article" year="1921">Goetghebuer, 1921: 173</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FB8AFB2AFB274A23" box="[1104,1248,1275,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB8AFB2AFB274A23" box="[1104,1248,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Europe, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FA88FB2BFA5F4A23" box="[1362,1432,1274,1300]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FF4DFAF0FD814A0C" authority="Sasa, 1993: 74" authorityName="Sasa" authorityPageNumber="74" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,582,1313,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hibaraquartum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF4DFAF0FEBB4A0D" box="[151,380,1313,1338]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. hibaraquartum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FE5CFAF0FDD14A0C" author="Sasa" box="[390,534,1313,1339]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Sasa, M. (1993) The chironomids collected from lakes in the Aizu district (Fukushima). Research Report from Toyama Prefectural environmental Pollution Research Centre, 1993, 69 - 95." type="journal article" year="1993">Sasa, 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 74
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FD8EFAF0FD664A0C" box="[596,673,1313,1339]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FD74FAF0FB894A0C" authority="Sasa, 1993: 73" authorityName="Sasa" authorityPageNumber="73" authorityYear="1993" box="[686,1102,1313,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hibaratertium">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD74FAF0FC424A0D" box="[686,901,1313,1338]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. hibaratertium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FC54FAF0FBD94A0C" author="Sasa" box="[910,1054,1313,1339]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Sasa, M. (1993) The chironomids collected from lakes in the Aizu district (Fukushima). Research Report from Toyama Prefectural environmental Pollution Research Centre, 1993, 69 - 95." type="journal article" year="1993">Sasa, 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 73
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FB87FAF0FB6E4A0C" box="[1117,1193,1313,1339]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
; syn. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FB2EFAF0FC264A55" authority="Sasa, Suzuki et Sakai, 1998: 52 (Adam &amp; Saether 1999)" authorityName="Sasa, Suzuki et Sakai, 1998: 52 (Adam &amp; Saether" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tosayusurika" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simantoefea">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB2EFAF0FEED4A56" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tosayusurika simantoefea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FEE8FA99FD4D4A55" author="Sasa" box="[306,650,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Sasa, M., Suzuki, H. &amp; Sakai, T. (1998) Studies on the chironomid midges collected on the shore of Shimanto River in April, 1998. Part 1. Description of species of the subfamily Chironominae. Tropical Medicine, 40, 47 - 89." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sasa, Suzuki 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FE0DFA99FE2A4A56" box="[471,493,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Sakai, 1998
</bibRefCitation>
: 52 (
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FD1CFA99FC104A55" author="Adam" box="[710,983,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">Adam &amp; Saether 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FC37FA99FA5F4A55" authority="Niitsuma, 1985: 230" authorityName="Niitsuma" authorityPageNumber="230" authorityYear="1985" box="[1005,1432,1352,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FC37FA99FB554A56" box="[1005,1170,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. japonicum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB40FA99FA9D4A55" author="Niitsuma" box="[1178,1370,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Niitsuma, H. (1985) A new species of the genus Nilothauma (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Japan. Kontyu (Tokyo), 53 (1), 229 - 232." type="journal article" year="1985">Niitsuma, 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 230
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FF4DFABFFF274ABF" box="[151,224,1390,1416]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
, [also Oriental Region]; syn. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FD95FABEFAB44ABF" authority="Sasa, 1990: 32 (Adam &amp; Saether 1999)" authorityName="Sasa, 1990: 32 (Adam &amp; Saether" authorityYear="1999" box="[591,1395,1390,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribioxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jintuprimum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD95FABEFC414ABF" box="[591,902,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kribioxenus jintuprimum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FC54FABFFBDE4ABF" author="Sasa" box="[910,1049,1390,1416]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges of Jintsu River (Diptera, Chironomidae). Research Report from Toyama Prefectural environmental Pollution Research Centre, 1990, 30 - 67." type="journal article" year="1990">Sasa, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 32 (
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB8FFABFFAAD4ABF" author="Adam" box="[1109,1386,1390,1416]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">Adam &amp; Saether 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FA5AFABEFDD74A98" authority="Sasa, 1991: 86" authorityName="Sasa" authorityPageNumber="86" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nojirimaculatum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FA5AFABEFE9C4A99" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. nojirimaculatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FEBBFA44FE234A98" author="Sasa" box="[353,484,1429,1455]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Sasa, M. (1991) Studies on the chironomids of the Lake Nojiri area, Nagano. Research Report from Toyama Prefectural environmental Pollution Research Centre, 1991, 82 - 92." type="journal article" year="1991">Sasa, 1991</bibRefCitation>
: 86
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FDC6FA44FDA64A98" box="[540,609,1429,1455]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
, [also Oriental Region]. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FC58FA44FADB4A98" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 61" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="61" authorityYear="1999" box="[898,1308,1429,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sasai">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FC58FA44FC274A99" box="[898,992,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. sasai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FC32FA44FB364A98" author="Adam" box="[1000,1265,1429,1455]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FBECFA44FB8C4A99" box="[1078,1099,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 61
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FAF2FA44FAA94A98" box="[1320,1390,1429,1455]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FDBED924631FFA6FF1FFA6DFBA74EAD" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="177EBE194631FFA7FF1FFA6DFDF04914" blockId="8.[151,1437,1235,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF1FFA6DFE514AE2" box="[197,406,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nearctic Region:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FE45FA6DFCDF4AE1" authority="(Rempel, 1937: 274)" authorityName="Rempel" authorityPageNumber="274" authorityYear="1937" baseAuthorityName="Rempel" baseAuthorityPageNumber="274" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[415,792,1468,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="babiyi">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FE45FA6DFDD64AE2" box="[415,529,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. babiyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FDFBFA6DFCD74AE1" author="Rempel" box="[545,784,1468,1494]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Rempel, J. G. (1937) A new species of the subgenus Kribioxenus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist, 69, 274 - 275." type="journal article" year="1937">Rempel, 1937: 274</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FC99FA6DFC1F4AE2" box="[835,984,1468,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FC99FA6DFC1F4AE2" box="[835,984,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FC33FA6DFB8F4AE1" box="[1001,1096,1468,1494]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FB8FFA6DFB514AE1" box="[1109,1174,1468,1494]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FB78FA6DFECE4ACB" authority="Townes, 1945: 35" authorityName="Townes" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1945" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicorne">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB78FA6DFAE34AE2" box="[1186,1316,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. bicorne</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FAEFFA6DFEC64ACB" author="Townes" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Townes, H. K. (1945) The Nearctic species of Tendipedini [Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae)]. The American Midland Naturalist, 34, 1 - 206." type="journal article" year="1945">Townes, 1945: 35</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FEEBFA32FE074ACB" box="[305,448,1507,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribioxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FEEBFA32FE074ACB" box="[305,448,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kribioxenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FE0AFA33FDEC4ACB" box="[464,555,1506,1532]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FDE2FA33FDB14ACB" box="[568,630,1506,1532]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FD58FA32FC304ACB" authority="Townes, 1945: 35" authorityName="Townes" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1945" box="[642,1015,1506,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabile">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD58FA32FCCF4ACB" box="[642,776,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. mirabile</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FCC2FA33FC2A4ACB" author="Townes" box="[792,1005,1506,1532]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Townes, H. K. (1945) The Nearctic species of Tendipedini [Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae)]. The American Midland Naturalist, 34, 1 - 206." type="journal article" year="1945">Townes, 1945: 35</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FBC5FA32FB694ACB" box="[1055,1198,1507,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribioxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FBC5FA32FB694ACB" box="[1055,1198,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kribioxenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FB64FA33FB3B4ACB" box="[1214,1276,1506,1532]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FAD2FA32FE0C4914" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 35" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verrucum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FAD2FA32FA5B4ACB" box="[1288,1436,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. verrucum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FF4DF9D8FE674914" author="Adam" box="[151,416,1545,1571]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF3CF9D8FF3C4915" box="[230,251,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 35
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FE0DF9D8FDF44914" box="[471,563,1545,1571]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Canada</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194631FFA7FF1FF9E1FAA6483C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1235,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF1FF9E1FDA5497E" box="[197,610,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Afrotropical Region: 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FE1DF9E1FDA5497E" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 75" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="75" authorityYear="1999" box="[455,610,1584,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">N. anderseni</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FDB0F9E1FCBA497D" author="Adam" box="[618,893,1584,1610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD66F9E1FD15497E" box="[700,722,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 75, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FC6DF9E1FBE0497D" box="[951,1063,1584,1610]" name="Tanzania" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FBE9F9E1FEC14947" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 27" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankasense">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FBE9F9E1FB0D497E" box="[1075,1226,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N ankasense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB09F9E1FF1E4947" author="Adam" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FAFEF9E1FAFD497E" box="[1316,1338,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FECEF987FEAF4947" box="[276,360,1622,1648]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FEAFF986FCB14947" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 38" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1999" box="[373,886,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmeisteri">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FEAFF986FDEF4947" box="[373,552,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. burmeisteri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FDEAF987FC8E4947" author="Adam" box="[560,841,1622,1648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD59F986FD5E4947" box="[643,665,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 38
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FC5FF987FC1F4947" box="[901,984,1622,1648]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
, D. R. 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FBEAF987FB414947" box="[1072,1158,1622,1648]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Congo</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FB48F986FEA749A0" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 27" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duminola">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB48F986FAEC4947" box="[1170,1323,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. duminola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FAE9F987FEF249A0" author="Adam" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FA5CF986FA5A4947" box="[1414,1437,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FEB1F9ACFE7C49A0" box="[363,443,1661,1687]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FE1DF9ACFC6D49A0" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 90" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="90" authorityYear="1999" box="[455,938,1661,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neelamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FE1DF9ACFDA949A1" box="[455,622,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. flabellatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FDACF9ACFCB849A0" author="Adam" box="[630,895,1661,1687]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD1EF9ACFD1E49A1" box="[708,729,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 90
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FC6CF9ACFBC149A0" box="[950,1030,1661,1687]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FBCBF9ACFF7F4989" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 30" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscina">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FBCBF9ACFB4F49A1" box="[1041,1160,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. fuscina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB55F9ACFA5F49A0" author="Adam" box="[1167,1432,1661,1687]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB04F9ACFB3449A1" box="[1246,1267,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 30
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FF1FF975FED04989" box="[197,279,1700,1726]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FEFEF975FCC64989" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 87" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="87" authorityYear="1999" box="[292,769,1700,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harrisoni">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FEFEF975FE7F498A" box="[292,440,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. harrisoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FE1AF975FD134989" author="Adam" box="[448,724,1700,1726]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FDC8F975FDEF498A" box="[530,552,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 87
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FCD4F975FC694989" box="[782,942,1700,1726]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FC60F975FA504989" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 73" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="73" authorityYear="1999" box="[954,1431,1700,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insolitum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FC60F975FB89498A" box="[954,1102,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. insolitum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB8DF975FAAD4989" author="Adam" box="[1111,1386,1700,1726]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB72F975FB7A498A" box="[1192,1213,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 73
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FF4DF91BFF2A49D3" box="[151,237,1738,1764]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FF23F91AFD3949D3" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 93" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="93" authorityYear="1999" box="[249,766,1738,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neelamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakumense">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF23F91AFE6F49D3" box="[249,424,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. kakumense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FE6BF91BFD0849D3" author="Adam" box="[433,719,1738,1764]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FDDFF91AFDDB49D3" box="[517,540,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 93
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FCD7F91BFCA449D3" box="[781,867,1738,1764]" name="Ghana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ghana</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FCB5F91AFA5049D3" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 75" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="75" authorityYear="1999" box="[879,1431,1738,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latocaudatum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FCB5F91AFB8749D3" box="[879,1088,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. latocaudatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB90F91BFAAF49D3" author="Adam" box="[1098,1384,1738,1764]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB44F91AFB7249D3" box="[1182,1205,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 75
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FF4DF920FEDF483C" box="[151,280,1777,1803]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FEF9F920FD67483C" authority="Kieffer, 1921b: 37" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1921" box="[291,672,1777,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictipenne">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FEF9F920FE78483D" box="[291,447,1777,1802]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. pictipenne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FE1CF920FDB2483C" author="Kieffer" box="[454,629,1777,1803]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1921 b) Chironomides de l'Afrique Equatoriale (1 e partie). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 90, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1921" yearSuffix="b">Kieffer, 1921b</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FD76F920FD3F483C" box="[684,760,1777,1803]" name="Sudan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sudan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FCDEF920FC82483C" box="[772,837,1777,1803]" name="Chad" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chad</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FC8BF920FC6E483C" box="[849,937,1777,1803]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FC6EF920FB86483C" box="[948,1089,1777,1803]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FB96F920FB60483C" box="[1100,1191,1777,1803]" name="Nigeria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FB69F920FAD4483C" box="[1203,1299,1777,1803]" name="Senegal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FAC4F920FA9A483C" box="[1310,1373,1777,1803]" name="Togo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Togo</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194631FFA7FF1FF8C9FB694891" blockId="8.[151,1437,1235,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF1FF8C9FE2D4806" box="[197,490,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Oriental Region: 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FE4EF8C9FE2D4806" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 69" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="69" authorityYear="1999" box="[404,490,1816,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acre">N. acre</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FE28F8C9FD3B4805" author="Adam" box="[498,764,1816,1842]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD9BF8C9FD914806" box="[577,598,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 69, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FCEEF8C9FCBD4805" box="[820,890,1816,1842]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FC53F8C9FB834805" author="Yan" box="[905,1092,1816,1842]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Yan, C., Tang, H. &amp; Wang, X. (2005). Nilothauma Kieffer from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27, 213 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">
Yan 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FC1BF8C9FC3B4806" box="[961,1020,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FB8DF8C9FEC6486F" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 51" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="51" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mergae">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB8DF8C9FB164806" box="[1111,1233,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. mergae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB02F8C9FF11486F" author="Adam" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FAFDF8C9FAFB4806" box="[1319,1340,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 51
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FED4F8EFFEBD486F" box="[270,378,1854,1880]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thailand</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FE5FF8EEFCE7486F" authority="Niitsuma, 1985: 230" authorityName="Niitsuma" authorityPageNumber="230" authorityYear="1985" box="[389,800,1854,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FE5FF8EEFDE4486F" box="[389,547,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. japonicum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FDF6F8EFFD22486F" author="Niitsuma" box="[556,741,1854,1880]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Niitsuma, H. (1985) A new species of the genus Nilothauma (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Japan. Kontyu (Tokyo), 53 (1), 229 - 232." type="journal article" year="1985">Niitsuma, 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 230
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FCF6F8EFFCB2486F" box="[812,885,1854,1880]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">China</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FC58F8EFFC2D486F" box="[898,1002,1854,1880]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FC23F8EFFAC6486F" author="Adam" box="[1017,1281,1854,1880]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">Adam &amp; Saether 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FAD7F8EFFA50486F" author="Wang" box="[1293,1431,1854,1880]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Wang, X. (2000) A revised checklist of chironomids from China (Diptera). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20 th Century Research on Chironomidae: An Anthology from the 13 th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 629 - 652." type="book chapter" year="2000">Wang 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FF4DF8B4FE8A4848" author="Yan" box="[151,333,1893,1919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Yan, C., Tang, H. &amp; Wang, X. (2005). Nilothauma Kieffer from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27, 213 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">
Yan 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF16F8B4FEC04849" box="[204,263,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
), [also Palaearctic Region]. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FD4DF8B4FBF44848" authority="Sasa, 1991: 86" authorityName="Sasa" authorityPageNumber="86" authorityYear="1991" box="[663,1075,1893,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nojirimaculatum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD4DF8B4FCBB4849" box="[663,892,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. nojirimaculatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FC5EF8B4FBCF4848" author="Sasa" box="[900,1032,1893,1919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Sasa, M. (1991) Studies on the chironomids of the Lake Nojiri area, Nagano. Research Report from Toyama Prefectural environmental Pollution Research Centre, 1991, 82 - 92." type="journal article" year="1991">Sasa, 1991</bibRefCitation>
: 86
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FBE5F8B4FB424848" box="[1087,1157,1893,1919]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB4EF8B4FAE74848" author="Wang" box="[1172,1312,1893,1919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Wang, X. (2000) A revised checklist of chironomids from China (Diptera). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20 th Century Research on Chironomidae: An Anthology from the 13 th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 629 - 652." type="book chapter" year="2000">Wang 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FAF6F8B4FF114891" author="Yan" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Yan, C., Tang, H. &amp; Wang, X. (2005). Nilothauma Kieffer from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27, 213 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">
Yan 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FABBF8B4FA5C4849" box="[1377,1435,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
), [also Palaearctic Region]. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FDC5F85DFB934891" authority="Yan, Tang et Wang, 2005: 214" authorityName="Yan, Tang et Wang" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="2005" box="[543,1108,1932,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quatuorlobum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FDC5F85DFD204892" box="[543,743,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. quatuorlobum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FD34F85DFBDD4891" author="Yan" box="[750,1050,1932,1958]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Yan, C., Tang, H. &amp; Wang, X. (2005). Nilothauma Kieffer from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27, 213 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">
Yan, Tang 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FCB6F85DFC464892" box="[876,897,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Wang, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 214
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FBBAF85DFB6D4891" box="[1120,1194,1932,1958]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194631FFA7FF1FF862FEF148C4" blockId="8.[151,1437,1235,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FF1FF862FD8448FB" box="[197,579,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Australian Region: 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FE76F862FD8448FB" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 53" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="53" authorityYear="1999" box="[428,579,1971,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adunatum">N. adunatum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FD90F863FC9448FB" author="Adam" box="[586,851,1970,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FD43F862FD6948FB" box="[665,686,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 53, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FC50F863FC3E48FB" box="[906,1017,1970,1996]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australia</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4631FFA7FBDEF862FF7048C4" authority="Adam et Saether, 1999: 55" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neelamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infissum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FBDEF862FB4F48FB" box="[1028,1160,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. infissum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84631FFA7FB55F863FA5F48FB" author="Adam" box="[1167,1432,1970,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4631FFA7FB04F862FB3448FB" box="[1246,1267,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et</emphasis>
Saether, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 55
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894631FFA7FF19F808FEF548C4" box="[195,306,2009,2035]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1FFF49FBA74EAD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1FFF49FE714F86" box="[197,438,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Neotropical Region:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FE67FF49FCC24F85" authority="Roback, 1960: 101" authorityName="Roback" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1960" box="[445,773,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aleta">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FE67FF49FDDC4F86" box="[445,539,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. aleta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84630FFA6FDF9FF49FD0C4F85" author="Roback" box="[547,715,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="43" refString="Roback, S. S. (1960) Results of the Catherwood Foundation Peruvian Amazon Expedition. New species of Tendipedidae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 86, 87 - 107." type="journal article" year="1960">Roback, 1960</bibRefCitation>
: 101
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FCC8FF49FC8B4F85" box="[786,844,152,178]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Peru</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FC82FF49FBCC4F86" box="[856,1035,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC82FF49FBCC4F86" box="[856,1035,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. amazonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FBC9FF46FB914F86" bold="true" box="[1043,1110,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FBC9FF46FB914F86" box="[1043,1110,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FBBFFF49FB764F85" box="[1125,1201,152,178]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FB66FF49FAB64F86" box="[1212,1393,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aripuanense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FB66FF49FAB64F86" box="[1212,1393,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. aripuanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FAA3FF46FF774FEF" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FAA3FF46FF774FEF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FF1AFF6FFEC84FEF" box="[192,271,190,216]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FEC6FF6EFE4C4FEF" box="[284,395,191,216]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calori" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FEC6FF6EFE4C4FEF" box="[284,395,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. calori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FE49FF6FFE1D4FEF" bold="true" box="[403,474,190,216]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FE49FF6FFE1D4FEF" box="[403,474,190,216]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FE30FF6FFDFE4FEF" box="[490,569,190,216]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FD9CFF6EFCCE4FEF" box="[582,777,191,216]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="complicatum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FD9CFF6EFCCE4FEF" box="[582,777,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. complicatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FCC8FF6FFC9F4FEF" bold="true" box="[786,856,190,216]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FCC8FF6FFC9F4FEF" box="[786,856,190,216]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FCB3FF6FFC7F4FEF" box="[873,952,190,216]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FC1FFF6EFAED4FEF" authority="Roback, 1960: 101" authorityName="Roback" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1960" box="[965,1322,190,216]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duena">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC1FFF6EFBF34FEF" box="[965,1076,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. duena</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84630FFA6FBE7FF6FFB2A4FEF" author="Roback" box="[1085,1261,190,216]" pageId="9" pageNumber="43" refString="Roback, S. S. (1960) Results of the Catherwood Foundation Peruvian Amazon Expedition. New species of Tendipedidae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 86, 87 - 107." type="journal article" year="1960">Roback, 1960</bibRefCitation>
: 101
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FAE2FF6FFAB34FEF" box="[1336,1396,190,216]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Peru</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FA5AFF6EFEE44FC9" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fazzariense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FA5AFF6EFEE44FC9" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. fazzariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FEF1FF34FEB64FC8" box="[299,369,229,255]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FEF1FF34FEB64FC8" bold="true" box="[299,369,229,255]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FE58FF34FE154FC8" box="[386,466,229,255]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FE05FF34FC9C4FC8" authority="Soponis, 1987: 19" authorityName="Soponis" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1987" box="[479,859,229,255]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neelamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fittkaui">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FE05FF34FD9B4FC9" box="[479,604,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. fittkaui</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84630FFA6FDB7FF34FC964FC8" author="Soponis" box="[621,849,229,255]" pageId="9" pageNumber="43" refString="Soponis, A. R. (1987) Paranilothauma and Neelamia, new genera of Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 22, 11 - 24." type="journal article" year="1987">Soponis, 1987: 19</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FC5CFF34FC3C4FC9" box="[902,1019,229,254]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neelamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC5CFF34FC3C4FC9" box="[902,1019,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Neelamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FBD6FF34FBBA4FC8" bold="true" box="[1036,1149,229,255]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FBD6FF34FBBA4FC8" box="[1036,1149,229,255]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FB54FF34FB194FC8" box="[1166,1246,229,255]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; syn. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FAFDFF34FE0E4E11" authority="Soponis, 1987: 21" authorityName="Soponis" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neelamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bergeri">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FAFDFF34FF2B4E12" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Neelamia bergeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84630FFA6FF29FEDDFE584E11" author="Soponis" box="[243,415,268,294]" pageId="9" pageNumber="43" refString="Soponis, A. R. (1987) Paranilothauma and Neelamia, new genera of Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 22, 11 - 24." type="journal article" year="1987">Soponis, 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 21
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FE0CFEDAFDE04E12" bold="true" box="[470,551,267,293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FE0CFEDAFDE04E12" box="[470,551,267,293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FDF4FEDDFD114E12" box="[558,726,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="involucrum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FDF4FEDDFD114E12" box="[558,726,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. involucrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FD07FEDAFCD84E12" bold="true" box="[733,799,267,293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FD07FEDAFCD84E12" box="[733,799,267,293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FCF4FEDDFCBE4E11" box="[814,889,268,294]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FC5EFEDDFBFF4E12" box="[900,1080,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaraguaense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC5EFEDDFBFF4E12" box="[900,1080,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. jaraguaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FBE5FEDAFB464E12" bold="true" box="[1087,1153,267,293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FBE5FEDAFB464E12" box="[1087,1153,267,293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FB55FEDDFB1D4E11" box="[1167,1242,268,294]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FB3FFEDDFA5B4E12" box="[1253,1436,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longissimum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FB3FFEDDFA5B4E12" box="[1253,1436,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. longissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF4DFEE3FF1C4E7B" bold="true" box="[151,219,306,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FF4DFEE3FF1C4E7B" box="[151,219,306,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FF31FEE3FEFF4E7B" box="[235,312,306,332]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FE9EFEE3FDDE4E7C" box="[324,537,306,331]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="matogrossense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FE9EFEE3FDDE4E7C" box="[324,537,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. matogrossense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FDFBFEE3FDA24E7B" bold="true" box="[545,613,306,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FDFBFEE3FDA24E7B" box="[545,613,306,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FDAFFEE3FD054E7B" box="[629,706,306,332]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FD14FEE3FBEE4E7B" authority="Soponis, 1987: 13" authorityName="Soponis" authorityPageNumber="13" authorityYear="1987" box="[718,1065,306,332]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paranilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reissi">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FD14FEE3FCF54E7C" box="[718,818,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. reissi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84630FFA6FC99FEE3FBE74E7B" author="Soponis" box="[835,1056,306,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="43" refString="Soponis, A. R. (1987) Paranilothauma and Neelamia, new genera of Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 22, 11 - 24." type="journal article" year="1987">Soponis, 1987: 13</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FB89FEE3FAD04E7C" box="[1107,1303,306,331]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paranilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FB89FEE3FAD04E7C" box="[1107,1303,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paranilothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FAFDFEE3FA534E7B" box="[1319,1428,306,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FAFDFEE3FA534E7B" bold="true" box="[1319,1428,306,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FF4DFE88FF254E44" box="[151,226,345,371]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FF36FE88FE9E4E45" box="[236,345,345,370]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roquei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF36FE88FE9E4E45" box="[236,345,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. roquei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FEBAFE89FE664E45" bold="true" box="[352,417,344,370]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FEBAFE89FE664E45" box="[352,417,344,370]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FE75FE88FE3D4E44" box="[431,506,345,371]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FDDEFE88FD014E45" box="[516,710,345,370]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sooretamense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FDDEFE88FD014E45" box="[516,710,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. sooretamense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FD16FE89FCC94E45" bold="true" box="[716,782,344,370]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FD16FE89FCC94E45" box="[716,782,344,370]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FCC6FE88FCA04E44" box="[796,871,345,371]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FCABFE88FC114E45" box="[881,982,345,370]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiesi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FCABFE88FC114E45" box="[881,982,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. spiesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC06FE89FBDA4E45" bold="true" box="[988,1053,344,370]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FC06FE89FBDA4E45" box="[988,1053,344,370]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FBF1FE88FBA94E44" box="[1067,1134,345,371]" name="Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chile</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FBA3FE88FEA04EAD" authority="Adam et Saether, 2000: 21" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strebulosum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FBA3FE88FAEF4E45" box="[1145,1320,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. strebulosum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84630FFA6FAECFE88FEF24EAD" author="Adam" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (2000) Paranilothauma strebulosa sp. n. from Costa Rica (Diptera: Chironomidae). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20 th Century Research on Chironomidae: An Anthology from the 13 th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 19 - 23." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FA5DFE88FA5B4E45" box="[1415,1436,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et</emphasis>
Saether, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
: 21)
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FE54FE51FD894EAE" box="[398,590,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paranilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FE54FE51FD894EAE" box="[398,590,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paranilothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FD86FEAEFD004EAE" box="[604,711,383,409]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FD86FEAEFD004EAE" bold="true" box="[604,711,383,409]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FD0CFE51FC9E4EAD" box="[726,857,384,410]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FCBEFE51FC7E4EAE" box="[868,953,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zitoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FCBEFE51FC7E4EAE" box="[868,953,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. zitoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC1AFEAEFBC54EAE" bold="true" box="[960,1026,383,409]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FC1AFEAEFBC54EAE" box="[960,1026,383,409]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6FD6FE894630FFA6FBCBFE51FB9B4EAD" box="[1041,1116,384,410]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FDBED924630FFA6FF1FFE77FD374B65" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1FFE77FBCE4D39" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1FFE77FEF24EF7" bold="true" box="[197,309,422,448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remark.</emphasis>
The gender of the genus name 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FD6FFE76FC844EF7" box="[693,835,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FD6FFE76FC844EF7" box="[693,835,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nilothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is neuter because the final part of this compound word, the Ancient Greek noun 'thauma', is neuter in gender. Thus 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FC1CFE1CFEF64D39" authority="Adam et Saether, 2000" authorityName="Adam et Saether" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paranilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strebulosum">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC1CFE1CFAEC4ED1" box="[966,1323,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paranilothauma strebulosum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84630FFA6FAEEFE1CFEF64D39" author="Adam" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (2000) Paranilothauma strebulosa sp. n. from Costa Rica (Diptera: Chironomidae). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20 th Century Research on Chironomidae: An Anthology from the 13 th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 19 - 23." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Adam 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FA5CFE1CFA5A4ED1" box="[1414,1437,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et</emphasis>
Saether, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has been changed accordingly (see 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84630FFA6FD0CFE25FCA74D39" author="ICZN" box="[726,864,500,526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
: Article 34.2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1CFDCBFB334DC1" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1CFDCBFE184D03" bold="true" box="[198,479,538,564]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
Most males can be separated from all other 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FC25FDCBFB524D03" box="[1023,1173,538,564]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chironomini">Chironomini</taxonomicName>
by the presence of at least one dorsal lobe on tergite IX. Some Neotropical species lack dorsal lobe(s) on tergite IX, but can be recognized by the absence of anal point and a long digitiform inferior volsella. They differ from other 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FF4DFD5FFEE94D9F" box="[151,302,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chironomini">Chironomini</taxonomicName>
except some 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FE08FD5EFDB74D9F" box="[466,624,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FE08FD5EFDB74D9F" box="[466,624,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paratendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also by the combination of antenna with 13 flagellomeres, antennal ratio generally low (AR &lt;0.40, except in 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FD54FD64FC8F4DF9" box="[654,840,693,718]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longissimum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FD54FD64FC8F4DF9" box="[654,840,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. longissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FC8AFD64FC544DF8" box="[848,915,693,719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC8AFD64FC544DF8" bold="true" box="[848,915,693,719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
), bare squama, VR generally high, anterior tibia with long spur, midtibia with one or occasionally two spurs, and hind tibia with two spurs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1CFCD3FD444C5D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The pupae can be separated from all other 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FD6EFCD3FC8D4C2B" box="[692,842,770,796]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chironomini">Chironomini</taxonomicName>
on the shape of the thoracic horn consisting of 4–8 slender branches, segment IV with 1 taeniate lateral seta, segments V–VIII with 4 taeniate lateral setae, and anal lobe with 1 long, taeniate dorsal seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1CFCA7FEA34CE9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The larvae can be separated from all other 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FD1BFCA7FC904CA7" box="[705,855,886,912]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chironomini">Chironomini</taxonomicName>
by the bean-shaped head in lateral view, antenna with 6 segments with basal segment shorter than flagellum, Lauterborn organs absent, and pale mental and mandibular teeth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1CFC3BFD374B65" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1CFC3BFE874B33" bold="true" box="[198,320,1002,1028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Imagines.</emphasis>
Small species, with wing length 
<quantity id="D03913FC4630FFA6FD1EFC3BFC924B33" box="[708,853,1002,1028]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="0.7">0.7–2.8 mm</quantity>
. Body pale or green to golden brown; legs pale or golden brown to brown; in some species forefemur with darker rings basally and apically; in one species (
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FA5BFBC0FEEC4B66" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longissimum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FA5BFBC0FEEC4B66" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. longissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FEE8FBE6FEB34B66" bold="true" box="[306,372,1079,1105]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FEE8FBE6FEB34B66" box="[306,372,1079,1105]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) abdomen with dark oral bands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FDBED924630FFA4FF1FFB8EFE7E4A57" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1FFB8EFDC84A0D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1FFB8EFEC84B4F" box="[197,271,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Head.</emphasis>
Eyes bare or occasionally hairy, with dorsomedial parallel-sided extension, almost in contact medially. Male antenna with 13 flagellomeres; with sparse, short plume; stout subapical seta present or absent; antennal ratio generally low (AR &lt;0.40), one species (
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4630FFA6FC90FB7DFBCC4BF2" box="[842,1035,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longissimum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FC90FB7DFBCC4BF2" box="[842,1035,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. longissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FBCEFB7AFB9D4BF2" bold="true" box="[1044,1114,1195,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704630FFA6FBCEFB7AFB9D4BF2" box="[1044,1114,1195,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) with AR&gt; 1.00. Female antenna with 6 flagellomeres. Frontal tubercles present or absent. Maxillary palp with 5 segments, third segment with 2–5 long sensilla clavata subapically. Temporal setae uniserial consisting of inner verticals, outer verticals, and postorbitals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1FFA96FB5F4A99" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1FFA96FEE64A57" box="[197,289,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Thorax.</emphasis>
Antepronotal lobes reduced and dorsally narrowed, occasionally with weak dorsal notch on each side of median suture. Scutal tubercle absent, scutum not overreaching antepronotum. Dorsocentrals uniserial, few to several, widely spaced; acrostichals present, biserial; prealars and scutellars few.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1FFA6AFA5B4979" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1FFA6AFECC4AE3" box="[197,267,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Wing.</emphasis>
Wing membrane without macrotrichia, finely punctuated, sometimes with pattern of dark spots, anal lobe reduced to completely lacking. Costa not extended beyond tip of R4+5, ending before apex of wing and proximal to M1+2; R2+3 ending midway between tips of R1 and R4+5; Cu1 curved; FCu far distal to RM resulting in very high venarium ratios. R, R1, and R4+5 generally with setae, R1 occasionally bare. Squama bare.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1FF98FFD47482F" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1FF98FFEC34940" box="[197,260,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Legs.</emphasis>
Apex of foretibia with narrow conical scale bearing long, curved spur at most only slightly offset from the scale. Apical combs of mid- and hind tibiae well separated, midtibia with one or occasionally two short spurs, hind tibia with two short spurs. Sensilla chaetica apparently absent, or mid ta1 with few sensilla chaetica (1–4), occasionally also present on hind ta1, additional sensilla-like setae distributed along full length of hind tarsi. Pulvilli very short or absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA6FF1FF8F4FDE84851" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1FF8F4FEFB4809" box="[197,316,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Abdomen.</emphasis>
Abdominal tergites with few setae, often with setae arranged in transverse rows. Segment VIII variably triangular, tapering orally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194630FFA5FF1FF8A2FF1B4ED0" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2010]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4630FFA6FF1FF8A2FEAF48BB" box="[197,360,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hypopygium.</emphasis>
Tergite IX without or with medially separated anal tergite bands along anterior margin. Tergite IX without or with one to several dorsal projections. If more than one projection, anterior projection simple, medially divided or split in two separate lobes, generally covered with stout, occasionally apically split setae; one species (
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4633FFA5FE62FF49FDEF4F86" box="[440,552,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roquei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FE62FF49FDEF4F86" box="[440,552,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. roquei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FDEAFF46FDB44F86" bold="true" box="[560,627,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704633FFA5FDEAFF46FDB44F86" box="[560,627,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) with long lateral projection with microtrichia and few weak apical setae. If present posterior projection simple or double (dorsoventrally), sometimes covered with setae. If dorsal projection(s) absent tergite IX without or generally with few strong dorsal setae; one species (
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4633FFA5FA5AFF34FEEC4E12" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aripuanense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FA5AFF34FEEC4E12" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. aripuanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FEEEFEDAFEBF4E12" bold="true" box="[308,376,267,293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704633FFA5FEEEFEDAFEBF4E12" box="[308,376,267,293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) with tergite IX more densely covered with strong setae. Posterior margin of tergite IX generally with several short setae, when anal point present often in groups flanking base of anal point. Anal point present or absent; when present, usually broadly lanceolate and slightly to strongly bent ventrad; in some species nearly parallel-sided; often transparent; sometimes with microtrichia in basal half or apparently with median ridge with microtrichia. Laterosternite IX without or with few setae, occasionally with strong thorn.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194633FFA5FF1FFE25FC634C80" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Inferior volsella slender, digitiform, slightly to strongly curved; in one species (
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4633FFA5FB5DFE25FA824D3A" box="[1159,1349,500,525]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="complicatum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FB5DFE25FA824D3A" box="[1159,1349,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. complicatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FA94FE22FA554D3A" bold="true" box="[1358,1426,499,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704633FFA5FA94FE22FA554D3A" box="[1358,1426,499,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) with subapical branch; with microtrichia at least apically; with apical, strong simple or apically split setae, often sitting on small tubercles. Superior volsella highly variable: generally broadly lobe-shaped to pediform; sometimes curved, digitiform or slender parallel-sided; occasionally diamond-shaped with ventral fold; occasionally with lateral spine; generally totally covered with microtrichia or with microtrichia in apical half, occasionally without microtrichia; generally with few strong to weak apical to subapical setae, occasionally with single strong apical setae or without setae, one species (
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4633FFA5FC4AFD0DFB944DC2" box="[912,1107,732,757]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="complicatum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FC4AFD0DFB944DC2" box="[912,1107,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. complicatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FB86FD0AFB654DC2" bold="true" box="[1116,1186,731,757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704633FFA5FB86FD0AFB654DC2" box="[1116,1186,731,757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) with lateral row of flattened setae subapically. Median volsella moderately long to very short, sometimes apparently fused with superior volsella and recognizable only by few strong setae sitting mediobasally on superior volsella, occasionally absent; when present digitiform, tubercle-like or cleft; with or without microtrichia; generally with one to few strong apical setae, often sitting on small tubercles. Median volsella might be asymmetrical with left and right volsellae different in length, position and shape.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194633FFA5FF1FFC15FBA34B65" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Transverse sternapodeme usually absent or when present without oral projections; when absent often with median oral elongation or apodeme thickened medially. Gonocoxite with few (2–7, generally &lt;5) inner ventral setae. Gonostylus narrow, apically distinctly swollen to tapered; generally with short apical seta sitting on small tubercle; distomedially with row of few thin simple or apically split setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194633FFA5FF1FFB8EFD1E4A57" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FF1FFB8EFE594B4F" box="[197,414,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Female genitalia.</emphasis>
Gonocoxapodeme VIII straight, ending on gonapophysis VIII. Gonapophysis VIII apparently divided; ventrolateral lobe usually vestigial and hidden underneath dorsomesal lobe, occasionally better developed and brush-like. Dorsomesal lobe broad, and rounded or straight caudally. Apodeme lobe very weak, perhaps occasionally absent. Tergite IX normal. Gonocoxite IX bare or at most with a few setae. Coxosternapodeme nearly straight. Segment X without setae. Postgenital plate comparatively large, triangular. Cerci of moderate size. Seminal capsules comparatively small, oval with distinct cylindrical neck. Spermathecal ducts straight, conspicuously wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194633FFA5FF1CFABCFAB64AB0" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" box="[198,1393,1389,1415]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FF1CFABCFEC04AB0" bold="true" box="[198,263,1389,1415]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pupa</emphasis>
. Small to medium sized, 
<quantity id="D03913FC4633FFA5FDE8FABCFD784AB0" box="[562,703,1389,1415]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="3.55" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="2.6">2.6–4.5 mm</quantity>
long. Exuviae pale to light brown with caudal spur brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194633FFA5FF1FFA45FBF84915" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FF1FFA45FEBA4A9A" box="[197,381,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cephalothorax.</emphasis>
Cephalic tubercles and frontal warts absent. Frontal setae short, not on tubercles. Frontal apotome smooth or slightly wrinkled anteriomedially. Thoracic horn of 4–8 slender filaments, one of them with few spines; basal ring oval. Prealar tubercle weakly developed. Scutum with few weak tubercles. Wing sheath smooth. Two precorneals, 2–3 antepronotals and 4 dorsocentrals present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194633FFA5FF1FF9FEFE8D48C5" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FF1FF9FEFE87497F" box="[197,320,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Abdomen.</emphasis>
Tergite I bare or with few minute spinules; tergites II–VI with transverse anterior band of somewhat stronger spinules, merging with median field of finer shagreen; anterior band of shagreen on tergite VI separated from posterior shagreen patch; tergite VII generally with anterior patch (absent in 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4633FFA5FA5AF9ADFEED498B" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aripuanense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FA5AF9ADFEED498B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. aripuanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="25B5620B4633FFA5FEE8F973FEB1498B" bold="true" box="[306,374,1698,1724]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3E86DF704633FFA5FEE8F973FEB1498B" box="[306,374,1698,1724]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) and 1 posteromedian or 2 smaller posterolateral patches, anterior and posterior patches sometimes connected by band of fine shagreen; tergite VIII with two very small anterior patches (occasionally lacking) and variable large median, usually triangular patch of strong to less strong shagreen, sometimes with posterior shagreen patch separated from or connected with median patch; tergite IX bare. Sternites I–VII bare; sternite VIII with central, longitudinal field of shagreen. Tergite II with continuous row of caudal hooklets, occupying about 2/3 width of segment. Conjunctive III/IV with 4–7 rows of spinules; conjunctive IV/V with 1–7 rows of spinules. Pedes spurii A absent. Pedes spurii B weakly developed on segment II, occasionally absent. Segment VIII with anal comb consisting of one main spur and one to several accessory teeth or more anterior spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFF49FB044FC8" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFF49FE764F86" box="[197,433,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Abdominal setation.</emphasis>
Segment I without L setae, occasionally with 1 weak L seta; segments II and III each with 3 hair-like L setae; segment IV with 2 anterior hair-like L setae and 1 posterior taeniate LS seta; segments V–VIII each with 4 taeniate LS seta. Tergites and sternites with 1 pair of O setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFEDDFEF24E7B" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFEDDFEFA4E12" box="[197,317,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anal lobe.</emphasis>
Well developed with complete fringe of 19–47 long taeniae in single row; 1 long taeniate dorsal setae present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1CFE89FE5A4EAD" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1CFE89FEDD4E45" bold="true" box="[198,282,344,370]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Larva.</emphasis>
Small, up to 
<quantity id="D03913FC4632FFA4FE1CFE88FDC94E44" box="[454,526,345,371]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long. Color red. With 2 pairs of contiguous eyes. Head rather long, beanshaped in lateral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFE76FED84ED0" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFE76FE1A4EF7" box="[197,477,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dorsal surface of head.</emphasis>
Frontal apotome and clypeus present, equally broad. Labral sclerites 1 and 2 not discernible.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFE25FC354D9F" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFE25FEE94D3A" box="[197,302,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Antenna.</emphasis>
With 6 segments, basal segment at most as long as flagellum; antennal segment 2 long, segment 3 shorter than segments 2 and 4; segment 4 slightly shorter to slightly longer than segment 2; segment 5 about as long as segment 3; ultimate segment minute. Basal antennal segment with ring organ situated in distal 1/4; seta absent. Lauterborn organs absent. Style well developed. Blade unusually broad, arising from apex of basal segment, shorter than flagellum. Accessory blade short and slender.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFD64FC754C2B" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFD64FEEB4DF9" box="[197,300,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Labrum.</emphasis>
S I plumose distally; S II simple; S III slender and as long as S II; S IV comparatively large. Labral lamella consisting of 6 isolated toothlets. Pecten epipharyngis trifid, consisting of 3 basally fused toothlets. Seta premandibularis simple. Premandible with 3–4 teeth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFCF8FBE64C80" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFCF8FE874C75" box="[197,320,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mandible.</emphasis>
All teeth pale; dorsal tooth not prominent, but a broad tooth is often present subapically on inner side; with very slender and long apical tooth, not in the same plane as 4 inner teeth; inner teeth occasionally with a common base and dorsal tooth absent. Seta subdentalis slender and long, weakly curved into S-shape distally. Seta interna and pecten mandibularis apparently absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFC15FD5B4BDB" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFC15FEE94CEA" box="[197,302,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mentum.</emphasis>
Pale, divided into 3 parts; median teeth set off from lateral parts and in contact with anteriorly produced median ends of ventromental plates; middle part usually consisting of 2 pale, small to minute inner teeth and usually slightly darker pair of outer median teeth. All 4 median teeth may be worn to different degree and may appear as a single median tooth; occasionally middle part consisting of 6 small median teeth; each lateral part of mentum with 6 pairs of slender, pointed, medially curved teeth which become progressively smaller laterad. Ventromental plates medially separated by about 1/2 width of mentum; about 1.5 times as wide as mentum; striae in basal 1/2 of ventromental plates. Setae submenti very long and strong, situated comparatively deep on submentum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFB28FE7E4A57" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFB28FEF94A25" box="[197,318,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Abdomen.</emphasis>
Lateral and ventral tubules absent. Anal tubules shorter than posterior parapods, with broad base and convexly tapering to blunt apex. Procercus with 7–12 long anal setae. Supraanal setae long, at least 2/3 as long as anal setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FDBED924632FFA4FF1FFABCFA894958" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="177EBE194632FFA4FF1FFABCFA894958" blockId="11.[151,1438,152,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FF1FFABCFEF94AB0" bold="true" box="[197,318,1389,1415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
The above diagnoses are based on 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84632FFA4FD00FABCFBC34AB0" author="Adam" box="[730,1028,1389,1415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 56, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1999">Adam and Saether (1999)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84632FFA4FBD5FABCFAD44AB0" box="[1039,1299,1389,1415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M. E., Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. (1989) 10. The adult males of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article">
Cranston 
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FB5AFABCFB7C4AB1" box="[1152,1211,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84632FFA4FA95FABCFE9D4A99" author="Pinder" pageId="11" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. (1983) 10. The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 19, 293 - 435." type="journal article" year="1983">Pinder and Reiss (1983</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84632FFA4FEB2FA45FE604A99" author="Pinder" box="[360,423,1428,1454]" pageId="11" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinder, L. C. V. &amp; Reiss, F. (1986) 10. The pupae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 2. Pupae. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 28, 299 - 456." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
), including the diagnoses for 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4632FFA4FCD1FA45FCBA4A9A" box="[779,893,1428,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neelamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FCD1FA45FCBA4A9A" box="[779,893,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Neelamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4632FFA4FC62FA45FBBC4A9A" box="[952,1147,1428,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paranilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FC62FA45FBBC4A9A" box="[952,1147,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paranilothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84632FFA4FB51FA45FA504A99" author="Adam" box="[1163,1431,1428,1454]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Adam, J. I. &amp; Saether, O. A. (2000) Paranilothauma strebulosa sp. n. from Costa Rica (Diptera: Chironomidae). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20 th Century Research on Chironomidae: An Anthology from the 13 th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 19 - 23." type="book chapter" year="2000">Adam &amp; Saether 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84632FFA4FF4DFA6AFEFC4AE2" author="Soponis" box="[151,315,1467,1493]" pageId="11" pageNumber="43" refString="Soponis, A. R. (1987) Paranilothauma and Neelamia, new genera of Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 22, 11 - 24." type="journal article" year="1987">Soponis 1987</bibRefCitation>
). From the Neotropical Region pupae of only three named species are known in addition to two unassociated pupae. No larvae are described from the Neotropical Region. However, 
<bibRefCitation id="7350C3E84632FFA4FB42FA30FE9E4915" author="Trivinho-Strixino" pageId="11" pageNumber="43" refString="Trivinho-Strixino, S. &amp; Strixino, G. (1995) Larvas de Chironomidae (Diptera) do Estado de Sao Paulo. Guia de identificacao e diagnose dos generos. Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil, 229 pp." type="book" year="1995">Trivinho-Strixino and Strixino (1995)</bibRefCitation>
recorded two different 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4632FFA4FD52F9D9FCDB4916" box="[648,796,1544,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FD52F9D9FCDB4916" box="[648,796,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nilothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<typeStatus id="C87A00BB4632FFA4FCFEF9D9FC9A4915" box="[804,861,1544,1570]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
larvae from São Paulo State; according to S. Trivinho-Strixino (personal communication) these larvae do not have mentum with pale median teeth as described above. Some Brazilian larvae identified to 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4632FFA4FCDEF984FC794958" authority="Townes" authorityName="Townes" box="[772,958,1621,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Omisus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FCDEF984FC9B4959" box="[772,860,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Omisus</emphasis>
Townes
</taxonomicName>
might also belong in 
<taxonomicName id="D0C1C59A4632FFA4FB67F984FA804959" box="[1213,1351,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25B5620B4632FFA4FB67F984FA804959" box="[1213,1351,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nilothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>